1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10

11 REGINALD ROBERTSON, Case No. 20-cv-02523 BLF 12 Plaintiff,

ORDER GRANTING

13 v. DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR

SUMMARY JUDGMENT

14

J. KAISER-NEVEL1, et al.,

15 Defendants. 16 (Docket No. 44) 17 18 Plaintiff, a pretrial detainee, filed the instant pro se civil rights action pursuant to 42 19 U.S.C. § 1983 against staff at the Santa Rita Jail (“Jail”) in Dublin, California. Dkt. No. 1. 20 The Court found the third amended complaint, Dkt. No. 27, stated cognizable claims for 21 retaliation and violation of due process, exercised supplemental jurisdiction over state law 22 claims, and ordered Defendants D. Bussell, J. Alvarez, M. Ella, G. Harris, C. Wong, and 23 Alameda County to file a motion for summary judgment or other dispositive motion. Dkt. 24 No. 35. 25 Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56 on the ground 26

27 1 Although Mr. J. Kaiser-Nevel was named as a defendant in the second amended complaint, Dkt. No. 21, he was dismissed from this action as there were no cognizable 1 that undisputed material facts establish that Defendant Bussell did not retaliate nor act with 2 deliberate indifference, Plaintiff failed to exhaust his retaliation claim, and the state law 3 claims must be dismissed. Dkt. No. 44. In support, Defendants filed declarations and 4 exhibits.2 Id. Plaintiff filed opposition along with a declaration and exhibits in support, 5 Dkt. No. 49, and a supplemental opposition with the court’s leave, Dkt. No. 56. 6 Defendants filed a reply. Dkt. No. 57. 7 For the reasons stated below, Defendants’ motion for summary judgment is 8 GRANTED. 9 10 DISCUSSION 11 I. Statement of Facts3 12 A. January 22, 2020 – Verbal Altercation with Defendant Bussell 13 According to Plaintiff, he was involved in a verbal dispute with Defendant D. 14 Bussell, a Sheriff’s Technician, which ended with each threatening the other with a “write- 15 up.” Dkt. No. 27 at 15. Plaintiff claims the injuries he suffered the next day were a direct 16 result of this conflict with Defendant Bussell. Id. 17 In their summary judgment motion, Defendants do not dispute Plaintiff’s allegation 18 that there was a dispute between Plaintiff and Defendant Bussell on January 22, 2020. 19 Defendant Bussell’s declaration is also silent in this regard. Dkt. No. 44-3. 20 B. January 23, 2020 – Visiting Booth Incident 21 On the evening of January 23, 2020, Plaintiff had a non-contact visit in the visiting 22

23 2 In support of their summary judgment motion, Defendants submit the declarations of Defendant Deputy J. Alvarez, Dkt. No. 44-1, non-party Rhonda Bailey (Deputy Clerk of 24 the Board of Supervisors for Alameda County), Dkt. No. 44-2, Defendant Sheriff’s Technician D. Bussell, Dkt. No. 44-3, non-party Deputy Lt. Carrie Carone, Dkt. No. 44-4, 25 Defendant Deputy M. Ella, Dkt. No. 44-5, non-party Deputy Katherine Goodall, Dkt. No. 44-6, Defendant Deputy G. Harris, Dkt. No. 44-7, non-party Sheriff’s Technician J. 26 Kaiser-Nevel, Dkt. No. 44-8, and Defendant C. Wong, Dkt. No. 44-9. 1 area of Housing Unit 22 (“HU-22”) at Santa Rita Jail (“SRJ”). This action is based on the 2 undisputed fact that Plaintiff was not immediately released from the visiting booth after the 3 visit concluded but was detained therein for over three hours. 4 On January 23, 2020, Defendant Bussell had a work shift in HU-22 from 6:00 a.m. 5 to 6:00 p.m. Bussell Decl. ¶ 3. Defendant Bussell left HU-22 within a few minutes after 6 his replacement, a non-party, Sheriff’s Technician Jason Kaiser-Nevel, arrived.4 Id.; 7 Kaiser-Nevel Decl. ¶ 3. Mr. Kaiser-Nevel arrived at or before 6:00 p.m. that night and had 8 taken over as technician in HU-22 by around 6:00 p.m. Id. As part of his duties as 9 Sheriff’s Technician for HU-22, Mr. Kaiser-Nevel maintains a “red book” which is a daily 10 log of events that occur in the housing unit, including approximate times when people 11 arrive and leave work. Kaiser Nevel Decl. ¶ 5. In support of their summary judgment 12 motion, Defendants submit a copy of HU-22’s red book for January 23, 2020, as Exbibit 13 D. Id.; Carone Decl., Ex. D.5 This red book indicates that Mr. Kaiser-Nevel arrived at 14 HU-22 at 1800 hours, i.e., 6:00 p.m., that evening. Id. 15 Another technician, a non-party, Ms. Katherine Goodall, arrived at HU-22 shortly 16 after Mr. Kaiser-Nevel. Kaiser-Nevel Decl. ¶ 4; Goodall Decl. ¶ 3. Ms. Goodall was the 17 “meal relief” technician that evening; she worked in various housing units over the course 18 of her work shift, taking over as needed while the assigned technicians took their meal 19 breaks. Id. She was in HU-22 during the time that Plaintiff remained in the visiting area 20 21 4 See supra at 1, fn. 1. 22 5 Deputy Carone is the authorized records custodian for the Alameda County Sheriff’s 23 Office as it relates the “red book” logs that are prepared and maintained by the Sheriff’s Technicians within each Housing Unit, including HU-22, at Santa Rita Jail. Carone Decl. 24 ¶ 6. She attests that Sheriff’s Technicians log, among other things, the approximate time that people arrive and leave the housing unit. Id. Deputy Carone attests that the records 25 are kept and maintained in the normal course of business by the Alameda County Sheriff’s Office. Id. She attests that the copy submitted under Exhibit D is a true and correct copy 26 of HU-22’s red book log for January 23, 2020. Id. ¶ 7. The Court notes that the copy of Exhibit D attached to Mr. Kaiser-Nevel’s declaration shows the complete log sheet, Dkt. 1 that night. Goodall Decl. ¶¶ 3-4. Also working in HU-22 that evening was Defendant 2 Deputy Harris, who began his shift at approximately 5:45 p.m. Harris Decl. ¶ 3. Two 3 other deputies were working in HU-22 when Defendant Harris arrived – Defendants 4 Charles Wong and Michael Ella. Id.; Ella Decl. ¶ 4; Wong Decl. ¶ 4. 5 Also in support of their summary judgment motion, Defendants submit the video 6 from Defendant Harris’s body-worn-camera (“BWC”). Harris Decl. ¶4, Ex. C (hereinafter 7 “Harris BWC”); Carone Decl. ¶ 5, Ex. C.6 According to Defendants, Defendant Harris’ 8 BWC date and time stamp is off by 8 hours; the cameras were set to Greenwich Mean 9 Time, which is 8 hours ahead of Pacific Standard Time. Harris Decl. ¶ 5. As such, 10 although the date and time stamp reads, “2020-01-24 02: [xx:xx]” the actual time the video 11 was captured was January 23, 2020 at 6:[xx:xx] p.m. (18:00 hours). Id. In addition, the 12 BWCs, when they are not turned on, record 30 seconds of video passively, without audio; 13 the 30-second segment records over itself and is not retained. Id.; Carone Decl. ¶ 3. Once 14 a BWC is turned on, the audio comes on, and any not-yet-overwritten video that preceded 15 the camera being turned on is added to the footage. Id. Hence, when a BWC video is 16 activated, there is typically the short section of silent footage at the beginning of that 17 footage. Id. 18 On the evening of January 23, 2020, Plaintiff was one of three inmates who 19 received the same visitor: a non-attorney representative (Mr. Williamson) from Bay Area 20 Community Services. Harris Decl. ¶ 4; Carone Decl. ¶ 8, Ex. E7 at p. 2; Kaiser-Nevel 21

