1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 SAN JOSE DIVISION 7 8 BRENDA MEZA, Case No. 18-cv-02708-BLF

9 Petitioner,

ORDER GRANTING RESPONDENTS’

10 v. MOTION TO DISMISS PETITION AS

MOOT

11 ERIK BONNAR, et al., [Re: ECF 35] 12 Respondents.

13 14

15 16 Petitioner Brenda Meza (“Meza”) was ordered removed from the United States to 17 Guatemala in 2007 as a result of her criminal convictions, but she was granted withholding of 18 removal. In 2016, the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) initiated new removal 19 proceedings, seeking to terminate Meza’s withholding of removal based on her additional criminal 20 convictions. DHS detained Meza for approximately thirteen months, until an Immigration Judge 21 (“IJ”) released her on bond pursuant to the Ninth Circuit’s decision Rodriguez III, which held that 22 applicable immigration statutes require periodic bond hearings for detained noncitizens. See 23 Rodriguez v. Robbins, 804 F.3d 1060 (9th Cir. 2015) (“Rodriguez III”), rev’d sub nom., Jennings 24 v. Rodriguez, 138 S. Ct. 830 (2018). While Meza was released on bond, the Supreme Court 25 reversed Rodriguez III in Jennings, holding that periodic bond hearings for noncitizens are not 26 required by statute. See Jennings v. Rodriguez, 138 S. Ct. 830, 851-52 (2018). Based on 27 Jennings, the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) vacated the IJ’s bond order, finding that it 1 Meza filed this habeas petition against Respondents (collectively, “the Government”) the 2 following month, asserting a liberty interest in her “current conditional release” from DHS 3 custody under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Pet. ¶ 50. The petition points out 4 that even though the statutory basis for the IJ’s bond order was eliminated by Jennings, the 5 Jennings decision left open whether periodic bond hearings for noncitizens are required by the 6 Constitution.1 See id. ¶¶ 29-32. The petition also asserts that Jennings cannot be applied 7 retroactively to individuals like Meza, who previously have been granted bond under Rodriguez 8 III. See id. ¶¶ 43-47. In her petition, Meza asks this Court “to prevent the Department of 9 Homeland Security (‘DHS’) from returning her to an immigration jail pending resolution of her 10 removal case without a due process hearing.” Pet. ¶¶ 1, 50 ECF 1. 11 The Court granted a temporary restraining order (“TRO”) and, subsequently, a preliminary 12 injunction prohibiting DHS from re-detaining Meza absent an administrative hearing. Meza has 13 not been re-detained by DHS, and her underlying removal proceedings have been terminated. The 14 Government now moves to dismiss the petition as moot. Meza opposes the motion. 15 For the reasons discussed below, the Government’s motion to dismiss is GRANTED and 16 the petition is DISMISSED AS MOOT. 17 I. BACKGROUND 18 Removal Proceedings 19 Meza is a native and citizen of Guatemala. See Louie Decl. ¶ 3, ECF 11-1. She entered 20 the United States without inspection in or around 1984 and obtained Lawful Permanent Resident 21 status in 1992. See id. In 2005, Meza was convicted of grand theft, perjury, and welfare fraud, 22 and she was imprisoned until 2007. See id. ¶¶ 4-5. Upon Meza’s release from prison, the 23 Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) division of DHS initiated removal proceedings 24 against her. See id. ¶ 5. On June 20, 2007, an IJ ordered Meza’s removal to Guatemala but 25 granted Meza’s application for withholding of removal. See id. ¶ 6. 26

27 1 The petition refers to the Supreme Court’s Jennings decision as “Rodriguez VI.” 1 In February 2013, Meza was convicted of second degree robbery and sentenced to 368 2 days in jail. See Louie Decl. ¶ 7. While she was on probation for the robbery conviction, Meza 3 was convicted of corporal injury to a child and was sentenced to four years in prison. See id. ¶ 8. 4 On June 28, 2016, ICE initiated removal proceedings against Meza, seeking to terminate her 5 withholding of removal. See id. ¶ 9. ICE detained Meza for approximately thirteen months during 6 the pendency of those removal proceedings, until an IJ released her on a $2,000 bond in August 7 2017. See id. ¶ 12, Exh. J. ICE successfully appealed the IJ’s bond order, which was vacated by 8 the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) in April 2018. See id. ¶ 13, Exh. K. ICE did not take 9 Meza into custody following the BIA’s ruling. See id. ¶ 14. 