I. BACKGROUND

1 The following facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted. ASBL is an advocacy 2 organization that seeks to promote and advocate for the interests and legal rights of small 3 businesses, including women-, veteran-, and minority-owned small businesses. Declaration of 4 Lloyd Chapman (“Chapman Decl.”) ¶ 3. Chapman is the president and founder of ASBL and 5 describes himself as a long-time advocate for small businesses. Id. ¶¶ 1-2, 6. ASBL uses FOIA 6 requests and other tools to investigate whether programs meant to help small business are working 7 as intended and evaluate the truth of public statements about these programs and their 8 implementation against internal program data. Id. ¶ 3. ASBL then publicizes its findings through 9 public statements and national news media appearances. Id. ¶¶ 3, 6. ASBL regularly makes FOIA 10 requests and analyzes and publishes the information it obtains; it has successfully prosecuted 11 many FOIA lawsuits. Id. ¶¶ 3-4. 12 Defendant SBA is a federal agency established under the 1953 Small Business Act “with 13 the declared policy that ‘the Government should aid, counsel, assist, and protect, insofar as is 14 possible, the interests of small-business concerns.’” Lopez v. Bank of Am., N.A., 505 F. Supp. 3d 15 961, 964 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 631(a)); see 15 U.S.C. § 633. The SBA is 16 responsible for administering the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”), enacted by the 2020 17 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. Lopez, 505 F. Supp. 3d at 966. 18 The PPP “provide[d] fully guaranteed SBA loans for certain eligible small businesses, individuals 19 and nonprofit organizations that c[ould] be forgiven if loan proceeds were used as required by the 20 Act. Eligible expenses include[d] payroll, rent, utility payments, and other limited uses.” 21 Declaration of Karl Olson (“Olson Decl.”) Ex. N at 6 (SBA Office of the Inspector General, 22 Inspection of SBA’s Implementation of the Paycheck Protection Program—Report No. 21-07 (Jan. 23 14, 2021)). Congress originally appropriated $349 billon to the program and subsequently 24 appropriated an additional $310 billion. Id. 25 26 27

A. FOIA Request No. 5652

1 On April 9, 2020, ASBL through its counsel Karl Olson requested five categories of 2 records related to the SBA’s press office communications with external parties between June 1, 3 2019 and March 31, 2020. Olson Decl. Ex. A at 2; Declaration of Eric S. Benderson (“Benderson 4 Decl.”) ¶ 4.3 Specifically, ASBL requested: 5

