I. BACKGROUND

23

A. 1K1V TGJ’S INVESTMENT IN TRUE

24 True is a startup company that sell meat snacks, including beef jerky and biltong. 25 Compl. ¶ 12, Dkt. 1, Ex. A. 1K1V TGJ is owned and controlled by OTOV, a private equity 26 fund based in South Africa. Id. ¶ 15. OTOV is run by Jordaan and operates through 27 various corporate entities, including 1K1V TGJ and 1K1V Stormberg. Id. ¶¶ 15-16. 1 In September 2017, 1K1V TGJ made a seed-capital investment of $900,000 in True. 2 Id. ¶ 19. Over the next two years, 1KIV TGJ made three additional investments to fund 3 True’s growth, bringing its total investment to $3 million. Id. ¶ 20. 4 By virtue of its investments, 1K1V TGJ was given the right to appoint one of the 5 five members on True’s Board of Directors. Id. ¶ 32. It appointed Dave Evans (“Evans”), 6 CEO of BOS Brands, a South African iced tea company. Id. True alleges, on information 7 and belief, that Defendants selected Evans because they believed he would elevate 1K1V 8 TGJ’s interests over True’s interests. Id. ¶ 33. The other four board members consist of 9 True’s CEO, Jess Thomas (“Thomas”), and three individuals designated by him. Id. ¶ 34. 10 Pursuant to True’s Shareholders’ Agreement, the board member designated by 11 1K1V TGJ has the authority to veto certain transactions, including the incurring of 12 indebtedness in excess of $75,000. Id. ¶ 35. 13 B. OTOV AND TRUE’S INVESTMENTS IN STORMBERG 14 In December 2018, OTOV and True co-invested in Stormberg Foods (“Stormberg”), 15 a third-party biltong manufacturer. Id. ¶ 22. Each party invested $600,000 in exchange for 16 15% of Stormberg’s Class A membership units. Id. True funded its investment through a 17 loan from 1K1V TGJ. Id. OTOV’s investment necessitated the formation of a new 18 company, 1K1V Stormberg, to which OTOV transferred its shares. Id. ¶ 23. 19 Pursuant to an Operating Agreement executed by the parties, True (and 1K1V 20 Stormberg) had the right to participate pro rata in any new equity securities issuances by 21 Stormberg. Id. ¶ 24. This preemptive right would allow True to maintain its ownership 22 interest in Stormberg, without dilution. Id. The Operating Agreement required Stormberg 23 to provide notice of any issuance and thirty days for True to exercise or waive its right. Id. 24 In or about June 2019, negotiations were underway for 1K1V TGJ to invest $1 25 million in True. Id. ¶ 25. Around the same time, negotiations were underway for 1K1V 26 Stormberg to make a follow-on investment in Stormberg, which would necessitate the 27 issuance of new equity securities with a value of $752,000. Id. ¶¶ 26-30. According to 1 One day before the proposed funding date, Stormberg’s owner, Gary Moorcroft 2 (“Moorcroft”), called Thomas to demand that True waive its timely notice and preemption 3 rights. Id. When Thomas advised that True intended to take the full thirty days to which it 4 was entitled to consider its options, Moorcroft—purportedly acting under Defendants’ 5 “direction, influence and control”—threatened that, if True did not waive its rights, 6 Defendants would “‘pull the plug’” on both the investment in Stormberg and the $1 million 7 investment in True. Id. True alleges that, “[w]ith no other options and no time to spare,” it 8 executed a waiver under duress. Id. As a result of 1K1V TGJ’s follow-on investment, 9 True’s ownership interest in Stormberg was diluted. Id. 10 C. THE PURPORTED “TAKEOVER BID” 11 In early 2020, True required additional financing to “remain a viable business.” Id. 12 ¶¶ 37-38. It is alleged that Defendants sought to exploit True’s position by, among other 13 things, “slow-playing negotiations on the promise of favorable terms.” Id. According to 14 True, Defendants employed a strategy to “build[] leverage” until such time as it would be 15 forced to accept an unfavorable offer. Id. Defendants allegedly “led [True] to believe” that 16 additional financing at a fair market rate would be forthcoming. Id. ¶¶ 38-39. In pursuit of 17 this investment, True met certain demands, such as firing a staff member, reducing 18 management salaries, and increasing prices. Id. 19 True alleges that the offer eventually presented by Defendants was a “takeover bid.” 20 Id. ¶ 40. Defendants intended to complete a “hostile takeover,” and once in control, “to fire 21 all the founders [of True] and oust them from the very company they had built.” Id. ¶ 41. 