10 Current Habeas Petition 11 Meza feared being re-detained by DHS at any time, including when she appeared for an 12 immigration hearing scheduled for May 16, 2018. See Pet. ¶ 4. She filed her current habeas 13 petition on May 8, 2018, asking the Court to enjoin ICE from re-detaining her during the 14 pendency of her removal proceedings, absent a due process hearing. See id. ¶ 1. The petition 15 asserts a single claim under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, alleging in relevant 16 part that “Petitioner has a vested liberty interest in her current conditional release,” and “Due 17 Process does not permit the government to strip her of that liberty without a hearing before this 18 Court.” Id. ¶¶ 48-50. The petition’s prayer requests injunctive relief preventing ICE from re- 19 arresting Meza without a prior hearing, and declaratory relief in the form of a statement that Meza 20 cannot be re-arrested without a prior hearing. Pet., Prayer. 21 Temporary Restraining Order 22 On May 8, 2018, the same day she filed the habeas petition, Meza also filed an application 23 for a TRO. See Applic. for TRO, ECF 3. Meza expressed concern that she might be re-detained 24 by ICE when she appeared at an immigration hearing scheduled for May 16, 2018. See id. On 25 May 10, 2018, this Court issued an order granting the requested TRO for a period of fourteen 26 days, through May 24, 2018, and directing the Government to show cause why a preliminary 27 injunction should not issue. See Order Granting Applic. for TRO, ECF 9. The Government 1 Court considered whether to grant a preliminary injunction. See Order Extending TRO, ECF 14. 2 Preliminary Injunction and Stay of Habeas Proceedings 3 On June 4, 2018, the Court granted a preliminary injunction. See Order Granting Prel. Inj., 4 ECF 15. The Court’s preliminary injunction order discussed the circumstances giving rise to 5 Meza’s prolonged detention by ICE, the IJ’s bond order issued pursuant to Rodriguez III, the 6 Government’s appeal of the bond order, and the BIA’s decision to vacate the bond order based on 7 Jennings. See id. at 2-3. Against this backdrop, this Court considered whether Meza was entitled 8 to a preliminary injunction pending disposition of her habeas petition. See id. at 3. 9 The Court determined that Meza had not established a likelihood of success on the merits 10 of her Fifth Amendment due process claim, given the Supreme Court’s ruling in Jennings that 11 periodic bond hearings for detained noncitizens are not required by statute, and the uncertainty 12 whether such hearings are required by the Constitution. See Pet. at 3. However, the Court 13 concluded that Meza had established serious questions going to the merits of her habeas petition 14 and had satisfied the other requirements for preliminary injunctive relief under Winter v. Nat. Res. 15 Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7 (2008). See id. at 4-7. The Court therefore granted Meza the 16 following preliminary injunctive relief: “ICE is enjoined from re-detaining Petitioner pending this 17 Court’s disposition of her petition for writ of habeas corpus absent an administrative hearing at 18 which an IJ, the BIA, or other neutral decision-maker determines that a material change in 19 circumstances, including but not limited to violation of her conditions of release, warrants re- 20 detention.” Id. at 7. 21 On October 3, 2018, this Court granted Meza’s motion for a stay of her habeas proceedings 22 pending a decision by the Ninth Circuit in Rodriguez v. Marin, Case No. 13-56706, which 23 presented the issue of whether the Constitution requires bond hearings for noncitizens subjected to 24 prolonged detention. See Order Granting Mot. for Stay, ECF 25. 25 Termination of Removal Proceedings 26 While the habeas case was stayed, Meza successfully moved to terminate the removal 27 proceedings that had been initiated in 2016. See Mehta Decl. ¶¶ 1-4, Exhs. 1-3. The Government 1 forward. See Mehta Decl. Exh. 2. The assigned IJ found that deficiencies in the Notice to Appear 2 issued to Meza deprived the Immigration Court of jurisdiction, and terminated Meza’s removal 3 proceedings on July 26, 2019. See Mehta Decl. Exh. 3. 4 Lifting of Stay and Government’s Motion to Dismiss 5 The parties did not immediately notify this Court when Meza’s removal proceedings were 6 terminated. On September 29, 2021, the Court issued an order requesting a status report. See 7 Order Requesting Status Report, ECF 27. The Court noted that the Ninth Circuit had issued its 8 decision in Rodriguez v. Marin, 909 F.3d 252 (9th Cir. 2018), without providing guidance on 9 whether the Constitution requires bond hearings for noncitizens subjected to prolonged detention. 