22 6 Deputy C. Carone is also the authorized records custodian for the Alameda County Sheriff’s Office as it relates to BWCs captured by Alameda County Sheriff’s Office 23 deputies during the course and scope of their employment. Carone Decl. ¶ 4. Deputy Carone attests that BWC video records are created at the time at or shortly after the time of 24 the events depicted therein, and that the videos are thereafter kept and maintained in the normal course of business by the Alameda County Sheriff’s Office. Id. Deputy Carone 25 attests that the BWC video submitted as Exhibit C is a true and correct copy of the BWC uploaded by Deputy Harris regarding his actions on the night of January 23, 2020, 26 escorting three inmates up to the visiting area of HU-22. Id. ¶ 5. 1 Decl. ¶ 10. Mr. Kaiser-Nevel recalls Defendant Harris escorting the three inmates up to 2 the visiting area at approximately 6:30 p.m., to receive their visitor. Kaiser-Nevel Decl. ¶ 3 10. As Defendant Harris’ BWC video shows, the other two inmates arrived at the visiting 4 area before Plaintiff, and Defendant Harris escorted them into visiting booths #10, and #9, 5 in that order, unlocking and opening the doors for each of them. Harris Decl. ¶ 7, Harris 6 BWC at 0:00-02:03. At 6:33 p.m., Plaintiff arrived at the door to the visiting area to be 7 escorted to a visiting booth. Harris Decl. ¶ 8, Harris BWC at 2:03. Defendant Wong 8 opened the door for Plaintiff at the bottom of the visiting area stairs, while Defendant 9 Harris waited for Plaintiff at the top of those stairs. Id. at 2:03-2:12; Wong Decl. ¶¶ 5-7. 10 Plaintiff walked up the stairs, and Defendant Harris preceded him to the visiting booth #8, 11 which Defendant Harris unlocked and opened, allowing Plaintiff to enter. Harris Decl. ¶ 8, 12 Harris BWC at 2:12-2:35. Plaintiff entered visiting booth #8 and closed the door behind 13 him, and the door automatically locked. Id. Defendant Harris then exited the visiting area. 14 Id. at 2:32-2:52. No sheriff’s technician was present in Visiting Control at any time on the 15 night of January 23, 2020. Harris Decl. ¶ 10; Kaiser-Nevel Decl. ¶ 6; Goodall Decl. ¶ 5. 16 Defendant Ella was not involved in facilitating these visits and had no contact with 17 Plaintiff during or after these visits. Ella Decl. ¶ 6. 18 Shortly thereafter, Defendants Wong and Ella left HU-22 because their work shifts 19 had ended for the day. Wong Decl. ¶ 9; Ella Decl. ¶ 7. Per HU-22’s red book log for 20 January 23, 2020, they were off duty as of 18:45 (6:45 p.m.). Carone Decl., Ex. D. 21 Deputies Wong and Ella state that after they left HU-22 at the end of their shift, they did 22 23 County Sheriff’s Office as it relates to grievances records, including inmate grievances and 24 the Sheriff’s Office’s responses thereto. Carone Decl. ¶ 8. After searching the grievances presented by Plaintiff starting from January 1, 2020 to December 16, 2021, Deputy Carone 25 found only one grievance relating to the January 23, 2020 incident, in which Plaintiff complained about remaining in the visiting area in HU-22 for an unduly prolonged period 26 of time (Grievance No. 20-0319). Id. She attests that the copy submitted under Exhibit E is a true and correct copy of that grievance and the Sheriff’s Office’s response to that 1 not return on January 23, 2020. Wong Decl. ¶ 10; Ella Decl. ¶ 8. When Deputies Wong 2 and Ella left HU-22 at the end of their shift, they were unaware of any need to retrieve or 3 otherwise assist Plaintiff. Wong Decl. ¶ 9; Ella Decl. ¶ 7. No one in Housing Control 4 advised them of any such need. Id. 5 Control over, and communication with, the visiting booths in HU-22 are split 6 between two locations. Visiting booths #3 through #9 have buzzers that, when depressed, 7 buzz into the Visiting Control for HU-22, and only a person in Visiting Control can 8 remotely unlock those visiting booth doors. Bussell Decl. ¶ 6; Kaiser-Nevel Decl. 7; 9 Goodall Decl. ¶ 6. Visiting booths #10 and #11 have buttons that, when depressed, buzz 10 into the general Housing Control Room for HU-22 (“Housing Control”); then a person in 11 Housing Control can remotely unlock/open those visiting booth doors. Bussell Decl. ¶¶ 5, 12 6; Kaiser-Nevel Decl. ¶¶ 6-7; Goodall Decl. ¶ 6. This distinction between visiting booths 13 #10 and #11 on the one hand, and #3 through #9 on the other, is due to certain unique 14 features of visiting booths #10 and #11. Id. No one in HU-22 Housing Control can hear 15 the buzzers depressed in visiting booths #3 through #9, nor can those visiting booth doors 16 be remotely unlocked/opened from Housing Control. Id. 17 A person in Housing Control also cannot see directly into the visiting area. Alvarez 18 Decl. ¶ 6; Ella Decl. ¶ 9. Housing Control is located across the main HU-22 hallway from 19 the door to the visiting area. Bussell Decl. ¶ 7; Kaiser-Nevel Decl. ¶ 8; Goodall Decl. ¶ 7. 20 It sits above the main floor of HU-22 and its windows look down into the living areas of 21 HU-22. Id. Persons in Housing Control cannot view, via a direct line of sight, any part of 22 the visiting area. Id.; Harris Decl. ¶ 9. 23 There is a video camera in the visiting area that points down the inmate hallway in 24 that area, and that camera feed is fed into a screen in HU-22 Housing Control. Bussell 25 Decl. ¶ 8; Kaiser-Nevel Decl. ¶ 9; Goodall Decl. ¶ 8; Alvarez Decl. ¶ 6; Ella Decl. ¶ 9. 