6 • All documents indicating the names and salaries of each current employee of the Small Business Administration’s (SBA) Press Office. 7 • All documents indicating, concerning, or referring to all outbound calls made by every employee of the SBA’s Press Office between June 1, 2019 and March 31, 2020. 8 • All records of communications (written, oral, and electronic) indicating, concerning, or referring to outbound calls made by every employee of the SBA’s Press Office between 9 June 1, 2019 and March 31, 2020. • All documents indicating, concerning, or referring to any and all inbound and outbound 10 calls for [Deputy Associate Administrator (Operations) for the Office of Communications Public Liaison] Terry Sutherland between June 1, 2019 and March 31, 2020. 11 • All records of communications (written, oral, and electronic) indicating, concerning, or referring to any and all inbound and outbound calls for Terry Sutherland between June 1, 12 2019 and March 31, 2020. 13 Olson Decl. Exs. A, B; Benderson Decl. ¶ 4. ASBL sought a waiver or reduction of fees because 14 it intended to use the information “for educational purposes,” “because disclosure of the requested 15 information is in the public interest,” and because the information “contributes significantly to the 16 public understanding of the operations and activities of the SBA, and primarily promotes 17 [ASBL’s] noncommercial interests.” Olson Decl. Ex. A. SBA designated this FOIA request as 18 Request No. 2020-SBA-00565. Olson Decl. ¶ 2; Benderson Decl. ¶ 4 (“Request No. 565”). On 19 April 23, Olson spoke with SBA Senior Legal Counsel David Fishman and clarified that the 20 request included SBA press office correspondence containing particular search terms, including 21 “COVID-19” and the “Paycheck Protection Program.” Olson Decl. ¶ 2; Benderson Decl. ¶ 5. 22 While ASBL does not elaborate on the subject of the phone call, uncontroverted record evidence 23 indicates that in that call ASBL further requested that: 24 • Mr. Sutherland’s email records be searched and produced for the time period set forth in 25 26 2 The court denominates each request with the tracking number assigned to it by SBA. 27 3 Page citations to the exhibits in Olson and Benderson Declarations are to the ECF-stamped ASBL’s FOIA requests. 1 • A word search for all SBA press office employees be done using the following search terms: “New York Times,” “Washington Post,” “Fox News,” “USA Today,” “Los Angeles 2 Times,” “San Francisco Chronicle,” “CNN,” “CBS News,” “PBS Newshour,” “MSNBC,” and “big business.” 3 • A search for all press office employees be conducted using the search terms: “Pandemic,” Coronavirus,” “COVID- 19,” “inspector general,” “paycheck protection program,” “glenn 4 fine” and “President Trump.” 5 Olson Decl. Ex. B; Benderson Decl. ¶ 5, Ex. B. 6 On May 7, 2020, SBA responded to Request No. 565 in writing. Olson Decl. Ex. B; see 7 Benderson Decl. ¶ 6. After documenting the additional items that Olson requested in his call with 8 Fishman, SBA rejected ASBL’s request for a fee waiver based on a four-factor test articulated in 9 the letter. Olson Decl. Ex. B. SBA estimated the initial costs of Request No. 565 at $12,584. Id. 10 ASBL replied on May 12, 2020, describing SBA’s estimate as “outrageous and 11 astounding” and demanding that SBA reconsider its position on the fee waiver. Olson Decl. Ex. 12 C. The parties dispute what happened next. According to ASBL, SBA never responded to its 13 letter requesting reconsideration. ASBL Mot. at 8; see Olson Decl. ¶ 4. SBA counters by 14 proffering a letter from Sutherland dated June 4, 2020 in which he stated that while SBA 15 “disagree[d] with [ABSL’s] characterization of [its] FOIA request,” it was “willing to waive fees 16 for the search and review of” documents after January 1, 2020. Benderson Decl. Ex. B at 2-3, Ex. 17 K at 4-5; see Benderson Decl. ¶ 8 (“SBA agreed to waive fees for documents created from 2020 18 on, as the PPP was created and opened to the public in April 2020.”). SBA then responded to 19 ASBL’s first item requesting salary data for SBA press office employees at no cost. Benderson 20 Decl. ¶ 9. Sutherland stated, however, that as to the remaining requests, ASBL “failed to 21 sufficiently support how responsive documents would inform the public on how SBA is 22 administering the PPP, [ASBL’s] proffered justification for a fee waiver.” Benderson Decl. Ex. B 23 at 2-3. SBA accordingly denied ASBL’s request for reconsideration of a fee waiver or reduction 24 related to ASBL’s second through sixth items in Request No. 565 and for pre-2020 documents 25 responsive to its seventh item. Id. SBA provided a revised estimate of $9,832. Id. 26 On July 15, 2020, ASBL administratively appealed the fee as it was originally assessed at 27 $12,584. Olson Decl. Ex. D.; Benderson Decl. ¶ 11. SBA registered the appeal on July 22, 2020 1 affirmed the initial agency determination denying a fee waiver for Request No. 565.4 Benderson 2 Decl. Ex. D (“No. 565 Appeal Ltr.”). On February 8, 2021, SBA produced documents responsive 3 to ASBL’s request, narrowly tailored to items related to the PPP. Benderson Decl. ¶ 13, Ex. E. 4 SBA asserts that ASBL owes $9,832 in outstanding charges for this request. Benderson Decl. 5 ¶ 14. 6 B. FOIA Request No. 1532 7 In April or May 2020, ASBL requested “all of the emails in SBA’s possession regarding 8 the Regional Regulatory Fairness Board, and all emails in SBA’s possession relating to, 9 mentioning, received by or authored by Jeffrey Koenig and Jerome Toliver (who are on Region 9 10 of the Regional Regulatory Fairness Board) and Dr. Alison K. Brown.”5 Olson Decl. ¶ 7, Exs. F, 11 T; Benderson Decl. ¶ 15. SBA designated this as Request No. SBA-2020-01532 (“Request No. 12 1532”). Benderson Decl. ¶ 15, Ex. I. 13 On June 12, 2020, SBA communicated the estimated charges of $2,852 to process the 14 request. Olson Decl. Ex. G; Benderson Decl. ¶ 16. On July 14, 2020, ASBL filed an 15 administrative appeal of the fees estimate and sought a fee waiver; SBA confirmed receipt the 16 following day. Olson Decl. Exs. H; I; Benderson Decl. ¶ 17. On November 4, 2020, SBA 17 affirmed its denial of a fee waiver. Olson Decl. Ex. Q (“No. 1532 Appeal Ltr.”); Benderson Decl. 18 ¶ 18. ASBL paid the full fee on February 2, 2021. Olson Decl. Ex. W; Benderson Decl. ¶ 19. On 19 February 12, 2021, SBA produced a first batch of documents responsive to Request No. 1532. 20 Benderson Decl. Ex. M. at 2-3. SBA followed up with a second batch on March 10, 2021, id. at 4- 21 5; a third on April 15, 2021, id. at 6-7; a fourth on May 14, 2021, id. at 8-9, and a fifth and final 22 batch on June 21, 2021, id. at 10-11. 23 24 25 4 ASBL disputes that it received this appeal determination. ASBL Mot. at 8. 26 5 The parties dispute the specific date of this request. ASBL contends it was “[i]n or about April 27 through June 2020.” ASBL Mot. at 8; Olson Decl. ¶ 7. SBA dates it to May 22, 2020. SBA Mot. at 7; Benderson Decl. ¶ 15. The evidence shows the request was made in multiple written 1 C. FOIA Request No. 1953 2 On June 19, 2020, ASBL requested several categories of records from SBA related to 3 individuals involved in advocacy and advising on small businesses and small business policy. 4 Olson Decl. Ex. J; Benderson Decl. ¶ 25. That request sought: 5 • Emails and correspondence relating to Bertica Cabrera-Morris, member of the National 6 Small Business Development Center (SBDC) Advisory Board and owner of BCM Consulting. 7 • Emails and correspondence relating to Lea Marquez Peterson, member of the National SBDC Advisory Board and owner of the Marquez Peterson Group. 8 • Emails and correspondence relating to Bruce Thompson, member of the National SBDC Advisory Board and President of Regional Centers Holding Group. 9 • Emails and correspondence relating to Elizabeth (“Liz”) Sara, Chair of the National Women’s Business Council. 10 • Emails and correspondence relating to Pamela Prince-Eason, President and CEO of the Women’s Business Enterprise National Council. 11 • Emails and correspondence relating to Rebecca Hamilton, member of the National Women’s Business Council. 12 13 Id. SBA designated this as Request No. SBA-2020-01953. Olson Decl. ¶ 11 (“Request No. 14 1953”). On June 30, 2020, SBA denied ASBL’s request for a fee waiver. Olson Decl. Ex. K; 15 Benderson Decl. ¶ 26. The denial stated that “the records [ABSL is] seeking would have no 16 connection to SBA’s implementation of the [PPP]. [ASBL’s] request sets forth no specific time 17 frames nor does it seek records related to the PPP. Instead it broadly seeks all emails at any time 18 whatsoever related to the board member.” Olson Decl. Ex. K at 3. Accordingly, SBA estimated 19 fees at $2,264 to satisfy this request. Id.; Benderson Decl. ¶ 26. 20 On July 14, 2020, ASBL filed an administrative appeal, which SBA confirmed the 21 following day and registered as Appeal No. SBA-2020-002298. Olson Decl. Exs. L, M; 22 Benderson Decl. ¶ 27. ASBL objected to SBA’s decision as “the correspondences requested 23 would likely explain the SBA’s motivation to provide an exception for large businesses under the 24 PPP.” Olson Decl. Ex. L at 4. ASBL also repeated a number of the objections it made in its other 25 administrative appeals. See id. at 3-4. On November 5, 2020, SBA affirmed its fee determination. 26 Benderson Decl. Ex. J (“No. 1953 Appeal Ltr.”). 27 D. Procedural History 1 well as by a separate federal agency, the Office of Management and Budget (“OMB”). On April 2 21, 2021, the court severed the complaint after finding that the FOIA requests against SBA and 3 OMB were unrelated. [Docket No. 1.] The court ordered the clerk to open a case and assign it a 4 separate case number and ordered ASBL to file a complaint containing its claims against SBA 5 only. Id.6 On April 28, 2021, ASBL filed the operative complaint, which alleges that SBA 6 improperly assessed fees in violation of FOIA’s requirements on fee waivers and reductions and 7 seeks declaratory and injunctive relief. [Docket No. 3.] 8 II. LEGAL STANDARD 9 A court shall grant summary judgment “if . . . there is no genuine dispute as to any material 10 fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The burden 11 of establishing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact lies with the moving party. 12 Devereaux v. Abbey, 263 F.3d 1070, 1079 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 13 U.S. 317, 323 (1986)). The court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non- 14 moving party. Fresno Motors, LCC v. Mercedes Benz USA, LLC, 771 F.3d 1119, 1125 (9th Cir. 15 2014) (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986)). A genuine factual issue 16 exists if sufficient evidence favors the non-movant such that “a reasonable [judge or] jury could 17 return a verdict for the nonmoving party. Cline v. Indus. Maint. Eng’g & Contracting Co., 200 18 F.3d 1223, 1229 (9th Cir. 2000) (alteration in original) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248). The 19 court may not weigh the evidence, assess the credibility of witnesses, or resolve issues of fact. 20 City of Pomona v. SQM N. Am. Corp., 750 F.3d 1036, 1049 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Anderson, 21 477 U.S. at 255). 22 To defeat summary judgment once the moving party has met its burden, the nonmoving 23 party may not simply rely on the pleadings, but must point to specific facts, by affidavit or as 24 otherwise provided by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, showing that a genuine issue of 25 material fact exists. Devereaux, 263 F.3d at 1076. More than a “scintilla of evidence” must exist 26