10 See id. The Court requested information on the status of Meza’s removal proceedings and whether 11 Meza intended to continue litigating her habeas petition. See id. 12 The parties filed a joint status report advising that Meza’s removal proceedings had been 13 terminated. See Joint Status Report, ECF 28. The parties took conflicting positions on whether 14 termination of those removal proceedings moots Meza’s petition. See id. The Court lifted the stay 15 and approved the parties’ proposed schedule for briefing the Government’s motion to dismiss the 16 petition as moot. Briefing on the Government’s motion was completed in April 2022 and the 17 Court heard argument in May 2022. 18 II. LEGAL STANDARD 19 “Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction,” and as such “[t]hey possess only that 20 power authorized by Constitution and statute, which is not to be expanded by judicial decree.” 21 Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994) (internal citations omitted). 22 “A federal court’s jurisdiction is limited to cases or controversies.” Am. Rivers v. Nat’l Marine 23 Fisheries Serv., 126 F.3d 1118, 1123 (9th Cir. 1997), as amended (Sept. 16, 1997). “A claim is 24 moot if it has lost its character as a present, live controversy.” Id. “A case that becomes moot at 25 any point during the proceedings is no longer a ‘Case’ or ‘Controversy’ for purposes of Article III, 26 and is outside the jurisdiction of the federal courts.” United States v. Sanchez-Gomez, 138 S. Ct. 27 1532, 1537 (2018) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “There are, however, four 1 capable of repetition yet evading review; (3) voluntary cessation; and (4) class actions where the 2 named party ceases to represent the class.” In re Burrell, 415 F.3d 994, 998 (9th Cir. 2005). 3 III. DISCUSSION 4 The Government argues that termination of Meza’s removal proceedings renders her 5 petition moot and that no exception to the mootness doctrine applies. Meza argues that her 6 petition is not moot or, alternatively, that the following exceptions to the mootness doctrine apply: 7 collateral consequences, voluntary cessation, and wrongs capable of repetition yet evading review. 8 The Court finds that Meza’s petition is moot and that the three exceptions asserted by Meza do not 9 apply. 10 A. Meza’s Habeas Petition is Moot 11 Meza filed her habeas petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241, which permits a district court 12 to grant habeas relief to a petitioner who is “in custody” where such custody violates “the 13 Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3). “A person need not 14 be physically imprisoned to be in custody under the statute; instead, habeas relief is available 15 where the individual is subject to ‘restraints not shared by the public generally.’” Ortega v. 16 Bonnar, 415 F. Supp. 3d 963, 968 (N.D. Cal. 2019) (quoting Jones v. Cunningham, 371 U.S. 236, 17 240 (1963)). Declaratory and injunctive relief are proper habeas remedies. See N.B. v. Barr, 2019 18 WL 4849175, at *7 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 1, 2019). 19 The petition alleges that Meza is in the custody of ICE pursuant to the conditions of the 20 IJ’s bond order, that she has a vested liberty interest in her current conditional release, and that her 21 Fifth Amendment due process rights would be violated if ICE were allowed to re-detain her 22 without a hearing. See Pet. ¶¶ 8, 50-52. The petition asks the Court “to prevent the Department of 23 Homeland Security (‘DHS’) from returning her to an immigration jail pending resolution of her 24 removal case without a due process hearing.” Id. ¶ 1. The petition seeks both an injunction 25 prohibiting her re-arrest without a hearing, and a declaration that she cannot be re-arrested without 26 a hearing. See Pet., Prayer. 27 Meza effectively has obtained all the relief sought in the petition. The removal 1 jail pending resolution of those proceedings. Moreover, the Court no longer can grant the 2 requested relief. The petition asks the Court to provide Meza with certain due process protections 3 during the pendency of her removal proceedings, but her removal proceedings have been 4 terminated. The Court therefore concludes that Meza’s petition is moot. 5 This ruling is consistent with the decisions of other district courts within the Ninth Circuit. 