22 The negotiations “quickly soured.” Id. ¶ 42. Honoring its contractual and fiduciary 23 obligations, True presented 1K1V TGJ’s proposal to its board. Id. ¶ 43. All board 24 members, including Evans, expressed reservations about the terms and urged management 25 to find alternative financing. Id. 26 D. FINANCING OFFER FROM KING’S HAWAIIAN 27 In April 2020, another food products company, King’s Hawaiian Holding Co. Inc. 1 terms proposed were more favorable than those proposed by Defendants and better 2 reflected a fair-market investment. Id. However, Defendants sought to undermine and 3 thwart the King’s Hawaiian offer. Id. ¶ 46. 4 “As a first shot across the bow,” 1K1V TGJ sent a letter to True threatening 5 litigation. Id. ¶ 47. The letter asserted that True’s board owed duties to 1K1V TGJ and that 6 True had an obligation to reject the King’s Hawaiian offer. Id. True alleges, on 7 information and belief, that Defendants lobbied Evans to reject the King’s Hawaiian 8 proposal. Id. ¶ 48. In the days leading up to the board’s vote, Evans circulated an email 9 that “parroted” certain of Defendants’ assertions. Id. 10 Defendants “then escalated their efforts by making direct threats to King’s 11 Hawaiian” regarding litigation. Id. ¶ 49. True characterizes this as a “transparent attempt 12 to scare off a potential investor that intended to provide life-saving capital.” Id. Citing the 13 threat of litigation, King’s Hawaiian withdrew its proposal. Id. ¶ 50. 14 E. THE INSTANT ACTION 15 True then filed the instant action against Defendants, alleging claims for: (1) Breach 16 of Fiduciary Duty; (2) Fraudulent Concealment & Misrepresentation; (3) Intentional 17 Interference with Prospective Economic Relations (based on the failed King’s Hawaiian 18 proposal); (4) Negligent Interference with Prospective Economic Relations (based on the 19 failed King’s Hawaiian proposal); (5) Intentional Interference with Prospective Economic 20 Relations (based on the dilution of True’s equity interest in Stormberg); (6) Tortious 21 Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing (based on dilution of 22 True’s equity interest in Stormberg); and (7) Declaratory Relief. 23 II. LEGAL STANDARD 24 Rule 12(b)(6) “tests the legal sufficiency of a claim.” Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 25 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). “Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is proper when the complaint 26 either (1) lacks a cognizable legal theory or (2) fails to allege sufficient facts to support a 27 cognizable legal theory.” Somers v. Apple, Inc., 729 F.3d 953, 959 (9th Cir. 2013). “Rule 1 nature of the claim, but also grounds on which the claim rests.’” Zixiang Li v. Kerry, 710 2 F.3d 995, 998-99 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting in part Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 3 544, 556 n.3 (2007)). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient 4 factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” 5 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). 6 In assessing the sufficiency of the complaint, courts must accept its factual 7 allegations as true and construe the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving 8 party. Outdoor Media Group, Inc. v. City of Beaumont, 506 F.3d 895, 899-900 (9th Cir. 9 2007). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 10 conclusory statements,” are “not entitled to the assumption of truth.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 11 678, 679. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that 12 allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 13 misconduct alleged.” Id. “Where a complaint pleads facts that are ‘merely consistent with’ 14 a defendant’s liability, it ‘stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of 15 ‘entitlement to relief.’” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). Absent a clear showing 16 that amendment would be futile, at least one chance to amend a deficient complaint should 17 be given. Nat’l Council of La Raza v. Cegavske, 800 F.3d 1032, 1041-42 (9th Cir. 2015). 18 III. DISCUSSION 19 Defendants move to dismiss the Complaint on the grounds that True: (1) fails to 20 allege facts to support its claims; (2) lumps Defendants together without individualized 21 allegations of wrongdoing; and (3) fails to allege facts to support punitive damages. 