26 However, this camera’s angle is such that it does not capture anything/anyone sitting inside 1 the visiting booths. Id.; Harris Decl. ¶ 9. This is intended to afford privacy to inmates and 2 their visitors during visits. Bussell Decl. ¶ 8; Kaiser-Nevel Decl. ¶ 9. However, this 3 feature means that no one in Housing Control on the night of January 23, 2020, could see 4 via the video camera that anyone was present in visiting booths #8 and #9. Id.; Ella Decl. 5 ¶ 9. 6 According to Plaintiff, when he and the other two inmates were done with their 7 visits on the night of January 23, 2020, which he estimates took approximately 15 minutes 8 total, they each depressed the intercom buttons in their respective booths (#8, #9, and #10), 9 but only the inmate in visiting booth 10 received a response and was released. Dkt. No. 27 10 at 11-12. Plaintiff and the other inmate, in visiting booths #8 and #9 respectively, received 11 no response. Id. According to Defendants, this lack of response was due to the fact, as 12 described above, the buzzers in those two booths did not ring into Housing Control, but 13 rang instead to the Visiting Control booth which was unoccupied. Kaiser-Nevel Decl. ¶¶ 14 6-7, 12; Bussell Decl. ¶¶ 5-8. 15 Defendant Harris did not know that the intercom buttons in visiting booths #8 and 16 #9 did not buzz into Housing Control, and believed, based on past experience, that the 17 inmates he placed into visiting booths #8-10 could communicate with Housing Control, 18 and could be released remotely by Housing Control from those booths without any need 19 for his assistance. Harris Decl. ¶ 10. He believed that the visitor would let Housing 20 Control know he was done, and the technician would open the visitor’s door and remotely 21 open the doors for the inmates in all of the visiting booths, so that they could leave the 22 visiting area and return to the pod. Id. Defendant Harris believed that this is what had 23 occurred, based on the fact that he, later in the evening, saw one of the three inmates who 24 he had taken to the visiting area, walking around in HU-22. Id. ¶ 11. When he saw this 25 person, he assumed that all three inmates had been released from the visiting area and had 26 returned to HU-22. Id. He further assumed that, if his help was needed to retrieve inmates 1 from the visiting area, the Sheriff’s Technician in Housing Control would have let him 2 know. Id 3 Mr. Kaiser-Nevel was the technician sitting in front of the control panel in Housing 4 Control for HU-22 on the night of January 23, 2020, when the inmate in booth #10 buzzed 5 to be released. Kaiser-Nevel Decl. ¶¶ 4, 12; Goodall Decl. ¶¶ 3-4. Mr. Kaiser-Nevel 6 responded by depressing the button to unlock and open visiting booth #10’s door, allowing 7 that inmate to exit. Kaiser-Nevel Decl. ¶ 12. He recalls thereafter asking Ms. Goodall, 8 who was sitting at the “front” (window-side) of Housing Control to contact a deputy and 9 ask them to retrieve the other two inmates from the visiting area. Id. Mr. Kaiser-Nevel 10 then became busy and distracted by his other duties and other events taking place in HU- 11 22 that evening, and did not notice that the two inmates were not in HU-22. Id. ¶ 13. Mr. 12 Kaiser-Nevel thought Ms. Goodall had done as he requested, and only later discovered that 13 his message was not received or carried out. Id. ¶ 13. Ms. Goodall does not recall hearing 14 Mr. Kaiser-Nevel make this request to arrange for the other two inmates to be retrieved 15 from visiting. Goodall Decl. ¶¶ 9-10. Ms. Goodall also believed that Defendant Harris 16 knew that the buzzers in visiting booths #8 and #9 did not buzz into Housing Control. Id. 17 ¶ 6. Ultimately, no deputy was alerted regarding the need to retrieve these inmates from 18 the visiting area. Id. ¶¶ 9-13; Kaiser-Nevel Decl. ¶¶ 12-15; Harris Decl. ¶ 12. 19 What Ms. Goodall recalls is that January 23, 2020, was a busy night for staff, and 20 that Defendant Harris in particular was called away to perform various duties that night. 21 Goodall Decl. ¶ 10. Defendant Harris was busy during the evening of January 23, 2020. 22 Id.; Harris Decl. ¶¶ 12-13. He oversaw pill call at 6:45 to 7:45, and then he was 23 summoned to another housing unit at approximately 9:00 p.m. to assist in a cell search, 24 then returned to HU-22 to investigate and prepare a Prison Rape Elimination Act report 25 which took an hour. Harris Decl. ¶ 13. Shortly after 10:00 p.m., he had to leave HU-22 to 26 escort an inmate to a different part of the jail to be put into a safety cell. Id. 1 Meanwhile, Defendant Deputy J. Alvarez arrived at HU-22 at approximately 7:20 2 p.m. Alvarez Decl. ¶ 3; Kaiser-Nevel Decl., Ex. D. He had just completed a work shift at 3 the courthouse located in downtown Oakland, and so was working overtime in HU-22 as a 4 housing unit deputy. Id. The only other deputy in HU-22 at that time was Defendant 5 Harris. Id. Defendant Alvarez was unaware when he arrived at HU-22 that there had been 6 any visits earlier that evening, nor that there were any inmates still in the visiting area. Id. 7 ¶ 4. 8 Later in the evening, sometime shortly before 10:00 p.m., Defendant Alvarez recalls 9 hearing yelling coming from somewhere off the main hallway of HU-22, and trying to 10 track down its source. Alvarez Decl. ¶ 7; Dkt. No. 27 at 14. After searching the cells off 11 the main hallway, and nurse’s station (also off the main hallway), he checked the visiting 12 area and discovered Plaintiff and the other inmate still in the visiting booths. Id. He 13 promptly removed them from those booths and took them to cells with toilets and drinking 14 water access, so that they could use those facilities. Alvarez Decl. ¶¶ 7-8. He also alerted 15 a nurse since the inmates had missed pill call. Id. ¶ 8. Defendant Alvarez states that he 16 was surprised to find any inmates in this area at that time, and that when he informed Mr. 17 Kaiser-Nevel and Defendant Harris about this development, they also expressed shock and 18 surprise. Id. Forty-five minutes later, Plaintiff received his psychotropic and pain 19 medications and then was allowed to return to his assigned cell. Id.; Dkt. No. 27 at 14. 20 Plaintiff accuses Defendant Bussell of orchestrating his prolonged detention in the 21 visiting booth in retaliation for a verbal altercation between them the day before. Dkt. No. 22 27 at 16. According to Defendants, Defendant Bussell was not present when the 23 unfortunate incident involving Plaintiff occurred, nor did he tell, request, or direct anyone 24 who was in HU-22 that night to leave Plaintiff in the visiting area for several hours, or take 25 any other adverse action against Plaintiff. Bussell Decl. ¶¶ 3, 5, 9, 10; Kaiser-Nevel Decl. 26 ¶¶ 3, 14-16; Harris Decl. ¶¶ 3, 15-18, passim; Wong Decl. ¶¶ 3, 8, 13; Ella Decl. ¶ 11; 1 Goodall Decl. ¶¶ 11-12; Alvarez Decl. ¶¶ 9-10. 