6 For example, in Lee, the petitioner claimed that ICE had subjected him to indefinite detention 7 pending removal proceedings, without a hearing, in violation of the Due Process Clause of the 8 Fifth Amendment. See Lee v. Hayes, No. CV 07-6389-TJH(E), 2008 WL 4447578, at *2 (C.D. 9 Cal. Oct. 2, 2008). The petitioner sought a hearing to determine whether his detention was 10 justified. See id. The petitioner thereafter was released from detention and his removal 11 proceedings were terminated. See id. The district court dismissed the petition as moot, 12 concluding that “the release of Petitioner from detention and the termination of his removal 13 proceedings have given Petitioner all the relief to which he conceivably could be entitled.” Id. at 14 *3. In Quang Dien La, the petitioner challenged the length of his detention in pre-removal 15 custody, seeking an order directing his immediate release. See Quang Dien La v. Holder, No. CIV 16 S-10-1757 DAD P, 2011 WL 6042798, at *1-2 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 5, 2011). Upon the petitioner’s 17 release from detention, the district court dismissed the petition as moot, observing that it “can no 18 longer provide the relief sought because petitioner has been released from custody.” Id. at *2. As 19 in Lee and Quang Dien La, the petition before the Court is moot because Meza effectively has 20 obtained all the relief sought and the Court no longer can grant the requested relief. 21 Meza’s arguments to the contrary are unpersuasive. Meza asserts that she remains in 22 custody because she is subject to the IJ’s August 2017 bond order, which released her from ICE 23 custody on a $2,000 bond and subject to certain conditions. As support for this assertion, Meza 24 submits her counsel’s declaration statement that DHS has not returned the $2,000 bond amount to 25 Meza’s son, who is the bond obligor. See Mullins Decl. ¶ 6, ECF 38-1. As noted above, the IJ’s 26 August 2017 bond order was vacated by the BIA in 2018. See Louis Decl. ¶ 13, Exh. K. It is 27 unfortunate that the $2,000 bond amount has not been returned to Meza’s son, but that fact does 1 Whether the petition satisfies the in custody requirement is not the critical question 2 presented by the Government’s motion, however. The more substantial question is whether 3 termination of Meza’s removal proceedings causes the petition to be moot because it no longer 4 presents a case or controversy under Article III. Meza argues that the petition “did not tether her 5 liberty interest nor argue that her right to a pre-deprivation hearing is dependent on active removal 6 proceedings.” Opp. at 11. Meza emphasizes that she is subject to a final order of removal, and 7 that although she has been granted withholding of removal, DHS could re-arrest her at any time. 8 See id. at 1. 9 In the Court’s view, the relief requested in the petition is tethered to the removal 10 proceedings that were initiated in 2016. The petition alleges that the in custody requirement is 11 satisfied by Meza’s conditional release on bond in those removal proceedings, that Meza had a 12 constitutional right to the bond hearing, and that Meza has a liberty interest in her “current 13 conditional release” from ICE custody in those proceedings. Pet. ¶¶ 8, 36, 50. The first line of the 14 petition asks this Court to prevent DHS “from returning her to an immigration jail pending 15 resolution of her removal case without a due process hearing.” Pet. ¶ 1. Because those 16 proceedings have been terminated, this case is distinguishable from the cases on which Meza 17 relies, as discussed below. 18 In Ortega, the district court determined that a noncitizen who was released on bond 19 pending removal proceedings was entitled to a hearing before the bond was altered or revoked. 20 See Ortega v. Bonnar, 415 F. Supp. 3d 963 (N.D. Cal. 2019). The district court found that 21 “Ortega ha[d] a liberty interest in remaining on bond” and that injunctive relief was warranted 22 under the facts of the case. See id. at 966. In Jorge M.F., the district court determined that a 23 noncitizen who was released on bond pending removal proceedings, but whose bond was revoked, 24 was entitled to a hearing before an IJ before being re-detained. Jorge M.F. v. Jennings, 534 F. 25 Supp. 3d 1050, 1055-56 (N.D. Cal. 2021). In both Ortega and Jorge M.F., the district court found 26 that the noncitizen had a liberty interest in conditional release during the pendency of removal 27 proceedings. Meza had a similar liberty interest in her conditional release while the recent 1 and thus – unlike the noncitizens in Ortega and Jorge M.F. – Meza no longer has a liberty interest 2 in conditional release pending those proceedings. 3 In Centeno-Ortiz, also cited by Meza, a noncitizen filed a habeas petition to challenge his 4 physical detention by ICE, and he was discretionarily released on parole while the petition was 5 pending. See Centeno-Ortiz v. Culley, No. 11-CV-1970-IEG POR, 2012 WL 170123 (S.D. Cal. 6 Jan. 19, 2012). The district court found that the petition was not moot, because the noncitizen 7 could still secure a nondiscretionary release while his immigration case proceeded. See id. at *4. 