22 A. BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY 23 True’s first claim is for breach of fiduciary duty. Compl. ¶¶ 51-55. The elements of 24 a claim for breach of fiduciary duty are “the existence of a fiduciary relationship, its breach, 25 and damage proximately caused by that breach.” Pierce v. Lyman, 1 Cal. App. 4th 1093, 26 1101 (1991). For a fiduciary duty to arise, a defendant “must either knowingly undertake 27 to act on behalf and for the benefit of another, or must enter into a relationship which 1 Inc., 43 Cal. 4th 375, 386 (2008) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Here, True fails to 2 allege facts supporting the existence of a fiduciary relationship. 3 “[I]t is established that absent special circumstances … a loan transaction is at arms- 4 length and there is no fiduciary relationship between the borrower and lender.” Oaks 5 Mgmt. Corp. v. Superior Court, 145 Cal. App. 4th 453, 466 (2006) (and cases cited 6 therein); see also Okura & Co. (Am.) v. Careau Grp., 783 F. Supp. 482, 494 (C.D. Cal. 7 1991) (“Generally, the lender-borrower relationship is not a fiduciary relationship.”). “‘A 8 commercial lender is entitled to pursue its own economic interests in a loan transaction. 9 This right is inconsistent with the obligations of a fiduciary which require that the fiduciary 10 knowingly agree to subordinate its interests to act on behalf or for the benefit of another.’” 11 Davenport v. Litton Loan Servicing, LP, 725 F. Supp. 2d 862, 883 (N.D. Cal. 2010) 12 (quoting Nymark v. Heart Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 231 Cal. App. 3d 1089, 1093 n.1 13 (1991)). Accordingly, absent special circumstances, the borrower/lender relationship 14 between True and 1K1V TGJ did not give rise to a fiduciary duty. 15 True acknowledges the general rule that a lender owes no duty of care when it does 16 not exceed the scope of its role as a mere money lender. Opp’n at 10 (citing Nymark, 231 17 Cal. App. 3d at 1098). It argues, however, that where the parties are “joint venturers rather 18 than lender and borrower,” or the lender “exerts undue control [over] the borrower,” the 19 law imposes a fiduciary duty to act with reasonable care not to undermine or exploit the 20 interests of their business partner. Id. (quoting Okura, 783 F. Supp. at 494-495). True 21 claims that special circumstances were present here, such that Defendants acted outside the 22 ordinary scope of a lender. Id. at 9-10. As discussed below, this argument is unpersuasive. 23 First, True contends it and 1K1V Stormberg were joint venturers in Stormberg. The 24 facts alleged simply do not establish a joint venture. See Simmons v. Ware, 213 Cal. App. 25 4th 1035, 1053 (2013) (“An essential element of a partnership or joint venture is the right 26 of joint participation in the management and control of the business. Absent such right, the 27 mere fact that one party is to receive benefits in consideration of services rendered or for 1 The Complaint alleges only that 1K1V Stormberg and True (through a loan from 1K1V 2 TGJ) invested in Stormberg. This is plainly insufficient.1 3 Second, True asserts (without further elaboration) that 1K1V TGJ had authority, 4 through the Shareholder Agreement, “to unilaterally direct [True’s] financing efforts.” 5 Opp’n at 9-10. True refers to 1K1V TGJ’s right to appoint a board member with the power 6 to veto financing proposals in excess of $75,000. As noted in the case primarily relied 7 upon by True, however, this does not constitute undue control. Okura, 783 F. Supp at 494 8 (noting lenders may negotiate terms that allow them to oversee and protect their loans, and 9 “[t]here is nothing unusual” about a lender taking a minority equity interest in a borrower 10 or placing directors on its board). Although Evans, as a board member, had fiduciary duties 11 to True, his appointment did not give rise to any fiduciary duties by Defendants. 12 Third, True asserts (again without further elaboration) that 1K1V TGJ, through 13 assurances of future financing and other leverage tactics, “directed and controlled [True],” 14 e.g., by firing a staff member, reducing management salaries, and increasing prices. Opp’n 15 at 10. As alleged in the Complaint, however, 1K1V TGJ did not take these actions based on 16 any authority it held by virtue of the existing lender/borrower relationship. Rather, True 17 took these actions in an attempt to secure additional financing from 1K1V TGJ. The 18 Complaint thus alleges, at most, that 1K1V TGJ sought to take advantage of True’s 19 weakened bargaining position. Absent an existing fiduciary duty—which has not been 20 shown—1K1V TGJ was free to do so (i.e., to pursue its own interests as a commercial 21 lender in offering additional financing to True). Accordingly, Defendants’ motion to 22 dismiss True’s claim for breach of fiduciary duty is granted. 23 24