2 In its screening order of the operative complaint, the Court found that Plaintiff’s 3 allegations against Defendant Bussell were sufficient to state a retaliation claim as well as 4 a Fourteenth Amendment claim for deliberate indifference to the risk of harm. Dkt. No. 35 5 at 3-4. The Court also exercised supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s state law claims 6 against Defendant Bussell for negligence and violating state regulations, as well as against 7 Defendants Alvarez, Ella, Harris, Wong, and Alameda County for failing in their statutory 8 duties. Id. at 4. 9 C. Inmate Grievance 10 Plaintiff submitted one grievance about the incident on January 26, 2020. Carone 11 Decl. ¶ 8, Ex. E at pp. 2-3 (Grievance no. 20-0319 & response thereto). In the grievance, 12 Plaintiff alleged that the SJR staff were “negligent and failed to perform their duty” in 13 failing to retrieve him and the other inmate from the visiting booths. Id. at 2. The 14 grievance did not assert that the detention was retaliatory or intentional, nor did it mention 15 or refer to any prior verbal dispute between Plaintiff and Defendant Bussell on January 22, 16 2020, that lead to Plaintiff’s prolonged detention in the visiting area. Id. 17 II. Summary Judgment 18 Summary judgment is proper where the pleadings, discovery and affidavits show 19 that there is “no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to 20 judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A court will grant summary judgment 21 “against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an 22 element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof 23 at trial . . . since a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the 24 nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.” Celotex Corp. v. 25 Cattrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986). A fact is material if it might affect the outcome of 26 the lawsuit under governing law, and a dispute about such a material fact is genuine “if the 1 evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” 2 Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). 3 Generally, the moving party bears the initial burden of identifying those portions of 4 the record which demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. See Celotex 5 Corp., 477 U.S. at 323. Where the moving party will have the burden of proof on an issue 6 at trial, it must affirmatively demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could find other 7 than for the moving party. But on an issue for which the opposing party will have the 8 burden of proof at trial, the moving party need only point out “that there is an absence of 9 evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.” Id. at 325. If the evidence in opposition 10 to the motion is merely colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may 11 be granted. See Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 249-50. 12 The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to “go beyond the pleadings and by 13 her own affidavits, or by the ‘depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on 14 file,’ designate specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Celotex 15 Corp., 477 U.S. at 324 (citations omitted); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e). “This burden is not a 16 light one. The non-moving party must show more than the mere existence of a scintilla of 17 evidence.” In re Oracle Corporation Securities Litigation, 627 F.3d 376, 387 (9th Cir. 18 2010) (citing Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 252). “The non-moving party must do more than 19 show there is some ‘metaphysical doubt’ as to the material facts at issue.” Id. (citing 20 Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986)). “In 21 fact, the non-moving party must come forth with evidence from which a jury could 22 reasonably render a verdict in the non-moving party’s favor.” Id. (citing Liberty Lobby, 23 477 U.S. at 252). If the nonmoving party fails to make this showing, “the moving party is 24 entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323. 25 The Court’s function on a summary judgment motion is not to make credibility 26 determinations or weigh conflicting evidence with respect to a material fact. See T.W. 1 Elec. Serv., Inc. V. Pacific Elec. Contractors Ass’n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987). 2 The evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and the 3 inferences to be drawn from the facts must be viewed in a light most favorable to the 4 nonmoving party. See id. at 631. It is not the task of the district court to scour the record 5 in search of a genuine issue of triable fact. Keenan v. Allen, 91 F.3d 1275, 1279 (9th Cir. 6 1996). The nonmoving party has the burden of identifying with reasonable particularity 7 the evidence that precludes summary judgment. Id. If the nonmoving party fails to do so, 8 the district court may properly grant summary judgment in favor of the moving party. See 9 id.; see, e.g., Carmen v. San Francisco Unified School District, 237 F.3d 1026, 1028-29 10 (9th Cir. 2001). 11 A. Retaliation 12 Plaintiff claims that Defendant Bussell kept him trapped in the visiting booth for 13 several hours in order to retaliate against him for threatening to file an inmate grievance 14 against him during an argument on January 22, 2020, and that Defendant Bussell’s actions 15 chilled the exercise of his First Amendment rights and did not reasonably advance a 16 legitimate correctional goal. Dkt. No. 27 at 15. 17 1. Exhaustion 18 Defendants assert that Plaintiff’s retaliation claim fails because he did not exhaust 19 administrative remedies as to that claim. Dkt. No. 44 at 17. In opposition, Plaintiff asserts 20 that Grievance No. 20-0319 was affirmed at the first-formal level and he therefore meets 21 the exhaustion requirement. Dkt. No. 49 at 3. 22 The Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PLRA”) amended 42 U.S.C. § 1997e to 23 provide that “[n]o action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under [42 24 U.S.C. § 1983], or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or 25 other correctional facility until such administrative remedies as are available are 26 exhausted.