1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 SAN JOSE DIVISION 7 8 AHMAD MUKHTAR FAIZI, an individual Case No. 22-cv-04224-VKD and derivatively on behalf of FALAFEL 9 FLAME, INC.,

ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S

10 Plaintiff, MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY

INJUNCTION

v. 11 Re: Dkt. No. 26 12 BAKTASH TEMORI, et al., Defendants. 13 14 15 Plaintiff Ahmad Mukhtar Faizi filed a “Verified Shareholder Derivative Complaint for 16 Money Damages and Injunctive Relief,” on behalf of nominal defendant Falafel Flame, Inc. 17 (“Falafel Flame” or “company”) against two of Falafel Flame’s directors, Baktash Temori and 18 Masoud Rustakhis, as well as a number of entities, including Falafel Flame restaurants in Dublin, 19 Tracy, and Concord, California; several restaurants or entities named “Falafel Flame” in Fremont, 20 Hayward, Sunnyvale, Upland, and San Jose, California; and several “Blaze BBQ” entities.1 21 Now before the Court is Mr. Faizi’s motion for a preliminary injunction.2 Defendants 22 oppose the motion. Upon consideration of the moving and responding papers, as well as the oral 23 arguments presented, the Court grants Mr. Faizi’s motion for a preliminary injunction, subject to 24

25 1 At Mr. Faizi’s request, the Clerk of Court entered default against defendant Tolo Mediterranean, Inc. See Dkt. Nos. 18, 21. 26

2 Mr. Faizi originally moved for a temporary restraining order and for a preliminary injunction. 27 The Court construed the motion as one for a preliminary injunction and set an expedited briefing 1 the posting of a $4,000 bond, as discussed below.3 2 I. BACKGROUND 3 According to the complaint, on November 20, 2019, Messrs. Faizi, Temori, and Rustakhis 4 founded Falafel Flame to open a chain of restaurants under the trade name “Falafel Flame.” Dkt. 5 No. 1 ¶ 30. Messrs. Faizi, Temori and Rustakhis each own 33.33% of the company. Id. ¶ 31. 6 Additionally, Falafel Flame and Messrs. Faizi, Temori, and Rustakhis entered into a “Shareholders 7 Agreement for Falafel Flame, Inc.” (“Shareholders Agreement”), including terms for authorizing 8 and approving future Falafel Flame restaurants. Id. ¶ 251 & Ex. F. Mr. Faizi avers that Falafel 9 Flame does not operate or own a restaurant location, and was established to be the parent holding 10 company, which holds intellectual property rights and grants licenses to individual Falafel Flame 11 locations. Dkt. No. 26-1 ¶¶ 4-5. 12 The complaint further states that on September 8, 2020, Falafel Flame obtained a federally 13 registered service mark, FALAFEL FLAME®. Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 32, 42 & Ex. D. As described by 14 the purported registration certificate attached to the complaint, “[t]he mark consists of a stylized 15 drawing of flames in orange and black, in an orange circle, above the words ‘Falafel Flame’ in 16 orange letters with yellow outlining, all against a black background.” Id., Ex. D. Further, the 17 registration notes that “[t]he color(s) orange, yellow and black is/are claimed as a feature of the 18 mark.” Id. 19 Relevant to the present motion, Mr. Faizi alleges that defendants opened multiple 20 competing falafel eateries using the FALAFEL FLAME® mark, without proper authorization. 21 Specifically, Mr. Faizi says that in March 2021 and in January 2022, he discovered four new, 22 unapproved restaurants in Hayward, San Jose, Sunnyvale, and Upland, California,4 operating 23 under the name “Falafel Flame” and using the FALAFEL FLAME® mark. Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 35, 36, 24 3 All parties have expressly consented that all proceedings in this matter may be heard and finally 25 adjudicated by a magistrate judge. 28 U.S.C. § 636(c); Fed. R. Civ. P. 73; Dkt. Nos. 22, 23, 29.