27 6 ASBL’s allegations against OMB are now the subject of the first suit, American Small Business 1 to support the non-moving party’s claims. Pomona, 750 F.3d at 1049 (quoting Anderson, 477 2 U.S. at 252). A showing that “there is some ‘metaphysical doubt’ as to the material facts as issue” 3 will not suffice. In re Oracle Corp. Secs. Litig., 627 F.3d 376, 387 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting 4 Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986)). “Where the 5 record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there 6 is no genuine issue for trial.” Pomona, 750 F.3d at 1049-50 (quoting Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 7 587). 8 Where, as here, the parties have filed cross-motions for summary judgment, “each motion 9 must be considered on its own merits.” Fair Hous. Council of Riverside Cty., Inc. v. Riverside 10 Two, 249 F.3d 1132, 1136 (9th Cir. 2001) (quotation omitted). “In fulfilling its duty to review 11 each cross-motion separately, the court must review the evidence submitted in support of each 12 cross-motion.” Id. “Most FOIA cases are resolved by the district court on summary judgment, 13 with the district court entering judgment as a matter of law.” Animal Legal Def. Fund v. FDA, 836 14 F.3d 987, 989 (9th Cir. 2016) (en banc). “[T]here is no principled distinction to be drawn between 15 [the Ninth Circuit’s] usual summary judgment standard and the standard to be applied in FOIA 16 cases.” Id. 17 III. DISCUSSION 18 ASBL seeks to waive or reduce the fees charged by SBA for processing Request Nos. 565, 19 1532, and 1953. SBA counters that it properly assessed these fees, and that ASBL has failed to 20 meet its burden to show it is entitled to fee waivers or reductions. 21 “FOIA was enacted ‘to pierce the veil of administrative secrecy and to open agency action 22 to the light of public scrutiny.’” A.C.L.U. of N. Cal. v. Dep’t of Justice, 880 F.3d 473, 482-83 (9th 23 Cir. 2018) (quoting Dep’t of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361 (1976)). FOIA is “broadly 24 conceived” and favors “full agency disclosure unless information is exempted under clearly 25 delineated statutory language.” Yagman v. Pompeo, 868 F.3d 1075, 1078-79 (9th Cir. 2017) 26 (quoting John Doe Agency v. John Doe Corp., 493 U.S. 146, 152 (1989)). Agencies bear a duty to 27 “liberally construe” FOIA requests. Id. at 1080. 1 intends to use the records. “FOIA delineates three types of costs—‘search costs,’ ‘duplication 2 costs,’ and ‘review costs’—and places requesters into three categories that determine which of 3 these costs a given requester must pay.” OSHA Data/CIH, Inc. v. Dep’t of Labor, 220 F.3d 153, 4 160 (3d Cir. 2000); see 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A). This first category, records for “commercial 5 use,” are subject to all three types of costs. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(ii)(I) (“subclause (I)”); OSHA 6 Data, 220 F.3d at 160. The second category, records requested by “an educational or 7 noncommercial scientific institution” for “scholarly or scientific research” or by “a representative 8 of the news media” and that are not intended for commercial use, are subject to duplication costs 9 only. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(ii)(II) (“subclause (II)”); OSHA Data, 220 F.3d at 160. The third 10 category, records sought by all other requesters apart from educational or scientific institutions or 11 representatives of the news media and that are not intended for commercial use, are subject to 12 search and duplication costs. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(ii)(III) (“subclause (III)”); OSHA Data, 220 13 F.3d at 160. 14 FOIA processing charges may be further reduced below these rates or waived altogether if 15 “disclosure of the information is in the public interest.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(iii). “Such 16 disclosure is in the public interest if ‘it is likely to contribute significantly to public understanding 17 of the operations or activities of the government and is not primarily in the commercial interest of 18 the requester.’” Friends of the Coast Fork v. Dep’t of Interior, 110 F.3d 53, 54-55 (9th Cir. 1997) 19 (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(iii)). Both prongs of this test must be satisfied to warrant a 20 public interest fee waiver. See Bartko v. Dep’t of Justice, 898 F.3d 51, 75 (D.C. Cir. 2018). 21 “[F]ee waivers under Subsection (a)(4)(A)(iii) may be whole or partial.” Eagle v. Dep’t of 22 Commerce, No. C0120591-JF, 2003 WL 21402534, at *3 n.3 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 28, 2003). 23 Certain fees may also be reduced if an agency is untimely in producing the requested 24 records. Specifically, “an agency shall not assess any search fees (or in the case of a requester 25 described under [subclause (II)], duplication fees) under this subparagraph if the agency has failed 26 to comply with any time limit” set forth in 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6). 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(viii). 27 Such time limits include appeals related to a records request. Id. § 552(a)(6)(A)(ii). However, the 1 “exceptional circumstances.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(viii)(II). 2 FOIA authorizes agencies to promulgate regulations “specifying the schedule of fees 3 applicable to the processing of requests . . . and establishing procedures and guidelines for 4 determining when such fees should be waived or reduced.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(i). SBA duly 5 issued regulations setting forth its FOIA fee schedules and procedures. See 13 C.F.R. § 102.8. 6 The court reviews FOIA fee waiver decisions de novo and is “limited to the record before 7 the agency.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(vii); Friends of the Coast Fork, 110 F.3d at 55. “Fee- 8 waiver applications are to be liberally construed in favor of requesters.” Bartko, 898 F.3d at 75; 9 McClellan Ecological Seepage Situation v. Carlucci, 835 F.2d 1282, 1284 (9th Cir. 1987) 10 (quoting legislative history). “[R]equesters bear the initial burden of satisfying the statutory and 11 regulatory standards for a fee waiver.” Friends of the Coast Fork, 110 F.3d at 55. However, “the 12 government’s denial letter must be reasonably calculated to put the requester on notice as to the 13 deficiencies in the requester’s case.” Id. “On judicial review, [the court] cannot consider new 14 reasons offered by the agency not raised in the denial letter.” Id. In other words, “the agency 15 must stand on whatever reasons for denial it gave in the administrative proceeding. If those 16 reasons are inadequate, and if the requesters meet their burden, then a full fee waiver is in order.” 17 Id. 18 ASBL seeks to waive all fees for the three FOIA requests in accordance with the public 19 interest fee provision, 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(iii), because the requested information served the 20 public interest and did not primarily serve its commercial interests. Alternatively, it seeks to limit 21 the charges to duplication costs and exclude review and search fees under the second category of 22 fee reductions, see subclause (II), because it qualifies as a representative of the news media and it 23 did not make the requests for a commercial purpose. Finally, ASBL contends that if it is not 24 entitled to a full fee waiver, SBA should not charge search fees under 5 U.S.C. 25 § 552(a)(4)(A)(viii) because the agency failed to timely process ASBL’s administrative appeals of 26 the fee charges. 27 SBA counters that ASBL failed to meet its burden at the administrative level to show that 1 the information to contribute significantly to public understanding of government activities or 2 operations. Moreover, ASBL failed to show it is entitled to a fee reduction under subclause (II) 3 because ASBL is not a representative of the news media and did not request information for a non- 4 commercial purpose. It also argues that unusual and exceptional circumstances related to COVID- 5 19 justified its delayed response to ASBL’s administrative appeals. 6 The court evaluates ASBL’s grounds for a fee waiver before analyzing the request for a fee 7 reduction. 8 A. Fee Waiver 9 The first question is whether the information sought by ASBL in each of its three FOIA 10 requests is in the public interest because it is likely to contribute significantly to public 11 understanding of SBA’s operations or activities. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(iii); 13 C.F.R. § 12 102.8(l)(1). To satisfy its prima facie burden to show that a request qualifies for a public interest 13 fee waiver, ASBL must “explain with reasonable specificity how disclosure will contribute to 14 public understanding.” McClellan, 835 F.2d at 1285; see also Bartko, 898 F.3d at 75 (requester is 15 “entitled to a fee waiver if he shows in ‘reasonably specific’ and ‘non-conclusory terms’ that the 16 disclosed records would contribute to public understanding of the government’s activities.”). “In 17 the Ninth Circuit, if a non-profit organization has ‘identified why they wanted the administrative 18 record, what they intended to do with it, to whom they planned on distributing it, and the 19 [relevant] expertise of their membership,’ then a waiver is appropriate.” Ctr. for Biological 20 Diversity v. Office of Mgmt. & Budget, 546 F. Supp. 2d 722, 727 (N.D. Cal. 2008) (quoting 21 Friends of the Coast Fork, 110 F.3d at 55) (alteration in original). 22 1. Request No. 565 23 Request No. 565 seeks information about SBA’s press office communications. ASBL 24 sought a fee waiver by asserting in a conclusory manner that “disclosure of the requested 25 information is in the public interest” and that the “information contributes significantly to the 26 public understanding and activities of the SBA[.]” Olson Decl. Ex. A. SBA rejected the waiver 27 request, replying that “requesters must support the request in sufficient detail” and that ASBL 1 interest.7 Olson Decl. Ex. B. 2 ASBL subsequently addressed the four factors in its May 12, 2020 request for 3 reconsideration. Olson Decl. Ex. C. First, ASBL asserted that its request “indisputably concerns 4 the ‘operations or activities of the government’” because it sought the names and salaries of SBA 5