25 1 In its opposition brief, True asserts that the co-investment in Stormberg “necessitated the formation of a new entity – Stormberg Foods USA LLC – in which 26 Plaintiff and Defendant were co-managing members.” Opp’n at 10. This fact is not alleged in the Complaint, and thus, cannot be considered on a motion to dismiss. Broam v. Bogan, 27 320 F.3d 1023, 1026 n.2 (9th Cir. 2003). Moreover, even setting this defect aside, it is not apparent how formation of this entity “elevated” the relationship between True and 1K1V 1 B. FRAUD 2 In its second claim for relief, True alleges fraudulent concealment and/or 3 misrepresentation. Compl. ¶¶ 56-62. The Complaint alleges that, throughout the course of 4 the parties’ dealings, Defendants failed to disclose their true intention, which was not the 5 continued vitality of the company, but rather, a hostile takeover. Id. ¶¶ 58-59. It is further 6 alleged that Defendants “made the false promise of being a seed-capital investor and 7 business partner while concealing their true intentions of a hostile takeover.” Id. ¶ 59. 8 To state a claim for fraud, a party must allege: “(a) misrepresentation (false 9 representation, concealment, or nondisclosure); (b) knowledge of falsity (or ‘scienter’); (c) 10 intent to defraud, i.e., to induce reliance; (d) justifiable reliance; and (e) resulting damage.” 11 Lazar v. Superior Court, 12 Cal. 4th 631, 638 (1996). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) 12 requires that a party state with particularly the circumstances constituting fraud. In other 13 words, “[a]verments of fraud must be accompanied by ‘the who, what, when, where, and 14 how’ of the misconduct charged.” Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 1097, 1106 15 (9th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). 16 As persuasively argued by Defendants, the Complaint fails to identify any actionable 17 misrepresentation or omission. Regarding the allegation that Defendants promised to be a 18 seed-capital investor, the Complaint admits this statement was true. Compl. ¶ 19 (alleging 19 1K1V TGJ “made a seed-capital investment of $900,000”), ¶ 20 (alleging 1K1V TGJ 20 “made additional investments,” for a total of $3 million, “to help fund [True’s] growth”). 21 True contends Defendants nonetheless committed fraud because they failed to disclose their 22 “true intentions of a hostile takeover.” This allegation is rooted in 1K1V TGJ’s offer for 23 further financing in early 2020 on terms True found objectionable. The Complaint admits, 24 however, that Defendants fully disclosed the terms of that offer. True pleads no facts 25 suggesting Defendants had a duty to disclose the terms at an earlier date. Nor do the facts 26 alleged plausibly support the inference that Defendants planned a hostile takeover when 27 they invested substantial sums between 2017 and 2019, let alone when they promised to 1 Tellingly, True does not attempt to refute Defendants’ arguments as to the 2 misrepresentations and/or omissions set forth above. Rather, True identifies new 3 misrepresentations and/or omissions, as follows: (1) Defendants failed to disclose 1K1V 4 Stormberg’s second investment in Stormberg until after an agreement had been reached to 5 issue additional equity; and (2) Defendants made “assurances” in the first quarter of 2020 6 that an additional market-rate investment in True would be forthcoming. Opp’n at 12-13. 7 These newly advanced allegations still fail to state a claim. 8 With respect to the equity issuance, the Complaint admits that Stormberg (not 9 Defendants) had a duty to provide notice of the same. Compl. ¶ 24. With respect to the 10 “assurances” of an additional investment, True fails to allege with particularity any 11 statement by Defendants that another loan would be made on specific terms (or on terms 12 acceptable to True). As to the vague allegation of “assurances,” the Complaint admits that 13 a fifth loan proposal was made, id. ¶¶ 40-43, and True alleges no facts supporting an 14 inference of falsity. Accordingly, the motion to dismiss True’s fraud claim is granted. 