26 4 The entities allegedly operating unapproved “Falafel Flame” restaurants include “Falafel Flame Fremont.” See Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 15. However, it is not clear whether there is an unapproved “Falafel 27 Flame” eatery operating in Fremont, California The complaint focuses on the four alleged 1 47; Dkt. No. 26-1 ¶ 16. Messrs. Temori and Rustakhis allegedly also created a number of “Blaze 2 BBQ” restaurants, which use Falafel Flame’s name and logo without permission, including in 3 social media posts indicating that the Blaze BBQ establishments are “Sponsored By: Falafel 4 Flame.” Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 38, 70 & Ex. C; Dkt. No. 26-1 ¶¶ 17-19 & Ex. H. 5 On July 20, 2022, Mr. Faizi filed the present action, asserting 22 claims for relief, 6 including both direct claims for himself and derivative claims on Falafel Flame’s behalf. Dkt. No. 7 1 ¶¶ 69-302. He subsequently filed the present motion for preliminary injunction on September 8 16, 2022. Dkt. No. 26. 9 As Mr. Faizi emphasizes, his motion for preliminary injunction concerns “only trademark 10 infringement.” Dkt. No. 31 at 2. Although it is unclear from the briefing which claim or claims 11 might form the basis for the present motion, at the motion hearing Mr. Faizi clarified that the 12 pertinent claims are those for trademark infringement under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1114 13 (claim 1), trademark infringement under California law (claim 2), and trademark dilution under 14 California law (claim 3). Each of these claims is asserted derivatively by Mr. Faizi against 15 Messrs. Temori and Rustakhis and the “Falafel Defendants,” a term which the Court understands 16 to refer to the alleged unapproved establishments operating under the name “Falafel Flame.”5 See 17 id. ¶¶ 69-93. While those trademark claims are brought pursuant to federal and state law, Mr. 18 Faizi’s motion for preliminary injunction focuses primarily on the Lanham Act. 19 The motion essentially seeks to enjoin all defendants, “their officers, agents, servants, 20 employees, and all other persons acting in concert or participation with them” from continuing to 21 operate the unapproved establishments in Hayward, San Jose, Sunnyvale, and Upland, California 22 under the name “Falafel Flame” and from engaging in ongoing infringement of the FALAFEL 23 FLAME® mark. See Dkt. No. 26-2. Mr. Faizi also requests an order expediting discovery to 24 permit him to depose Messrs. Temori and Rustakhis. See Dkt. No. 26 at 21-22. 25 26 5 See Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 16 (defining “Falafel Defendants”). Mr. Faizi confirms that the present motion 27 does not concern so-called “approved” Falafel Flame restaurants in Concord, Tracy, and Dublin, 1 II. LEGAL STANDARD 2 Preliminary injunctive relief is an “extraordinary remedy” that is “never awarded as of 3 right.” Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 24 (2008). Rather, the moving party 4 bears the burden of demonstrating that “he is likely to succeed on the merits, that he is likely to 5 suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, that the balance of equities tips in his 6 favor, and that an injunction is in the public interest.” Id. at 20. In Alliance for the Wild Rockies 7 v. Cottrell, the Ninth Circuit held that the “serious questions” sliding scale approach survives 8 Winter. 632 F.3d 1127, 1134-35 (9th Cir. 2011). Thus, a court may grant a request for a 9 preliminary injunction if a plaintiff demonstrates that there are serious questions going to the 10 merits and that the balance of hardships tips sharply in their favor, “so long as the plaintiff also 11 shows that there is a likelihood of irreparable injury and that the injunction is in the public 12 interest.” Id. at 1135. 13 III. DISCUSSION 14 A. Unclean Hands and Acquiescence 15 Before turning to the substance of Mr. Faizi’s preliminary injunction motion, the Court 16 first addresses defendants’ primary argument that the motion should be denied because Mr. Faizi 17 has “unclean hands” and has acquiesced in the non-payment of royalties. See Dkt. No. 30 at 2-4; 18 Dkt. No. 30-1. 