6 7 SBA’s FOIA fees regulation mandates that the agency waive or significantly reduce fees “based 7 on all available information” if the following factors are satisfied: 8 (i) Disclosure of the requested information would shed light on the operations or activities of the government. The subject of the request must concern 9 identifiable operations or activities of the Federal Government with a connection that is direct and clear, not remote or attenuated. 10 (ii) Disclosure of the requested information is likely to contribute 11 significantly to public understanding of those operations or activities. This factor is satisfied when the following criteria are met: 12 (A) Disclosure of the requested records must be meaningfully 13 informative about government operations or activities. The disclosure of information that already is in the public domain, in either the same 14 or a substantially identical form, would not be meaningfully informative if nothing new would be added to the public’s 15 understanding. 16 (B) The disclosure must contribute to the understanding of a reasonably broad audience of persons interested in the subject, as 17 opposed to the individual understanding of the requester. A requester’s expertise in the subject area as well as the requester’s 18 ability and intention to effectively convey information to the public 19 must be considered. Components shall presume that a representative of the news media will satisfy this consideration. 20 (iii) The disclosure must not be primarily in the commercial interest of the 21 requester. . . . 13 C.F.R. § 102.8(l)(2) (omitting factors for showing non-commercial interest). While SBA’s 22 letter did not explicitly quote from or cite this rule, the four factors enumerated in SBA’s response 23 generally encompass these provisions. ASBL failed to address this regulation but argues that the court should not defer to an agency’s interpretation of FOIA. See ABSL Opp’n at 11 n.7. The 24 court does not reach this argument as its ruling relies on the statutory language of FOIA, but it notes that federal courts including the Ninth Circuit have previously contemplated agency 25 regulations on FOIA fee waivers. See, e.g., Friends of the Coast Fork, 110 F.3d at 55 (noting Department of Interior’s “multi-factor balancing test to assist it in evaluating the statutory 26 standard” for a public interest waiver and concluding that plaintiffs “passed the test”); McClellan, 27 835 F.2d at 1286 (considering similar Department of Defense regulations); Ctr. for Medicare Advocacy v. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 577 F. Supp. 2d 221, 240 (D.D.C. 2008) 1 staff members. Id. at 2-3. Second, its requests were “focused on the PPP and how the SBA has 2 administered that controversial program,” and “[t]he public has an overwhelming interest in 3 knowing whether SBA has administered the PPP effectively.” Id. at 3. Third, the request would 4 “manifestly contribute to the ‘understanding of the public at large’” because ASBL is a “subject 5 matter expert on the issue of whether small businesses receive an adequate share of federal 6 contracting dollars” and uses the media to publicize information. Id. For example, Chapman had 7 previously appeared on network television, and Olson recently had published two opinion pieces 8 in the San Francisco Chronicle that “deal with the importance of obtaining information about 9 small business subcontracting and about the administration of the [PPP].” Id. Fourth, “disclosure 10 of the records ASBL seeks will contribute significantly to public understanding of government 11 operations or activities, especially in light of the fact that SBA is now entrusted with administering 12 and overseeing the staggering $660 billion allocated to the PPP under the CARES Act.” Id.8 13 ASBL reiterated many of these arguments in its administrative appeal. It asserted that it is 14 a “public advocacy group,” and that it intended to use information from this request “to inform the 15 public about the nature and basis for the SBA’s press office’s public statements about the PPP, and 16 about other small business-related programs administered by the SBA both before and during the 17 PPP, and to keep the SBA accountable in crafting and implementing them.” Olson Decl. Ex. D at 18 3, 5. Furthermore, the information would “shed light on how the SBA’s press office interacted 19 with the public, and will allow the public to learn about not only what the SBA’s press office said 20 publicly about its small business programs, but also the extent to which outside individuals and 21 8 ASBL’s letters also referenced two attorneys’ fees settlements in FOIA-related dispute against 22 the Department of Defense for the purpose of showing that the “[agency] would not have written 23 these checks if it thought it had a colorable argument that ASBL wasn’t entitled to fees.” Olson Decl. Ex. C; see Am. Small Bus. League v. Dep’t of Defense, No. 18-cv-01979-WHA (N.D. Cal. 24 Aug. 12, 2020) (ECF No. 183); Am. Small Bus. League v. Dep’t of Defense, No. 14-cv-02166- WHA (N.D. Cal. Aug. 6, 2018) (ECF No. 177). ASBL further pointed to an attorneys’ fees award 25 in another FOIA lawsuit it brought against the SBA in which that court “ruled that ASBL was entitled to recover fees because its work was in the public interest.” Olson Decl. Exs. C, D; see 26 Am. Small Bus. League v. SBA, No. C08-00829-MHP, 2009 WL 1011632, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 27 15, 2009). SBA refused to consider this previous litigation “because the analysis is based on the nature of the request itself and must be evaluated on a case by case basis.” No. 565 Appeal Ltr. at 1 entities influenced the SBA’s press office’s public positions, and the extent to which the SBA’s 2 press office believed its efforts during the specified time period were tailored to achieving the 3 SBA’s stated purpose of helping small businesses.” Id. at 4. The information would also “shed 4 light” on government funds used for “SBA’s image-making” and whether SBA “has issued 5 misleading statements to the press.” Id. ASBL pointed out that it “regularly issues press releases 6 regarding the SBA and ASBL’s FOIA litigation and uses the information it obtains to educate the 7 public.” Id. at 3. 8 SBA replied to ASBL’s initial letter and reconsideration letter, both times determining that 9 ASBL failed to provide sufficient detail to show that Request No. 565 warranted a fee waiver. 10 Olson Decl. Ex. B; Benderson Decl. Ex. K. Later, in denying ASBL’s appeal, SBA contended 11 that ASBL had “failed to identify with reasonable specificity which of the government’s 12 operations or activities its request concerns.” No. 565 Appeal Ltr. at 4.9 SBA pointed to ASBL’s 13 “conclusory statements” that failed to “sufficiently specif[y] the link between the information 14 requested and the public interest.” Id. 15 In accordance with governing legal authority, the court examines the entire record and 16 liberally construes ASBL’s fee waiver request. First, the record establishes that SBA provided a 17 public interest fee waiver for part of Request No. 565. ASBL disingenuously omitted from its 18 motion—but does not dispute—that SBA reversed its initial decision and agreed to waive fees for 19 information that arguably was related to the PPP. See Benderson Decl. Exs. B, K. It is undisputed 20 that the initial FOIA request made no reference to the PPP at all, and that ASBL only clarified that 21 the request included search terms related to the PPP on the April 23, 2020 phone call between 22 Olson and SBA’s legal counsel. See Olson Decl. ¶ 2, Ex. B; Benderson Decl. ¶ 5. ASBL’s 23