8 The district court ordered that in the event the noncitizen’s conditional parole was revoked, he 9 would be entitled to an individualized bond hearing before an immigration judge. See id. at *9. 10 Meza is not subject to conditional parole, or other conditional release, pending resolution of 11 immigration proceedings, because those proceedings have been terminated. Her case therefore is 12 distinguishable from that of the parolee in Centano-Ortiz. 13 The Court finds that Meza’s habeas petition is moot. The Court next turns to Meza’s 14 argument that three exceptions to the mootness doctrine apply. 15 B. The Collateral Consequences Exception Does Not Apply 16 Meza first argues that the collateral consequences exception applies to her petition. “For a 17 habeas petition to continue to present a live controversy after the petitioner’s release or deportation 18 . . . there must be some remaining ‘collateral consequence’ that may be redressed by success on 19 the petition.” Abdala v. I.N.S., 488 F.3d 1061, 1064 (9th Cir. 2007). “For a collateral 20 consequence to present a continuing live case or controversy, it must be a concrete legal 21 disadvantage, and not merely a speculative or contingent injury.” Perez v. Murray, No. 18-CV- 22 01437-JSC, 2018 WL 2724241, at *2 (N.D. Cal. June 6, 2018). 23 Meza asserts that there are three collateral consequences that may be redressed by success 24 on her petition. First, she contends that if the Court were to dismiss the petition, she would lose 25 the benefit of the $2,000 bond posted by her son. Meza states that after a bond is revoked or 26 cancelled, it can take months or years for the money to be returned. She suggests that if DHS 27 decides to arrest and detain her in the future, she would be unable to post bond because she would 1 Meza is not currently released on bond. The IJ’s bond order was vacated in April 2018. See Louis 2 Decl. ¶ 13, Exh. K. The removal proceedings in which the bond order issued were terminated on 3 July 26, 2019. See Mehta Decl. Exh. 3. On this record, Meza presents no basis to conclude that 4 she would forfeit the $2,000 if she were arrested in the future. Nor does she explain how the 5 current petition could redress DHS’s failure to return the bond amount to her son. 6 Second, Meza contends that DHS could choose to arrest and detain her at some future date, 7 in which case she could face another period of prolonged confinement in an immigration jail. The 8 possibility that Meza could be subject to future immigration proceedings does not present a 9 concrete legal disadvantage sufficient to implicate the collateral consequences exception. See 10 Spencer v. Kemna, 523 U.S. 1, 14 (1998) (possibility that parole revocation could be used to 11 petitioner’s detriment in a future parole proceeding too speculative to constitute a collateral 12 consequence sufficient to confer Article III standing). Moreover, any such legal disadvantage 13 could not be redressed by success on the present petition, which asserts a liberty interest in Meza’s 14 conditional release pending resolution of the removal proceedings that she was in when she filed 15 the petition. Vindication that liberty interest, either by injunctive relief or by declaratory relief, 16 would not speak to Meza’s constitutional rights in future immigration proceedings. Meza has not 17 been subject to detention for nearly five years, and she has not been in removal proceedings for 18 three years. The Court has no way to know what factual circumstances may have changed since 19 Meza’s release on bond and subsequent termination of her removal proceedings. See Guido v. 20 Sepulveda, No. C 07-3873 CW, 2008 WL 2021751, at *2 (N.D. Cal. May 8, 2008) (finding no 21 collateral consequences based on possible future detention because “the Court cannot address the 22 legality of Petitioner’s potential future detention when the factual and legal bases for that detention 23 are not yet known”). 24 Third, Meza argues that re-imprisonment at a detention center would harm not only her, 25 but also her family. For the reasons discussed above, the possibility of future immigration 26 proceedings is too speculative to implicate the collateral consequences exception. Moreover, that 27 asserted consequence could not be redressed by success on the present petition, for the reasons 1 In conclusion, the collateral consequences exception does not apply. 