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). Exhaustion is mandatory and no longer left to the 1 discretion of the district court. Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 84 (2006) (citing Booth v. 2 Churner, 532 U.S. 731, 739 (2001)). “Prisoners must now exhaust all ‘available’ 3 remedies, not just those that meet federal standards.” Id. Even when the relief sought 4 cannot be granted by the administrative process, i.e., monetary damages, a prisoner must 5 still exhaust administrative remedies. Id. at 85-86 (citing Booth, 532 U.S. at 734). The 6 PLRA’s exhaustion requirement requires “proper exhaustion” of available administrative 7 remedies. Id. at 93. An action must be dismissed unless the prisoner exhausted his 8 available administrative remedies before he or she filed suit, even if the prisoner fully 9 exhausts while the suit is pending. McKinney v. Carey, 311 F.3d 1198, 1199 (9th Cir. 10 2002); see Vaden v. Summerhill, 449 F.3d 1047, 1051 (9th Cir. 2006) (where 11 administrative remedies are not exhausted before the prisoner sends his complaint to the 12 court it will be dismissed even if exhaustion is completed by the time the complaint is 13 actually filed). But “a prisoner can cure [exhaustion] deficiencies through later filings, 14 regardless of when he filed the original action” because “[e]xhaustion requirements apply 15 based on when a plaintiff files the operative complaint.” Saddozai v. Davis, 35 F.4th 705, 16 708 (9th Cir. 2022) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, a prisoner who 17 files an original complaint (when he had not exhausted his remedies) and then files an 18 amended complaint (when he had fully exhausted his remedies) satisfies the exhaustion 19 requirement and is not subject to dismissal for lack of exhaustion. See id. at 708-10. 20 Failure to exhaust under the Prison Litigation Reform Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a) 21 (PLRA), is “an affirmative defense the defendant must plead and prove.” Jones v. Bock, 22 549 U.S. 199, 204, 216 (2007). Defendants have the burden of raising and proving the 23 absence of exhaustion, and inmates are not required to specifically plead or demonstrate 24 exhaustion in their complaints. Id. at 215-17. In the rare event that a failure to exhaust is 25 clear on the face of the complaint, a defendant may move for dismissal under Rule 26 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Albino v. Baca, 747 F.3d 1162, 1166 1 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc).8 2 The defendant’s burden is to prove that there was an available administrative 3 remedy and that the prisoner did not exhaust that available administrative remedy. Id. at 4 1172; see id. at 1176 (reversing district court’s grant of summary judgment to defendants 5 on issue of exhaustion because defendants did not carry their initial burden of proving their 6 affirmative defense that there was an available administrative remedy that prisoner 7 plaintiff failed to exhaust); see also Brown v. Valoff, 422 F.3d 926, 936-37 (9th Cir. 2005) 8 (as there can be no absence of exhaustion unless some relief remains available, movant 9 claiming lack of exhaustion must demonstrate that pertinent relief remained available, 10 whether at unexhausted levels or through awaiting results of relief already granted as result 11 of that process). Once the defendant has carried that burden, the prisoner has the burden of 12 production. Albino, 747 F.3d at 1172. That is, the burden shifts to the prisoner to come 13 forward with evidence showing that there is something in his particular case that made the 14 existing and generally available administrative remedies effectively unavailable to him. 15 Id. But as required by Jones, the ultimate burden of proof remains with the defendant. Id. 16 After carefully reviewing the submitted evidence, the Court finds Plaintiff failed to 17 exhaust a retaliation claim against Defendant Bussell based on the January 23, 2020 18 incident. Plaintiff does not dispute that the only grievance he filed regarding the over- 19 detention was Grievance No. 208-0319, as identified by Defendants. See supra at 9-10; 20 Carone Decl. ¶ 8, Ex. E. In this grievance, Plaintiff alleged that SJR staff were “negligent 21 and failed to perform their duty.” id. at 3. He stated that the Housing Unit Technician at 22 the time was “possibly Mr. Bussell or Mr. Kaiser (not certain of identify).” Id. at 2. There 23 24 8 In Albino, the Ninth Circuit, sitting en banc, overruled Wyatt v. Terhune, 315 F.3d 1108, 25 1119 (9th Cir. 2003), which held that failure to exhaust available administrative remedies under the PLRA, should be raised by a defendant as an unenumerated Rule 12(b) motion. 26 Albino, 747 F.3d at 1166. “[A] failure to exhaust is more appropriately handled under the framework of the existing rules than under an ‘unenumerated’ (that is, non-existent) rule.” 1 is no mention of a conflict with Defendant Bussell the day before, or any allegation that 2 the incident occurred due to retaliatory motives. Id. Accordingly, Defendants have met 3 their burden of establishing that there was an administrative remedy available to Plaintiff 4 and that he did not exhaust that remedy with respect to a retaliation claim against 5 Defendant Bussell. See Albino, 747 F.3d at 1166. In response, Plaintiff has failed to come 6 forward with evidence showing that there was something in his particular case that made 7 the existing and generally available administrative remedies effectively unavailable to him. 8 Id. Nor has Plaintiff shown that he cured this deficiency by the time he filed the third 9 amended complaint. See Saddozai, 35 F.4th at 708. Accordingly, the retaliation claim is 10 dismissed for failure to exhaust administrative remedies. See McKinney, 311 F.3d at 1199. 11 2. Retaliation – On the Merits 12 Notwithstanding Plaintiff’s failure to exhaust, Defendants have also answered on 13 the merits of the retaliation claim and Plaintiff has responded. The Court will therefore 14 consider the claim on the merits. 15 Within the prison context, a viable claim of First Amendment retaliation entails five 16 basic elements: (1) an assertion that a state actor took some adverse action against an 17 inmate (2) because of (3) that prisoner’s protected conduct, and that such action (4) chilled 18 the inmate’s exercise of his First Amendment rights, and (5) the action did not reasonably 19 advance a legitimate correctional goal.” Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 567-68 (9th 20 Cir. 2005) (footnote omitted). 21 Defendants assert that Plaintiff cannot prevail on his retaliation claim against 22 Defendant Bussell because Defendant was not present during, nor was he in any way 23 involved in, the over-detention. Dkt. No. 44 at 16. They assert that the first element for 24 retaliation cannot be met because Defendant Bussell was not on duty when the over- 25 detention occurred. Furthermore, Defendant Bussell denies harboring any ill will towards 26 Plaintiff, nor did he intend to cause, or actually cause, nor try to orchestrate or facilitate, 1 the incident that happened to Plaintiff on the evening of January 23, 2020. Bussell Decl. 2 ¶¶ 3, 5, 9, 10. Defendants also assert that the second and third elements cannot be met 3 because the technicians on duty during the incident, Mr. Kaiser-Nevel and Ms. Goodall, 4 had no negative interactions with Plaintiff and deny intentionally causing the over- 5 detention for any reason and that it was inadvertent/accidental and unintentional. Kaiser- 6 Nevel Decl. ¶¶ 3-16; Goodall Decl. ¶¶ 3-13. Defendants point out that Plaintiff does not 7 allege otherwise. Dkt. No. 44 at 16. 8 Defendants also point out that the Court advised Plaintiff in its January 6, 2021 9 Order, that if the over-detention was merely accidental, i.e., done by Mr. Kaiser-Nevel, 10 then a retaliation claim would not lie. Dkt. No. 44 at 16-17, citing Dkt. No. 24 at 3:21-4:1. 11 In response, Plaintiff filed a third amended complaint in which he named only Defendant 12 Bussell as a defendant on this claim.9 Id. Neither Ms. Goodall nor Mr. Kaiser-Nevel had 13 any negative interactions with Plaintiff prior to the January 23, 2020 incident. Id.; Kaiser- 14 Nevel Decl. ¶¶ 3-16; Goodall Decl. ¶¶ 3-13. Lastly, Defendants assert that all the other 15 individual defendants, who were present at the time of the incident, affirm that the over- 16 detention was an accident, and deny any intention, foreknowledge, planning, or 17 involvement in any plan, to leave Plaintiff in the visitation cells for any reason, let alone in 18 order to punish Plaintiff. Dkt. No. 44 at 17; Harris Decl. ¶¶ 3, 10-18; Alvarez Decl. ¶¶ 9- 19 10; Ella Decl. ¶ 11; Wong Decl. ¶¶ 9-13. 20 In opposition, Plaintiff asserts it is undisputed that he and Defendant Bussell had a 21 verbal dispute on January 22, 2020, during which threats of a “write-up” were exchanged. 22 Dkt. No. 49 at 2. Plaintiff asserts that Defendant Bussell’s threat of adverse action against 23 him for engaging in free speech under the First Amendment violated a clearly established 24 right. Id. He also objects to the admission of the red book log because it is 25 26 9 Accordingly, Mr. Kaiser-Nevel was terminated as a party to this action on January 6, 1 “indecipherable as to who authored” the entries and is inadequate as a record of events 2 which occurred on the date at issue. Id. at 4. Plaintiff also “concurs” with Defendant 3 Harris’ BWC in that it accurately records his arrival at the visiting area but asserts that 4 there is a 30-minute discrepancy in various other documents submitted by Defendants “or 5 as provided in Dkt. #42, 3, at #18.” Id. Plaintiff asserts that the time he arrived at the 6 visiting area was 6:02 p.m., rather than 6:33 p.m. Id. Lastly, Plaintiff asserts that 7 Defendants owed him duties under their own policies which they failed to carry out, which 8 also resulted in the violation of state laws. Id. at 4-5, 8. Then in his supplemental 9 opposition, Plaintiff asserts that he has established retaliation and due process claims. Dkt. 10 No. 56 at 2-3. First, he asserts that the injuries he suffered on January 23, 2020, occurred 11 within 24 hours of his dispute with Defendant Bussell, whose threats “evidenced 12 retaliatory harm/intent.” Id. at 2. Plaintiff asserts that Defendants are falsely alleging that 13 the incident was accidental and unintentional, but in “actually, Defendants’ arbitrary and 14 capricious acts over the course of four-hours surpassed deliberate indifference and 15 evidence all elements of retaliation.” Id. at 3. 16 In reply, Defendants assert that Plaintiff’s opposition and supplemental do not 17 undermine their summary judgment motion because his arguments do not change the fact 18 that Defendant Bussell was not present during the incident nor involved in the over- 19 detention. Dkt. No. 57 at 2. This fact is confirmed by the other Defendants, who all affirm 20 that the incident was an unfortunate accident with an explanation as to how it occurred. Id. 21 Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the Court finds there 22 exists no genuine dispute as to any material fact relating to Plaintiff’s retaliation claim 23 against Defendant Bussell. Plaintiff insists that their conflict from the day before caused 24 the “adverse action” the following day. See supra at 13. However, Defendant Bussell 25 attests that he left before the incident occurred, and several other Defendants and witnesses 26 who were present attest that Defendant Bussell was not involved in the incident. Id. at 2-8. 1 It matters not whether the actual time was 6:02 or 6:33 p.m., since there is no dispute that 2 Defendant Bussell left within a few minutes of his replacement, Mr. Kaiser-Nevel, arriving 3 at or before 6:00 p.m. See supra at 2-3. Defendants have also provided a detailed 4 explanation for why the over-detention occurred and their own surprise at what they 5 characterize as an unfortunate incident. Id. In response, Plaintiff fails to point to facts or 6 provide any evidence establishing that Defendant Bussell was either present or somehow 7 orchestrated the over-detention. Rather, Defendant Bussell denies ever doing so, and 8 several other Defendants and non-party witnesses attest that Defendant Bussell did not tell, 9 request, or direct any of them, who were in HU-22 that night, to leave Plaintiff in the 10 visiting area for several hours, or take any other adverse action against Plaintiff. Bussell 11 Decl. ¶¶ 3, 5, 9, 10; Kaiser-Nevel Decl. ¶¶ 3, 14-16; Harris Decl. ¶¶ 3, 15-18, passim; 12 Wong Decl. ¶¶ 3, 8, 13; Ella Decl. ¶ 11; Goodall Decl. ¶¶ 11-12; Alvarez Decl. ¶¶ 9-10. In 13 contrast, Plaintiff merely speculates that Defendant Bussell made an agreement with staff 14 to orchestrate this incident, without any supporting evidence. 