24 9 ASBL contends that the court may not consider the SBA’s “belated, post-lawsuit” November 2020 appeal determinations because they “are not a legitimate part of the administrative record.” 25 ASBL Opp’n at 7-8 n.5, 17. To the contrary, the administrative record includes “the initial FOIA request, the agency’s response, and any subsequent materials related to the administrative appeal.” 26 Monaghan v. F.B.I., 506 F. App’x 596, 597 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Forest Guardians v. Dep’t of 27 the Interior, 416 F.3d 1173, 1177 (10th Cir. 2005)). “[T]he fact that an agency’s response was untimely does not preclude inclusion of that response in the administrative record for 1 reconsideration letter and administrative appeal briefly address the request’s connection to the PPP 2 and why records about transparency on how SBA administered the program are “meaningfully 3 informative” to the public. 13 C.F.R. § 102.8(l)(2)(i), (ii)(A)(B). SBA waived the fee relevant to 4 the disclosure of documents regarding the PPP and has now disclosed responsive documents. 5 Benderson Decl. Exs. B at 3-4. At the hearing, SBA’s counsel acknowledged that “to the extent 6 there was specificity on PPP . . . [SBA] would actually waive or reduce as a result of that, and 7 that’s what happened.” Tr. at 29. That issue is now moot. See Benderson Decl. ¶ 13; Cause of 8 Action v. Fed. Trade Comm’n, 799 F.3d 1108, 1113 & n.1 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (ruling that fee issue 9 for documents that agency produced without change was moot and “us[ing] the term ‘moot’ in the 10 colloquial sense to refer to an issue that is no longer of practical significance”). 11 As for the remaining items in Request No. 565, the court concludes that ASBL failed to 12 establish with reasonable specificity that the disclosure would contribute to the public’s 13 understanding of SBA’s operations. The fact that ASBL self-identifies as a “policy advocacy 14 group” is not conclusive. See Olson Decl. Ex. D. “[T]he Ninth Circuit has further noted—in 15 explicit terms—that a public interest group must still meet the statutory standard for a waiver and 16 is not entitled to any presumption that there should be a fee waiver.” Friends of Oceano Dunes, 17 Inc. v. Salazar, No. C-11-1476 EMC, 2011 WL 6748575, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 22, 2011) (citing 18 McClellan, 835 F.2d at 1284). The remainder of ASBL’s response is circular, conclusory, and a 19 mere restatement of the legal standard. See, e.g., Olson Decl. Ex. C at 3 (“For [SBA] to argue that 20 ASBL’s request does not concern the ‘operations or activities’ would be tantamount to arguing 21 that you and everyone else in your office are being paid by the government to do nothing”; “Rest 22 assured that ASBL has the ‘intentions, ability, and methods of disseminating information to the 23 public about SBA’s activities”). ASBL’s administrative appeal only explains in broad, general 24 terms about how the requests would “shed light” on the SBA’s press office’s activities, statements, 25 and sources of influence. Olson Decl. Ex. D at 4. These generic statements are not enough to 26 meet ASBL’s initial burden to show that a fee waiver is justified. 27 Ninth Circuit authority provides helpful guidance on the sufficiency of a requestor’s initial 1 request by a non-profit association for twenty-five categories of records regarding water pollution 2 at McClellan Air Force Base (“AFB”) near Sacramento. McClellan, 835 F.2d at 1283. The 3 requesters “stated that they seek to benefit the general public, especially in Sacramento; that 4 information may be used in litigation to ensure that agencies comply with federal law; and that the 5 information ultimately will be donated to a public institution.” Id. at 1285. The Ninth Circuit 6 ruled that “[t]hese statements do not support a summary conclusion that the agency must waive all 7 fees.” Id. The court recognized that the request “obviously has the operations or activities of 8 government as its subject” and that the information “could support public oversight of AFB’s 9 operations, including the effect AFB’s water pollution policy has on public health.” Id. at 1286. 10 However, it held that disclosure would “likely result in only limited public understanding in 11 Sacramento” given that the request sought “a large volume of information . . . much of it identified 12 only by broad categories.” Id. Furthermore, the requesters gave “no details” about how they 13 intended to convey the information gleaned from the request. Id.10 Accordingly, “[w]ithout more 14 specific information, which was not on the record before the agency, [the Ninth Circuit] ha[d] no 15 reason to conclude that disclosure of the [requested] information will have much significance” or 16 make a “significant contribution to public understanding.” Id. (emphasis in original). See also 17 Monaghan, 506 F. App’x at 598 (“It is unclear how documents that address ‘broad public 18 skepticism’ and ‘public doubts’ regarding the crashes of American Airlines flight 77 and United 19 Airlines flight 93 are ‘meaningfully informative’ on governmental operations or activities, and it is 20 not the FBI’s responsibility to infer a connection.”). 21 By contrast, in Friends of the Fork, the Ninth Circuit held that public interest 22 environmental organizations met their initial burden of showing that they were entitled to a fee 23 waiver because “[t]hey identified why they wanted the administrative record, what they intended 24 to do with it, to whom they planned on distributing it, and the zoological expertise of their 25 10 The Ninth Circuit also took issue with the lack of evidence in the administrative record that the 26 plaintiff had a “history of disseminating such information, either through public lawsuits or other 27 means.” McClellan, 835 F.2d at 1286. On that point, McClellan is distinguishable as ASBL provided evidence that it regularly engages in media activities to disseminate the findings from its 1 membership. In particular, they made it clear to [defendant] that they meant to challenge publicly 2 the scientific basis for the western pond turtle listing denial.” Friends of the Coast Fork, 110 F.3d 3 at 55. Other courts have ruled that FOIA requestors satisfied their prima facie burden with a 4 similar level of specificity. See, e.g., Ctr. for Biological Diversity, 546 F. Supp. 2d at 727-28 5 (burden met where requester established its “aim to determine the weight placed upon climate 6 science and climate change by the OMB when the OMB conducted the cost-benefit analysis with 7 respect to fuel efficiency standards” and that it “intended to use the documents to evaluate and 8 publicize the government process for setting fuel economy standards”); Ctr. for Medicare 9 Advocacy, 577 F. Supp. 2d at 240-41 (request for documents related to proposal to establish 10 videoconferencing system for administrative hearings was “specific and the information sought 11 concerns activities and operations undertaken by the government,” and “[t]he material can 12 therefore provide insight on the options and factors under consideration by the agency”). 13 ASBL’s arguments for a public interest fee waiver do not reach the requisite specificity 14 demonstrated in these cases. ASBL fails to describe specific connections between the requested 15 information and SBA’s operations and activities; its materials simply ask for all communications 16 between SBA’s press office and third parties over a seven-month period. ASBL does not 17 satisfactorily explain why this disclosure of documents would supply meaningful information 18 about SBA’s media and team. Its broad request is more akin to the general statements in 19 McClellan than the tailored request in Friends of the Coast Fork that clarified why the requestor 20 wanted certain materials and its intentions in disseminating it. At the hearing, ASBL’s counsel 21 could not direct the court to any other evidence in the administrative record that the sought-after 22 information was in the public interest. See Tr. at 24-29. Based on the record before it, the court 23 concludes that ASBL failed to satisfy its burden to show that disclosure of the information sought 24 in Request No. 565 for which SBA did not grant a fee waiver is in the public interest. 25 2. Request No. 1532 26 Next, the court evaluates whether ASBL made a sufficient showing that the information 27 sought in Request No. 1532 about SBA’s Regional Regulatory Fairness Board would lead to 1 initially sought a fee waiver or reduction for this request. See Olson Decl. Ex. F; Ex. T; 2 Benderson Decl. ¶ 15; see 13 C.F.R. § 102.8(l)(1) (“Requesters may seek a waiver of fees by 3 submitting written correspondence” (emphasis added)). SBA estimated $2,852 in fees associated 4 with responding to Request No. 1532 without addressing any grounds for a fee waiver. Olson 5 Decl. Ex. G; Benderson Decl. ¶ 16. 6 ASBL raised the waiver issue for the first time in its administrative appeal. Olson Decl. 7 Ex. H at 3. The arguments in ASBL’s appeal largely resemble those it made with respect to 8 Request No. 565 discussed above. Again, ASBL makes broad, conclusory statements that simply 9 recite the legal standard for a fee waiver. See Olson Decl. Ex. H at 3. In fact, here ASBL did not 10 offer any explanation for why it sought this information, its purpose, or how it would share the 11 information it acquired. It simply averred that “[n]ews dissemination comprises a large part of 12 ASBL’s advocacy” and that “it is asking for these records to investigate and inform the public 13 about government activities that implicate the policy area it focuses on.” Id. at 3-4.11 For the same 14 reasons set forth above, the non-specific, conclusory arguments are insufficient to satisfy ASBL’s 15 initial burden to show that Request No. 1532 sought information in the public interest. 16 3. Request No. 1953 17 Request No. 1953 seeks correspondence related to particular members of SBA’s advisory 18 boards. ASBL similarly fails to establish that this information would lead to greater public 19 understanding about the SBA. ASBL’s initial request in its June 19, 2020 letter stated its intention 20 was “to contribute to a greater understanding of the SBA’s operations and the advisory boards’ 21 roles and contributions as they relate to the [PPP]. Our client seeks disclosure of this information 22 solely to inform the public of the development and implementation process of the [PPP] through 23 its press releases and advocacy. This information would significantly contribute to public 24 understanding of the [PPP] by informing the public of key decisions and considerations made 25 before and during the implementation of the program.” Olson Decl. Ex. J. ASBL’s administrative 26