15 C. BREACH OF THE IMPLIED COVENANT OF GOOD FAITH AND FAIR DEALING 16 In its sixth claim for relief, True alleges tortious breach of the implied covenant of 17 good faith and fair dealing. Compl. ¶¶ 84-91. True alleges Defendants prevented it from 18 receiving the rights/benefits to which it was entitled under the Stormberg Operating 19 Agreement, “including by depriving [True] of both its contractual right to notice of the 20 proposed new equity securities issuance and the opportunity to exercise its preemptive 21 rights with respect thereto, and further, by diluting and/or misappropriating [True’s] 22 ownership interest in [Stormberg].” Id. ¶ 87. 23 “A cause of action for tortious breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing 24 requires the existence and breach of an enforceable contract as well as an independent tort.” 25 Innovative Bus. Partnerships, Inc. v. Inland Ctys. Reg’l Ctr., Inc., 194 Cal. App. 4th 623, 26 631-32 (citation omitted). Defendants move to dismiss this claim on the grounds that True 27 does not allege either breach of the Operating Agreement or an independent tort committed 1 in its opposition brief. As noted by Defendants, True now appears to advance a contract 2 claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, rather than the tort 3 claim alleged in the Complaint. See Reply at 6. Even so, True fails to state a claim. 4 “The covenant of good faith and fair dealing, implied by law in every contract, exists 5 merely to prevent one contracting party from unfairly frustrating the other party’s rights to 6 receive the benefits of the agreement actually made.” Guz v. Bechtel Nat’l Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 7 317, 349 (2000) (emphasis in original). “It cannot impose substantive duties or limits on 8 the contracting parties beyond those incorporated in the specific terms of their agreement.” 9 Id. “As to acts and conduct authorized by the express provisions of the contract, no 10 covenant of good faith and fair dealing can be implied which forbids such acts and conduct. 11 And if defendants were given the right to do what they did by the express provisions of the 12 contract there can be no breach.” Carma Devs. (Cal.), Inc. v. Marathon Dev. California, 13 Inc., 2 Cal. 4th 342, 374 (1992) (quotation marks and citation omitted). 14 True alleges that, by participating in the second equity securities issuance, 15 Defendants diluted True’s ownership interest in Stormberg. As True admits in its pleading, 16 however, the Operating Agreement expressly permits the parties to participate in additional 17 equity securities issuances by Stormberg. Compl. ¶ 24. Thus, the conduct complained of 18 was permitted by contract and cannot give rise to a claim for breach of the implied 19 covenant. Insofar as True also alleges that it was deprived of its contractual right to timely 20 notice of the proposed equity securities issuance, the Complaint alleges Stormberg—not 21 Defendants—were obligated to provide such notice. Id. The implied covenant cannot 22 impose such a duty on Defendants. Accordingly, Defendants’ motion to dismiss True’s 23 claim for breach of the implied covenant is granted. 24 D. INTERFERENCE WITH PROSPECTIVE ECONOMIC RELATIONS 25 In its third and fourth claims for relief, True alleges intentional and negligent 26 interference with prospective economic relations. Compl. ¶¶ 63-69, 70-76. Specifically, it 27 alleges Defendants thwarted a potential investment from King’s Hawaiian through “active 1 proposal—thereby aiding and abetting Evan’s own breach of fiduciary duties to [True]— 2 and threatening both [True] and King’s Hawaiian with legal action.” Id. ¶ 66. True also 3 alleges intentional interference with prospective economic relations in its fifth claim for 4 relief. Compl. ¶¶ 77-83. True alleges Defendants engaged in acts designed to induce a 5 breach and/or disruption of its contractual relationship with Stormberg by “depriving [True] 6 of both its contractual right to notice of the proposed new equity securities issuance and the 7 opportunity to exercise its preemptive rights with respect thereto, and further, by diluting 8 and/or misappropriating [True’s] ownership interest in [Stormberg].” Id. ¶ 81. 9 The elements of a claim for intentional interference with prospective economic 10 relations are: (1) an economic relationship between the plaintiff and some third party, with 11 the probability of future economic benefit to the plaintiff; (2) the defendant’s knowledge of 12 the relationship; (3) intentional acts designed to disrupt the relationship; (4) actual 13 disruption of the relationship; and (5) resulting damages. Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed 14 Martin Corp., 29 Cal. 4th 1134, 1153 (2003). To prevail on such a claim, a plaintiff also 15 must plead and prove that the defendant’s conduct was wrongful by some legal measure 16 apart from the interference itself. Id. “An act is not independently wrongful merely 17 because [the] defendant acted with an improper motive.” Id. at 1158. Rather, “an act is 18 independently wrongful if it is unlawful, that is, if it is proscribed by some constitutional, 19 statutory, regulatory, common law, or other determinable legal standard.” Id. at 1159. 20 “The elements are the same for negligent interference although the plaintiff need only show 21 that the defendant acted negligently.” Prostar Wireless Grp., LLC v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 22 360 F. Supp. 3d 994, 1015 (N.D. Cal. 2018), aff’d, 815 F. App’x 117 (9th Cir. 2020) (citing 23 Venhaus v. Shultz, 155 Cal. App. 4th 1072, 1078-80 (2007)). 24 1. Stormberg 25 Defendants move to dismiss True’s claim of interference in its relationship with 26 Stormberg on the ground that no independently wrongful act is alleged. True does not 27 meaningfully address this issue in its opposition brief, but simply restates the allegations of 1 that True’s equity interest in Stormberg was diluted when 1K1V TGJ participated in a 2 second round of investment. For the same reasons discussed above with respect to breach 3 of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, however, True fails to allege any 4 independently wrongful act. True does not allege facts demonstrating that Defendants’ 5 second investment in Stormberg was tortious or otherwise unlawful. Nor does the fact that 6 Defendants’ investment had the effect of diluting True’s equity interest in Stormberg render 7 it wrongful. Indeed, as the Complaint makes evident, True had the right to participate in 8 that second round of investment in Stormberg but lacked sufficient capital to do so. The 9 motion to dismiss True’s interference claim as to Stormberg therefore is granted. 10 2. King’s Hawaiian 11 Defendants also move to dismiss True’s claims for intentional and negligent 12 interference in its relationship with King’s Hawaiian on the ground that no independently 13 wrongful act is alleged. They argue that (a) the claim Evans breached his fiduciary duty to 14 True is barred by California’s business judgment rule and (b) the facts alleged do not 15 support the inference Defendants aided and abetted any such breach of fiduciary duty. 16 Defendants are correct that the Complaint fails to allege sufficient facts to plead a 17 claim of interference based on aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty by Evans. See 18 Berg & Berg Enters., LLC v. Boyle, 178 Cal. App. 4th 1020, 1045 (2009) (holding 19 demurrer to claim for breach of fiduciary duty was properly sustained based on business 20 judgment rule, which immunizes directors from liability for their management decisions; to 21 overcome the presumption afforded by this rule, a plaintiff must allege sufficient facts to 22 establish an exception, such as a conflict of interests or improper motive). The Complaint 23 alleges no facts suggesting a conflict of interests or improper motive. Although it is 24 alleged, on information and belief, that Defendants selected Evans because they believed he 25 would protect their interests, there are no facts to support this assertion. 26 The above notwithstanding, the Complaint also alleges that Defendants threatened 27 True and King’s Hawaiian with litigation in an effort to sabotage the proposed investment. 1 so for the first time in their reply brief is improper. See In re Rains, 428 F.3d 893, 902 (9th 2 Cir. 2005) (holding issue raised for the first time in a reply brief was waived). Although 3 True appears to concede the deficiency of its allegations regarding aiding and abetting 4 Evans’ breach of fiduciary duty (by not responding to Defendants’ arguments), it points to 5 other alleged misconduct, in particular the threats of litigation, to support its claim. Opp’n 6 at 15-16. Thus, Defendants have not shown that the Complaint fails to state a claim.2 7 Notably, even in its opposition brief, True continues to ignore the distinction 8 between Evans (who is not a party to this action) and Defendants. See id. As rightly 9 argued by Defendants elsewhere in their motion, True also fails to identify the harmful 10 conduct of each named defendant. See Mot. at 21. A complaint that “lump[s] together … 11 multiple defendants in one broad allegation fails to satisfy [the] notice requirement of Rule 12 8(a)(2).” Sebastian Brown Prods., LLC v. Muzooka, Inc., 143 F. Supp. 3d 1026, 1037 13 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (quotation marks and citations omitted). Accordingly, the motion to 14 dismiss True’s interference claims regarding King’s Hawaiian is granted on the ground that 15 True impermissibly lumps together the several defendants but is otherwise denied. 