15 With respect to Plaintiff’s objections to the red book log, Mr. Kaiser-Nevel attests 16 to the authenticity of this evidence as does Ms. Carone, the authorized records custodian 17 for the Alameda County Sheriff’s Office, which is sufficient to admit this evidence. See 18 supra at 3. Nevertheless, even if this evidence was not admitted, the declarations 19 submitted by Defendants contain sufficient information to establish when certain 20 individuals arrived and departed HU-22 that evening. Id. at 3-8. Ultimately, Plaintiff 21 makes only speculative and conclusory allegations which are not sufficient to meet his 22 burden of designating specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. See 23 Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 324. According to the evidence, Plaintiff was in fact unaware 24 who was in the Housing Control during his detention, and merely speculated that it was 25 Defendant Bussell. On the other hand, the evidence submitted by Defendants shows that 26 Mr. Kaiser-Nevel and Ms. Goodall were the technicians in Housing Control at the time, 1 and there is no allegation that these two non-parties had any retaliatory motives against 2 Plaintiff. 3 Based on the undisputed facts, Defendants have shown there is an absence of a 4 genuine dispute of material fact with respect to the retaliation claim against Defendant 5 Bussell. See Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323. Plaintiff has failed to meet his burden of 6 identifying with reasonable particularity the evidence that precludes summary judgment, 7 see Keenan, 91 F.3d at 1279, or submit evidence from which a jury could reasonably 8 render a verdict in his favor, In re Oracle Corporation Securities Litigation, 627 F.3d at 9 387. Accordingly, Defendant Bussell is entitled to summary judgment on this claim. See 10 Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323. 11 B. Fourteenth Amendment - Deliberate Indifference 12 Plaintiff also claims that Defendant Bussell deliberately kept him trapped in the 13 visiting booth for several hours, which the Court liberally construed as stating a Fourteenth 14 Amendment claim for deliberate indifference to the risk of harm to Plaintiff. Dkt. No. 35 15 at 4. 16 Inmates who sue prison officials for damages for injuries while in custody may do 17 so under the Eighth Amendment’s Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause or, if not yet 18 convicted, under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. See Bell v. Wolfish, 19 441 U.S. 520, 535 (1979); Castro v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d 1060, 1067-68 (9th 20 Cir. 2016) (en banc). But under both clauses, the inmate must show that the prison official 21 acted with deliberate indifference. Id. at 1068. A prison official is deliberately indifferent 22 if he knows that a prisoner faces a substantial risk of serious harm and disregards that risk 23 by failing to take reasonable steps to abate it. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. The official 24 must both know of “facts from which the inference could be drawn” that an excessive risk 25 of harm exists, and he must actually draw that inference. Id. 26 The Court finds there exists no genuine dispute as to any material fact relating to 1 Plaintiff’s due process claim against Defendant Bussell. As with the retaliation claim 2 above, there is no evidence that Defendant Bussell was present during the incident or that 3 he orchestrated Plaintiff’s over-detention. In response, Plaintiff merely asserts that 4 Defendants have a mandatory duty to conduct safety checks and that they failed to do so. 5 Dkt. No. 56 at 3. However, as Defendants correctly dispute, this allegation simply does 6 not support a federal claim. Dkt. No. 57 at 5. Plaintiff has presented no evidence showing 7 that Defendant Bussell, or any Defendant, knew that Plaintiff faced a substantial risk of 8 serious harm and disregarded that risk. Rather, the evidence submitted by Defendants 9 shows that no one was aware that Plaintiff and another inmate had not been released from 10 the visiting booths after their visitations had ended. Even if they should have been aware, 11 i.e., by conducting mandatory safety checks as Plaintiff alleges, the evidence shows that 12 none of the Defendants, or any SRJ staff, was actually aware that Plaintiff was stuck in the 13 visiting booth. Since no Defendant was aware, then it cannot be said that any of them 14 acted with deliberate indifference by disregarding a risk of serious harm to Plaintiff. 15 Based on the undisputed facts, Defendants have shown there is an absence of a 16 genuine dispute of material fact with respect to the due process claim against Defendant 17 Bussell. See Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323. Plaintiff has failed to meet his burden of 18 identifying with reasonable particularity the evidence that precludes summary judgment, 19 see Keenan, 91 F.3d at 1279, or submit evidence from which a jury could reasonably 20 render a verdict in his favor, In re Oracle Corporation Securities Litigation, 627 F.3d at 21 387. Accordingly, Defendant Bussell is entitled to summary judgment on this claim. See 22 Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323. 23 C. State Law Claims 24 The only remaining claims are Plaintiff’s state law claims against Defendant 25 Bussell for negligence and violating state regulations, and against Defendants Alvarez, 26 Ella, Harris, Wong, and Alameda County for failing in their statutory duties. See supra at 1 9. Defendants assert that the state law claims fail because Plaintiff did not present a timely 2 government claim to the County of Alameda as required by California’s Government 3 Claims Act, and he cannot cure this deficiency. Dkt. No. 44 at 19. Defendants also assert 4 that even if the state law claims were not barred, the Court should decline to exercise 5 jurisdiction over these state law claims because there are no federal claims remaining in 6 this action. Id. at 21. 7 1. California Tort Claims Act 8 Under California law, the filing of a tort claim in the time and manner prescribed is 9 a prerequisite to the filing of a lawsuit against any state employee or agency. Cal. Gov. 10 Code §§ 905.2, 911.2, 945.4, 950.2; Shirk v. Vista Unified Sch. Dist., 42 Cal.4th 201, 216 11 (2007). The California Tort Claims Act (“CTCA”) provides the requisites for the filing of 12 a tort claim against employees of the State of California. Cal. Gov. Code §§ 810-996.6. 