2 C. The Voluntary Cessation Exception Does Not Apply 3 Meza next invokes the voluntary cessation exception. Under that exception, a district court 4 may retain jurisdiction even though no remaining controversy remains before it, on the ground that 5 the party asserting mootness voluntarily ceased illegal conduct but is “free to return to his old 6 ways.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Env’t Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 189 (2000) 7 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Where the challenged conduct was ceased 8 voluntarily, the party asserting mootness must show that the challenged conduct could not 9 reasonably be expected to recur. See id. 10 In the present case, the alleged infringement of Meza’s due process rights during the 11 pendency of her removal proceedings ceased not because of any voluntary conduct on the part of 12 DHS, but because Meza successfully moved to terminate the removal proceedings. Accordingly, 13 the voluntary cessation exception does not apply. See Oregon Nat. Res. Council, Inc. v. 14 Grossarth, 979 F.2d 1377, 1379 (9th Cir. 1992) (rejecting plaintiffs’ assertion of the voluntary 15 cessation exception where the defendants’ cancellation of a challenged sale was the result of the 16 plaintiffs’ successful administrative appeal). Meza argues that the voluntary cessation exception 17 nonetheless applies, because DHS elected not to appeal the termination of her removal 18 proceedings. Meza relies on Diouf to support her position, but that reliance is misplaced, as 19 discussed below. 20 In Diouf, the petitioner alleged that ICE had subjected him to prolonged detention pending 21 removal proceedings. See Diouf v. Napolitano, 634 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2011). The district court 22 granted a preliminary injunction requiring a bond hearing before an IJ, and the IJ released the 23 petitioner on bond. See id. at 1083-84. On appeal from that order, the Ninth Circuit vacated the 24 preliminary injunction because the district court had applied the wrong statute in determining 25 whether the petitioner was entitled to a bond hearing; the Ninth Circuit remanded for the district 26 court to determine whether the applicable statute requires bond hearings for detained noncitizens. 27 See id. at 1084. On remand, the district court concluded that the applicable statute does not 1 basis. See id. On appeal, the Ninth Circuit questioned whether the petitioner’s claims had become 2 moot given that the petitioner had been free on bond for several years and the government had not 3 elected to re-detain him. See id. at 1084 n.3. The Ninth Circuit found that the voluntary cessation 4 exception applied, because absent court action the government could re-detain the petitioner at any 5 time without a bond hearing. See id. 6 Diouf does not speak to the applicability of the voluntary cessation exception where, as 7 here, the petitioner takes action that moots the controversy and the government does not appeal. 8 Meza argues that, like the petitioner in Diouf, she is subject to re-detention by DHS at any time. 9 However, Meza is not subject to re-detention in connection with the removal proceedings initiated 10 in 2016, because those proceedings have been terminated. Meza’s petition requests relief only 11 pending resolution of those proceedings. Her case thus is factually distinguishable from Diouf, in 12 which immigration proceedings were ongoing but the government chose not to re-detain the 13 petitioner. 14 Consequently, the Court finds that the voluntary cessation exception does not apply. 15 D. The Capable of Repetition Yet Evading Review Exception Does Not Apply 16 Finally, Meza argues that her petition is not moot because it alleges wrongs that are 17 capable of repetition yet evading review. This exception “is limited to extraordinary cases in 18 which: (1) the duration of the challenged action is too short to be fully litigated before it ceases; 19 and (2) there is a reasonable expectation that the plaintiffs will be subjected to the same action 20 again.” Am. Rivers, 126 F.3d at 1124. This case does not satisfy either component. 21 “The duration component of the repetition/evasion analysis is present where the underlying 22 action is almost certain to run its course before either [the appellate] court or the Supreme Court 23 can give the case full consideration.” Biodiversity Legal Found. v. Badgley, 309 F.3d 1166, 1173 24 (9th Cir. 2002). Courts have found this requirement to be met by a regulation in effect for less 25 than a year, because a year is not enough time for judicial review, see Greenpeace Action v. 26 Franklin, 14 F.3d 1324, 1329 (9th Cir. 1992); by litigation regarding one-year and two-year 27 permits that likely would expire before appellate review could be completed, see Alaska Ctr. For 1 “the period of time between legislative authorization of the proposal and its submission to the 2 voters was approximately 18 months,” First Nat. Bank of Bos. v. Bellotti, 435 U.S. 765, 774 3 (1978). 