16 E. DECLARATORY RELIEF 17 In its seventh claim for relief, True seeks a “declaratory judgment equitably 18 subordinating all of Defendants’ claims, liens, and/or security interests vis-à-vis [True] to a 19 junior position.” Compl. ¶ 93. As rightly asserted by Defendants, equitable subordination 20 is not a viable claim for relief. See HBE Leasing Corp. v. Frank, 48 F.3d 623, 634 (2d Cir. 21 1995) (“Equitable subordination is distinctly a power of federal bankruptcy courts, as 22 courts of equity, to subordinate the claims of one creditor to those of others.”); e.g., Bank of 23 New York Mellon v. Citibank, N.A., 8 Cal. App. 5th 935, 954 (2017) (explaining that, 24

25 2 Defendants also argue that the claim is barred by the Shareholder’s Agreement, which precludes liability by the parties or their affiliates for designating a member of 26 True’s board of directors or any act or omission of such director. Defendants do not request that the court take judicial notice of the Shareholder’s Agreement, however; and the 27 pertinent terms are not set forth in the Complaint. In any event, it does not appear this argument applies to the allegation that Defendants threatened True and King’s Hawaiian 1 although the doctrine of equitable subordination is codified in the Bankruptcy Code, the 2 plaintiff cited no authority supporting its application outside bankruptcy proceedings). 3 True does not respond to Defendants’ argument, thereby conceding the merits of the motion 4 to dismiss this claim. See Ramirez v. Ghilotti Bros. Inc., 941 F. Supp. 2d 1197, 1210 n.7 5 (N.D. Cal. 2013) (finding the plaintiff effectively conceded issues he neglected to respond 6 to in his opposition brief); see also United States ex rel. Anita Silingo v. WellPoint, Inc., 7 904 F.3d 667, 681 (9th Cir. 2018) (holding the district court did not abuse its discretion in 8 dismissing with prejudice a claim that the plaintiff “did not defend” in response to a motion 9 to dismiss). The motion to dismiss this claim therefore is granted. 10 F. PUNITIVE DAMAGES 11 Finally, True seeks punitive damages in connection with each of its claims except 12 the claim for declaratory relief. Compl. ¶¶ 55, 62, 69, 76, 83, 91. True alleges only legal 13 conclusions in support of the same. See id. (“Defendants … engaged in conduct that was 14 malicious, oppressive, despicable, and carried out with complete and utter disregard for the 15 rights of [True]”). This is insufficient to support a claim for punitive damages. See 16 Opperwall v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., No. 17-CV-07083-YGR, 2018 WL 1243085, at 17 *5 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 9, 2018) (dismissing claim for punitive damages based on nothing more 18 than conclusory allegations of oppression, fraud, and malice). Accordingly, Defendants’ 19 motion to dismiss True’s claim for punitive damages is granted. 20 G. LEAVE TO AMEND 21 The first through sixth claims for relief, including True’s request for punitive 22 damages, may be saved by amendment and therefore are dismissed with leave to amend. 23 See Malibu Textiles, Inc. v. Label Lane Int’l, Inc., 922 F.3d 946, 954 (9th Cir. 2019). 24 Because equitable subordination is not a viable claim, the seventh claim for declaratory 25 relief is dismissed without leave to amend. 26 IV. CONCLUSION 27 In view of the foregoing, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT Defendants’ motion to 1|| punitive damages, are dismissed with leave to amend. The seventh claim for relief is 2\| dismissed without leave to amend. True shall file a first amended complaint within 21 days of the date this order is issued. No new parties or claims may be added without prior leave of the district court. 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6|| Dated: 8/16/2022 anlar, Densling,*: 7 Richard Seeborg for Saundra B¥Armstrong United States District Court 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 _15-