13 Where recovery of damages from a public employee is sought, the CTCA requires the 14 filing, in accordance with its provisions, of all claims for money or damages against the 15 public entity. Cal. Gov. Code §§ 905, 905.2. Section 911.2 specifies that a claim relating 16 to injury to the person must be presented within six months of the accrual of the cause of 17 action. If a government claim was not presented within six months, then Plaintiff had to 18 present an application for leave to present a late claim “with a reasonable time not to 19 exceed one year after the accrual of the cause of action….” Id. § 911.4, subd. (b). 20 Presenting a government claim within the one-year period is a jurisdictional 21 requirement; the court lacks power to grant relief after this one-year period has passed. 22 Shirk, 42 Cal.4th at 216; Cal. Gov’t Code § 946.6; Last Frontier Healthcare Dist. v. Sup. 23 Ct., 33 Cal.App.5th 492, 497 (2019). Section 945.4 specifies that absent a timely claim, no 24 action may be brought against the public entity. Furthermore, § 950.2 states that a cause of 25 action against a public employee for injury resulting from an act or omission in the scope 26 of his or her employment is barred if an action against the employing public entity is 1 barred. Fisher v. Pickens, 225 Cal.App.3d 708, 718 (1990). The timely claims 2 requirement is also not subject to tolling based on plaintiff being imprisoned. Cal. Code 3 Civ. Proc. § 352.1, subd. (b); Gov’t Code § 945.3. 4 Defendants assert that Plaintiff’s claim accrued on January 23, 2020. Dkt. No. 44 at 5 20; Gov’t Code § 901. Therefore, Plaintiff had to present a government claim to the 6 County of Alameda within six months of accrual, and if not, then within one year of that 7 accrual. Cal. Gov’t Code §§ 911.2, 911.4. Defendants assert that Plaintiff nowhere alleges 8 that he presented a government claim to the County, and the County denies that he did so. 9 Dkt. No. 44 at 20; Bailey Decl., passim. Defendants point out that all documents sent by 10 Plaintiff to the County on this incident were sent well after he filed the instant action, with 11 the earliest being sent more than a year after the incident itself. Id. at 21. Defendants 12 assert that Plaintiff cannot now cure this defect, and therefore, all his claims arising under 13 state law are barred. Id.; Gov’t Code § 945.4. 14 In opposition, Plaintiff asserts that there is no state claim presentation requirement 15 because he filed a complaint that included federal civil rights claims. Dkt. No. 49 at 3, 16 citing Ford v. Long Beach Unified School Dist., 461 F.3d 1087, 1089-90 (9th Cir. 2006). 17 In reply, Defendants assert that state tort claims included in a federal action may proceed 18 only if the state claims were first presented to the public entity in compliance with state 19 law. Dkt. No. 57 at 3. 20 After reviewing the submitted papers, the Court finds there exists no genuine 21 dispute as to any material fact relating to Plaintiff’s failure to comply with the state claim 22 presentation requirement. First of all, there is no dispute that Plaintiff’s state law claims 23 accrued on January 23, 2020, such that he had until July 23, 2020 (six months) or January 24 23, 2021 (one-year) to file a timely government claim. Cal. Gov’t Code §§ 911.2, 911.4. 25 Defendants have shown that Plaintiff failed to do so. In support of their argument, 26 Defendants submit the declaration of Rhonda Bailey, the Deputy Clerk of the Board of 1 Supervisors for the County of Alameda. Dkt. No. 44-2. Ms. Bailey attests that her duties 2 include receiving, processing and logging in all government claims, Summonses and 3 Complaints, correspondence and other documents received by the Clerk of the Board from 4 or on behalf of persons seeking monetary or other type of relief from the County. Id. at ¶ 5 3. Ms. Bailey attests that after conducting a review of the County’s records, she found 6 nine items submitted by Plaintiff between January 1, 2020 to the present. Id. at ¶ 5. Of the 7 nine items, six items relate to Plaintiff’s assertions that some of his personal property had 8 been lost while detained at Santa Rita Jail; none of the six items, which were received on 9 or after April 13, 2020, refers to or mentions an incident that occurred on January 23, 10 2020. Id. at ¶ 6. The remaining three items are related to the instant action, but were not 11 received any earlier than June 11, 2021, which is well past the six-month and one year 12 deadlines of July 23, 2020 and January 23, 2021. Id. at ¶ 7. Furthermore, Plaintiff does 13 not dispute that he did not file a timely government claim to the County of Alameda. He is 14 simply mistaken that the filing of a federal action removed the state claim presentation 15 requirement under Ford, 461 F.3d 1087. Ford merely clarified that the state claim 16 presentation requirement does not apply to federal claims; Plaintiff was still required to 17 timely present his state claims to the County before filing suit against it or its employees. 18 Cal. Gov’t Code § 950.2; see Fisher, 225 Cal.App.3d at 718. He has failed to do so. 19 Accordingly, Plaintiff’s state law tort claims are barred by the filing requirements of the 20 CTCA. 21 22 CONCLUSION 23 For the reasons stated above, Defendants D. Bussell, J. Alvarez, M. Ella, G. Harris, 24 C. Wong, and Alameda County’s motion for summary judgment is GRANTED. The 25 retaliation and due process claims against Defendant Bussell are DISMISSED with 26 1 || prejudice.'° Furthermore, the remaining state law claims against Defendants Bussell, 2 || Alvarez, Ella, Harris, Wong, and Alameda County are DISMISSED with prejudice for 3 || failure to comply with California’s Tort Claims Act. 4 This order terminates Docket No. 44. 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 || Dated: August 1, 2022 A aM Lh A amuses

BETH LABSON FREEMAN

7 United States District Judge 8 9 10 11 g

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19 20 21 22 23 24 Order Granting MSJ PRO-SE\BLF\CR.20\02523Robertson_grant-msj 25 26 TT 0 Because the Court finds that no constitutional violation occurred, it is not necessary to 27 || reach Defendants’ qualified immunity argument. Dkt. No. 44 at 19.