4 In the present case, the durational component is not satisfied, because nothing in this 5 record suggests that a future detention by ICE would be of such short duration as to preclude Meza 6 from obtaining judicial review. Her concern is that her Fifth Amendment rights may be violated 7 by future prolonged detention without a bond hearing. A prolonged detention would afford the 8 opportunity for litigation. Indeed, in the present case, Meza filed her petition on May 8, 2018, and 9 this Court granted a TRO on May 10, 2018. Meza’s argument that she could not obtain judicial 10 review “before suffering irreparable injury” is not the standard for application of this exception to 11 mootness, and she cites no case applying that standard. She relies on Domingo-Jimenez for the 12 proposition that “[i]t is abundantly clear that any re-arrest and re-incarceration will have already 13 occurred before any district court ‘can give the action full consideration.’” Opp. at 25. However, 14 in Domingo-Jimenez the district court found that the capable of repetition exception did not apply, 15 because the potential future controversy would be reviewable. See Domingo-Jimenez v. Lynch, 16 No. C 16-05431 WHA, 2017 WL 235194, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 19, 2017). 17 The reasonable expectation component is not satisfied either. In order to satisfy this 18 component, Meza “must establish a demonstrated probability that the same controversy will recur 19 involving the same litigants.” Lee v. Schmidt-Wenzel, 766 F.2d 1387, 1390 (9th Cir. 1985). 20 “Speculative contingencies afford no basis for finding the existence of a continuing controversy 21 between the litigants as required by article III.” Id. Meza has not made this showing, because 22 whether ICE will re-arrest and detain her in future immigration proceedings is entirely speculative. 23 See Dellaguardia v. Gonzales, No. C06-1378-MJP, 2007 WL 2155719, at *3 n.4 (W.D. Wash. 24 July 23, 2007) (declining to apply exception because “petitioner’s contention that he may be 25 detained and subject to removal proceedings again is based on a mere theoretical possibility, not a 26 ‘reasonable expectation’ or ‘demonstrated probability’”). 27 The Court finds that this exception does not apply. 1 E. Dismissal of Petition and Entry of Judgment is Appropriate 2 In a footnote on the last page of her opposition brief, Meza requests leave to amend her 3 petition in the event the Court determines it is moot. See Opp. at 25 n.6. She has not submitted a 4 || proposed petition or provided any detail as to her proposed amendment. Meza’s counsel fleshed 5 out the request for leave to amend substantially at the hearing. The Court indicated that it would 6 || consider those arguments in ruling on the Government’s motion. Having considered them, the 7 || Court concludes that leave to amend would not be appropriate. Meza’s petition asserts a distinct 8 due process claim arising out of removal proceedings that since have been terminated on her 9 motion. It has been nearly five years since Meza was detained and three years since she had been 10 || inremoval proceedings. Under those circumstances, any constitutional claims arising out of 11 future immigration proceedings — which necessarily would be based on new and as-yet unknown 12 || facts — should be brought in a separate petition. 5 13 In the same footnote, Meza asks the Court to keep this action open so that she may file a 14 || motion for attorneys’ fees under the Equal Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2412. That motion 3 15 || may be filed after judgment. The statute provides that “[a] party seeking an award of fees and 16 other expenses shall, within thirty days of final judgment in the action, submit to the court an 3 17 application for fees and other expenses which shows that the party is a prevailing party and is 18 eligible to receive an award under this subsection. ...” 28 U.S.C.A. § 2412(d)(1)(B) (emphasis 19 added). 20 Accordingly, the Court finds it appropriate to grant the Government’s motion to dismiss 21 the petition and to enter judgment in this case. 22 IV. ORDER 23 (1) The Government’s motion to dismiss the petition as moot is GRANTED; 24 (2) A separate judgment will be entered; and 25 (3) This order terminates ECF 35. 26 27 || Dated: July 26, 2022 Kom Lh home!

ETH LABSON FREEMAN

28 United States District Judge