27 11 By contrast, SBA’s appeal determination set forth at length why ASBL failed to satisfy this 1 appeal repeated this assertion and additionally referenced the PPP, albeit in generalized terms. See 2 Olson Decl. Ex. L (“The purpose of the subject FOIA request is two-fold: to inform the public of 3 the SBA’s activities, and to keep the SBA accountable in implementing government programs, 4 including but not limited to the PPP, a large, unregulated program.”). 5 SBA rejected the waiver request because “the records you are seeking would have no 6 connection to SBA’s implementation of the [PPP]. Your request sets forth no specific time frames 7 nor does it seek records related to the PPP. Instead it broadly seeks all emails at any time 8 whatsoever related to the board member[s]. This would include far broader records than those 9 having to do with the PPP.” Olson Decl. Ex. K. In the appeal determination, SBA characterized 10 ASBL’s arguments as “conclusory” and failing to “explain with reasonable specificity on how and 11 why the disclosure of the . . . communications will serve the public interest nor do they explain the 12 link between the two advisory committees and how the PPP was implemented.” No. 1953 Appeal 13 Ltr. at 4. 14 The court concludes that ASBL’s explanations related to Request No. 1953 do not suffice 15 to show that the information is in the public interest. ASBL’s request for communications with 16 members of specific groups over an undefined time period bears no express connection to the PPP. 17 Nor does ASBL characterize how it will use the disclosed information to shed light on SBA’s 18 practices with respect to the PPP. 19 In sum, the undisputed evidence in the administrative record shows that ASBL did not 20 sufficiently justify why disclosure of the information sought by Request Nos. 565, 1532, and 1953 21 served the public interest by significantly contributing to public understanding of SBA’s 22 operations or activities. As such, the court need not address the second prong of the two-part test 23 provided in 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(iii) as to whether the information was primarily in ASBL’s 24 commercial interest. The court concludes that ASBL is not entitled to a public fee waiver and 25 grants summary judgment to SBA on this issue. 26 B. Fee Reduction 27 To warrant a fee reduction, a requestor must meet the requirements of at least one of the 1 ASBL appears to argue that it warrants a fee reduction under subclause (II) and should only be 2 assessed duplication fees because it sought records for non-commercial use and ASBL is a 3 representative of the news media.12 ASBL Mot. at 14, 19; ASBL Opp’n at 3, 11. According to 4 ASBL, SBA should therefore exclude search and review fees for all of ASBL’s requests.13 5 1. Non-Commercial Use 6 ASBL must first establish that it does not seek SBA’s records for its own commercial 7 use.14 “Under Ninth Circuit law, information is deemed commercial if ‘it relates to commerce, 8 trade, or profit.’” Oceano Dunes, 2011 WL 6748575, at *2 (quoting McClellan, 835 F.2d at 1285). 9 SBA’s regulations define a commercial use request as “a request that asks for information for a 10 use or a purpose that furthers a commercial, trade, or profit interest." which can include furthering 11 those interests through litigation.” 13 C.F.R. § 102.8(c)(1). The agency’s decision on commercial 12 use is made “on a case-by-case basis based on the requester’s intended use of the information.” 13 Id. SBA must “[i]dentify whether the requester has any commercial interest that would be 14 furthered by the requested disclosure.” Id. § 102.8(l)(2)(iii)(A). “Requesters must be given an 15 opportunity to provide explanatory information.” Id. Should SBA identify a commercial interest, 16 it will determine whether a fee waiver or reduction is justified if other provisions are met and “any 17 commercial interest is not the primary interest furthered by the request.” Id. § 102.8(l)(2)(iii)(B). 18