19 1. Unclean hands 20 Defendants assert that Mr. Faizi stole money from Falafel Flame Concord and has 21 threatened Falafel Flame employees. Dkt. No. 30 at 4; Dkt. No. 30-1 ¶¶ 10, 11, 13, 19-22. 22 Defendants also suspect that Mr. Faizi has used money taken from Falafel Flame Concord to open 23 a competing falafel restaurant in Livermore, California, although they seem to acknowledge they 24 do not yet have proof regarding ownership to substantiate their suspicions. See Dkt. No. 30-1 25 ¶ 23. Mr. Temori avers that, although Mr. Faizi maintains ownership of his shares, in July 2021, 26 Mr. Faizi was removed as a director, officer and employee of all Falafel Flame companies (see id. 27 ¶ 14)—an assertion that Mr. Faizi disputes. 1 has violated conscience, good faith or other equitable principles in his prior conduct, as well as to 2 a plaintiff who has dirtied his hands in acquiring the right presently asserted.” Dollar Sys., Inc. v. 3 Avcar Leasing Sys., Inc., 890 F.2d 165, 173 (9th Cir. 1989). However, “the doctrine does not 4 apply to all prior bad conduct, but instead is an affirmative defense available ‘only where some 5 unconscionable act of one coming for relief has immediate and necessary relation to the equity 6 that he seeks in respect of the matter in litigation.’” Nikoonahad v. Greenspun Corp., No. CV 10– 7 01247 JF (PVT), 2010 WL 2593670, at *3 (N.D. Cal. June 22, 2010) (quoting Keystone Driller 8 Co. v. Gen. Excavator Co., 290 U.S. 240, 245 (1933)); accord Dollar Sys., Inc., 890 F.2d at 173 9 (“It is fundamental to [the] operation of the doctrine that the alleged misconduct by the plaintiff 10 relate directly to the transaction concerning which the complaint is made.”) (internal quotations 11 and citation omitted). 12 In the present case, defendants’ assertions regarding Mr. Faizi’s unclean hands may 13 implicate relief he seeks for himself in this action. However, in the context of the present motion, 14 which seeks preliminary injunctive relief solely based on the trademark claims asserted on Falafel 15 Flame’s behalf, defendants’ arguments are not persuasive. As discussed below, it is undisputed 16 that Falafel Flame, not Mr. Faizi, owns the mark at issue. Defendants do not argue or present 17 evidence of any misconduct by the company that might preclude the preliminary injunctive relief 18 sought in the motion. Even assuming that Mr. Faizi was removed as a director in July 2021, that 19 does not undermine his allegation that defendants were operating unauthorized “Falafel Flame” 20 establishments as of March 2021. 21 2. Acquiescence 22 To the extent the motion for preliminary injunction takes issue with the non-payment of 23 royalties for use of the FALAFEL FLAME® mark and other claimed intellectual property, 24 defendants maintain that Mr. Faizi himself has not paid or required payment of such royalties, 25 even when he was the Chief Financial Officer for several Falafel Flame restaurants. See Dkt. No. 26 30 at 2, 3. Accordingly, defendants contend that the motion for preliminary injunction should be 27 denied because Mr. Faizi is not only culpable of the same misconduct about which he complains, 1 While Mr. Faizi’s alleged acquiescence in the non-payment of royalties may be relevant to 2 the breach of contract claims in the complaint, the Court agrees with Mr. Faizi that Falafel Flame’s 3 alleged failure to obtain licensing fees from approved establishments is an issue that is separate 4 and distinct from defendants’ alleged infringement of the FALAFEL FLAME® mark. There is no 5 indication or evidence that Falafel Flame acquiesced in the infringement of its mark, which is the 6 subject of the present motion. Defendants have not demonstrated that alleged acquiescence 7 regarding the non-payment of royalties is a basis to deny the requested injunctive relief. 8 B. Likelihood of Success on the Merits 9 To prevail on a trademark infringement claim, a plaintiff must show that (1) it has a valid, 10 protectible trademark, and (2) the defendants’ use of the mark is likely to cause confusion. 11 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)(A); Applied Info. Scis. Corp. v. eBay, Inc., 511 F.3d 966, 969 (9th Cir. 12 2007). 