19 12 ASBL appears to structure its arguments as follows: it should not be charged review fees, which are assessed only for records requested for commercial use under subclause (I). Next, it argues 20 that it should not be charged duplication fees, which are assessed for requesters who are not representatives of the news media or educational or scientific institutions and not seeking the 21 records for commercial use, under subclause (III). Stated more concisely in the affirmative, ASBL only seeks duplication fees under subclause (II) because it meets the standard set forth in that 22 subclause. 23 13 At the hearing, the parties agreed that the analysis for “non-commercial” standard for a fee reduction is “similar” and “very close” to the “primarily in the commercial interest” standard for a 24 fee waiver. See Tr. at 29-32. The court need not address any possible differences in the standards 25 as the court ruled that ASBL is not entitled to a fee waiver based on the public interest prong without reaching the “commercial interest” prong. 26 14 ASBL argues that the Ninth Circuit has not addressed the issue of which party bears the burden 27 to establish that the requester is seeking records for commercial use. ASBL Mot. at 18-19; ABSL Opp’n at 9-10. At the hearing, ASBL’s counsel conceded that the court need not reach this a. Request No. 565 1 ASBL states that it “intend[ed] to use this information [responsive to Request No. 565] to 2 further the organization’s noncommercial purposes of promoting and advocating policies in 3 response to the events leading up to and including the enactment of the CARES Act, and in 4 general advocating policies which aid small businesses, which many people refer to as ‘the 5 backbone of the American economy.’” Olson Decl. Ex. C. It further explained that “it is a policy 6 advocacy organization, and it is asking for these records to investigate and inform the public about 7 government activities that implicate the policy area it focuses on. Researching government activity 8 regarding and advocating for what the government has declared should be small business 9 protections benefits all Americans, as opposed to furthering its own ‘commercial, trade, or profit 10 interest.’” Olson Decl. Ex. D.15 None of ASBL’s explanations suggest that the disclosures would 11 further its own commercial, trade, or profit interest. 12 SBA first argues that it did not address noncommercial interest in its denial letters because 13 ASBL did not raise the issue in its initial requests. SBA Mot. at 22-24. Nevertheless, the court is 14 required to review the whole administrative record before the agency. See Cause of Action, 799 15 F.3d at 1114 (“Because that record encompasses all of Action’s submissions . . . the district court 16 must review those submissions to determine whether Action qualified for the fee waivers it 17 sought.”). SBA next argues that ASBL’s “non-profit status does not mean that it cannot be 18 deemed a commercial use requester.” SBA Mot. at 23. While it is true that “even a public interest 19 group must still meet the statutory standard for a fee waiver,” here ASBL sufficiently explained 20 why it would not derive non-commercial benefit from the disclosure. See Oceano, 2011 WL 21 6748575, at *2. Finally, in its appeal decision, SBA represented that after reviewing ASBL’s 22 website, it concluded that ASBL’s policy advocacy is done “for the commercial and profit interest 23 of its members.” No. 565 Appeal Ltr. at 6-7. SBA does not offer any explanation or evidence to 24 25 15 ASBL pointed to American Small Business League v. SBA, 2009 WL 1011632, at *3-4, in 26 which the court analyzed the commercial benefit of a FOIA request in the context of an attorneys’ 27 fees award. That case is inapposite because it deals with the legal standard for awarding attorneys’ fees in a FOIA case, not a request to reduce fees for records. Additionally, non- 1 substantiate this conclusion or that ASBL’s advocacy work primarily furthers its own profit or 2 trade motives. See 13 C.F.R. § 102.8(l)(2)(iii). At the hearing, SBA’s counsel pointed to the fact 3 that ASBL admits to using litigation as a tool to advance its members’ interests and referred the 4 court to provisions cited in its briefing. Tr. at 34-35; see also No. 1532 Appeal at 7. While SBA’s 5 regulations define a commercial use request as one that “can include furthering those interests 6 through litigation,” 13 C.F.R. § 102.8(c), nevertheless, SBA fails to show how ASBL’s litigation 7 furthers any profit or trade motive. 8 Construing the record as a whole, the court concludes that ASBL sufficiently established 9 that Request No. 565 was not made for its own commercial use. 10 b. Request No. 1532 11 ASBL provided a similar explanation of non-commercial purpose for Request No. 1532. 12 Olson Decl. Ex. H. For its part, the SBA declined at the administrative appeal level to “examine if 13 the requested information would primarily serve [a] commercial interest of the Appellant since 14 [ASBL] has not shown that fee waiver would be in the public interest.” No. 1532 Appeal Ltr. at 7. 15 The court cannot consider SBA’s new arguments that were not raised at the administrative level. 16 Even if it could, SBA’s briefing largely reiterates its unsuccessful arguments discussed above with 17 respect to Request No. 565. Accordingly, ASBL has established non-commercial use for this 18 request. 19 c. Request No. 1953 20 ABSL similarly explained the non-commercial purpose of Request No. 1953. ASBL also 21 asserted that the “sole purpose of filing the subject FOIA request is to disseminate the information 22 in online press releases in an effort to assist and advocate for small businesses. ASBL will not 23 receive a commercial benefit through the use of the requested information.” Olson Decl. Ex. L at 24 4. SBA asserts arguments similar to those it made regarding Request No. 565, based in part on its 25 review of ASBL’s website. See No. 1953 Appeal at 6. For the same reasons set forth above, 26 ASBL sufficiently established show non-commercial use for this request. 27 In sum, the court concludes that ASBL adequately demonstrated that all three requests 2. News Media Representative 1 In order to qualify for a fee reduction under subclause (II), ASBL also must establish that it 2 is a news media representative. FOIA defines a representative of the news media as “any person 3 or entity that gathers information of potential interest to a segment of the public, uses its editorial 4 skills to turn the raw materials into a distinct work, and distributes that work to an audience.” 5 5 U.S.C.§ 552(a)(4)(A)(ii)(III); see also 13 C.F.R. § 102.8(c)(6) (same). FOIA defines “news” as 6 follows: 7

8 [I]nformation that is about current events or that would be of current interest to the public. Examples of news-media entities are television 9 or radio stations broadcasting to the public at large and publishers of periodicals (but only if such entities qualify as disseminators of 10 “news”) who make their products available for purchase by or subscription by or free distribution to the general public. 11 12 5 U.S.C.§ 552(a)(4)(A)(ii)(III); see also 13 C.F.R. § 102.8(c)(6). The agency is permitted to 13 consider the requester’s “past publication record” in making its determination. 13 C.F.R. § 14 102.8(c)(6). “A substantive press release or editorial comment can be a distinct work based on the 15 underlying material,” and “posting content to a public website can qualify as a means of 16 distributing it” as news. Cause of Action, 799 F.3d at 1122-23. While the commercial use 17 question is considered on a case-by-case basis, see 13 C.F.R. § 102.8(c)(1), “the news-media 18 waiver, by contrast, focuses on the nature of the requester, not the request,” Cause of Action, 799 19 F.3d at 1121.16 20 The undisputed record establishes that ASBL is a representative of the news media, as that 21 term is defined for FOIA purposes. ASBL gathers information of current interest to the general 22 23

24 16 SBA’s counsel warned that a finding that ASBL qualifies as news media organization would automatically qualify it as one in future requests, and that “their status as an advocacy organization 25 in the past shouldn’t . . . automatically qualify it for reduction simply based on that status.” Tr. at 42. The agency’s own regulation 13 C.F.R. § 102.8(c)(6) and Cause of Action foreclose that 26 argument. “A newspaper reporter, for example, is a representative of the news media regardless of 27 how much interest there is in the story for which he or she is requesting information,” unless the request is made by a news-media entity in its “corporate rather than journalistic capacity.” Cause 1 public, turns raw materials into a distinct work, and disseminates that work.17 In multiple letters to 2 SBA, ASBL established that it gathers information it gleans from agencies or other sources and 3 disseminates the material through multiple public-facing strategies. See, e.g., Olson Decl. Ex. D at 4 4, Ex. H. at 3. While its individual requests lack the specificity to show a sufficient connection to 5 the PPP to warrant a public interest fee waiver, the record as a whole indicates that the purpose of 6 ASBL’s requests at least in part was to gather information about this important government 7 program that was prominent in the media in 2020 and is of interest to the public. See, e.g., Olson 8 Decl. Ex. C at 3 (“ASBL’s requests are focused on the PPP and how the SBA has administered 9 that controversial program. The public has an overwhelming interest in knowing whether SBA 10 has administered the PPP effectively”); id. Ex. J at 3 (Request No. 1953 “would significantly 11 contribute to public understanding of the [PPP] by informing the public of key decisions and 12 considerations made before and during the implementation of the program”). ASBL recounted 13 that it “has always published press releases via its own website and through other publishers to 14 inform the general public of federal and state policies affecting small businesses.” Olson Decl. 15 Ex. D at 4; see also Olson Decl. Ex. H at 3 (same). Indeed, ASBL’s “sole purpose of filing the 16 FOIA request [No. 1953] is to disseminate the information in online press releases.” Olson Decl. 17 Ex. L. at 3-4. ASBL’s use of its own website to spread the information also suffices to 18 demonstrate that it means to make its materials available to the general public. Furthermore, the 19 record includes assertions that Chapman and Olson regularly publish opinion pieces and appear in 20 the press to present ASBL’s findings. Olson Decl. Ex. D at 3, Ex. H at 3. ASBL pointed to its 21 past publication record as including “articles published in the online version of the San Francisco 22 Chronicle twice in the past year which mention ASBL; the Sacramento Valley Mirror has 23 published both an op-ed piece and a press release mentioning and/or issued by ASBL; and 24 ASBL’s president Lloyd Chapman has recently appeared on the radio and appeared on television 25 many times in the past.” Olson Decl. Ex. L at 3-4. 26

27 17 The court declines to consider evidence from the Chapman Declaration or the articles attached to the supplemental Olson Declaration as they were not before the agency and therefore are not 1 SBA’s counterarguments are unavailing. SBA argues that ASBL only offered “general 2 statements about its past activities,” and its “contemporaneous statements” about “making 3 information available to the public,” and did not express a “firm intention to publish the 4 information.” SBA Mot. at 21; see No. 1532 Appeal Ltr. at 7; No. 565 Appeal Ltr. at 5-6; No. 5 1953 Appeal Ltr. at 5-6. SBA proffers National Security Archive v. Department of Defense, 880 6 F.2d 1381 (D.C. Cir. 1989), to argue that a requester must show a “specific or firm intention to use 7 or publish the specifically requested information.” SBA Mot. at 21-22; SBA Reply at 6; see also 8 Tr. at 39. In that case, the D.C. Circuit ruled that the plaintiff was a representative of the news 9 media even though “it has previously published only one book . . . but it has expressed a firm 10 intention . . . to publish a number of what it refers to as “document sets.” Nat’l Sec. Archive, 880 11 F.2d at 1386-87. “Each of the document sets it had planned at the time of the administrative 12 proceedings will be devoted to a particular topic of current interest.” Id. at 1386. After reviewing 13 the legislative history of the provision, the court interpreted “representative of the news media” 14 broadly and explained that the plaintiff was “surely publishing or otherwise disseminating 15 information.” Id. (quotation omitted). The court did not focus on the plaintiff’s detailed 16 description of its plans, but rather on whether the plaintiff was engaged in a venture in which it 17 “gathers information of potential interest to a segment of the public, uses its editorial skills to turn 18 the raw materials into a distinct work, and distributes that work to an audience.” Id. An 19 organization that “gathers information from a variety of sources; exercises a significant degree of 20 editorial discretion in deciding what documents to use and how to organize them; devises indices 21 and finding aids; and distributes the resulting work to the public” meets the “concept” of a 22 “representative of the news media.” Id. 23 The D.C. district court subsequently interpreted National Security Archive and observed 24 that the plaintiff detailed its “relatively established history of publication activities, as well as its 25 intent to use the information sought in these particular requests as the basis for several press 26 releases and articles similar in nature to its previous reports.” Ctr. For Pub. Integrity v. Health & 27 Human Servs., No. CIV.A.06 1818 JDB, 2007 WL 2248071, at *6 (D.D.C. Aug. 3, 2007) 1 appeals intended [in National Security Archive] in all circumstances to require a detailed game 2 plan for the publication of information requested through FOIA, particularly for those 3 organizations whose past activities would unambiguously qualify them as members of the news 4 media.” Id. 5 National Security Archive and its characterization by Center for Public Integrity support a 6 similar result here. ASBL explained to SBA that it regularly gathers information from FOIA 7 requests and publicizes the findings from its investigations in press releases and media 8 appearances. ASBL intended to use the material derived from these requests in a similar fashion. 9 That is sufficient to show that ASBL meets the characteristics of a representative of the news 10 media for FOIA purposes. ASBL was not required to provide a specific gameplan about how it 11 intended to publish the information disclosed from these particular requests.18 12 Finally, SBA’s argument that ASBL is a public advocacy organization and not “organized 13 and operated to publish or broadcast news” is irrelevant. See No. 565 Appeal at 6; No. 1532 14 Appeal at 7; No. 1953 Appeal at 6. Multiple courts have held that non-profit organizations that 15 conduct investigations and publish press release and other articles about their findings amount to 16 news media representatives for the purposes of FOIA. See, e.g., Cause of Action, 799 F.3d at 17 1111 (plaintiff a “nonprofit organization that advocates for economic freedom and opportunity”); 18 Ctr. For Pub. Integrity, 2007 WL 2248071, at *1 (plaintiff a “nonpartisan, nonprofit investigative 19 reporting organization that examines and writes about public service and ethics-related issues.”). 20 The undisputed record therefore establishes that ASBL is a representative of the news 21 media as defined under FOIA. In light of the court’s earlier conclusion that ASBL requested 22 records for non-commercial use, the court finds that ASBL is entitled to a fee reduction limited to 23 duplication fees as provided under subclause (II). Summary judgment is therefore granted to 24 ASBL on the question of a fee reduction for all three requests. 25 18 In its briefing and at the hearing, SBA urged the court to consider Eagle, 2003 WL 21402534, at 26 *4, for the same proposition. That case is distinguishable. See id. at *3-5. Eagle discusses 27 whether the requested information furthered the public interest for purposes of a fee waiver. This is a different legal standard. The question here is whether ASBL is a representative of the news

C. SBA’s Untimeliness

Finally, ASBL argued that it should not be charged search fees because the SBA failed to 2 timely process its administrative appeals. SBA counters that exceptional circumstances related to 3 the COVID-19 pandemic justified its delay. At the hearing, ASBL clarified that “with respect to 4 the delay issue and the consequences of delay, we’re not saying that delay means they can’t charge 5 us anything. We’re simply saying that their delay means they can’t charge us search fees.” Tr. at 6 21-22. 7 The court does not reach this issue because of its ruling under subclause (II) that ASBL 8 may only be charged duplication fees and not search or review fees, and because ASBL does not 9 challenge assessment of duplication fees as untimely. 10

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons the court finds that each motion is granted in part and denied in 12 part. ASBL does not qualify for a public interest fee waiver for the FOIA requests at issue in this 13 = case. However, ASBL qualifies for a fee reduction limited to the cost of duplication of documents

responsive to each of these requests. The parties shall promptly meet and confer to determine the 15 cost of duplication. The Clerk shall close the case.

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