13 1. Ownership of federally registered mark 14 “Registration of a mark on the Principal Register in the Patent and Trademark Office 15 constitutes prima facie evidence of the validity of the registered mark and of [the registrant’s] 16 exclusive right to use the mark on the goods and services specified in the registration.” Id. at 970 17 (internal quotations and citation omitted); see also 15 U.S.C. § 1115(a) (“Any registration . . . of a 18 mark registered on the principal register provided by this chapter and owned by a party to an 19 action shall be admissible in evidence and shall be prima facie evidence of the validity of the 20 registered mark and of the registration of the mark, of the registrant’s ownership of the mark, and 21 of the registrant’s exclusive right to use the registered mark in commerce on or in connection with 22 the goods or services specified in the registration subject to any conditions or limitations stated 23 therein . . ..”). 24 Mr. Faizi has submitted documentation showing that Falafel Flame is the owner of the 25 federally registered FALAFEL FLAME® mark—a matter that defendants do not dispute. See 26 Dkt. No. 26 at 12; Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 42-43 & Ex. D. 27 2. Likelihood of confusion 1 trademark owner, infringement usually will be found if the marks are sufficiently similar that 2 confusion can be expected.” AMF, Inc. v. Sleekcraft Boats, 599 F.2d 341, 348 (9th Cir. 1979), 3 abrogated in part on other grounds by Mattel, Inc. v. Walking Mountain Prods., 353 F.3d 792 (9th 4 Cir. 2003). “The alleged infringer’s intent in adopting the mark is weighed, both as probative 5 evidence of the likelihood of confusion and as an equitable consideration.” Id. at 348 n.9. “When 6 the goods are related, but not competitive, several other factors are added to the calculus,” 7 including (a) strength of the mark; (b) similarity of the marks; (c) proximity of the goods/services 8 sold; (d) similarity in the marketing channels used; (e) type of goods/services and degree of care 9 likely to be exercised by purchasers; (f) evidence of actual confusion; (g) defendant's intent in 10 selecting its mark; and (h) likelihood of expansion into other markets. Id. at 348, 349. These 11 elements are not applied mechanically; courts may examine some or all of the factors, depending 12 on their relevance and importance. Au-Tomotive Gold, Inc. v. Volkswagen of Am., Inc., 457 F.3d 13 1062, 1076 (9th Cir. 2006). 14 Defendants’ opposition papers do not address Mr. Faizi’s arguments concerning their 15 alleged infringement of the FALAFEL FLAME® mark, and defendants seemed to concede the 16 issue. At the motion hearing, defendants argued that they believed their use of the FALAFEL 17 FLAME® mark is authorized by section 12.01 of the Shareholders Agreement, which provides, in 18 part, that “[t]he Shareholders . . . may engage or invest in, independently or with others, any 19 business activity of any type of description,” including activities that compete with the company. 20 See Dkt. No. 1, Ex. F. On the present record, and at this stage of the litigation, however, 21 defendants have not persuasively demonstrated that tortious trademark infringement is permitted 22 “business activity” within the meaning of section 12.01 of the Shareholders Agreement. 23 The record presented indicates that authorized licensees of Falafel Flame compete directly 24 with the four unapproved “Falafel Flame” restaurants using the identical or substantially similar 25 mark. Confusion therefore appears likely. See Sleekcraft, 599 F.2d at 348. The Court nonetheless 26 has independently examined the additional Sleekcraft factors, including defendants’ intent in 27 adopting the FALAFEL FLAME® mark, and concludes that Mr. Faizi is likely to succeed on this 1 a. Strength of the Mark 2 A mark’s strength lies in its distinctiveness, which is measured on a continuum from 3 arbitrary and fanciful marks, to suggestive marks, to descriptive marks, to generic marks. See 4 generally Surgicenters of Am., Inc. v. Med. Dental Surgeries Co., 601 F.2d 1011, 1014 (9th Cir. 5 1979). Arbitrary and fanciful marks are strong and are “afforded the widest ambit of protection,” 6 whereas a “descriptive mark tells something about the product [and] will be protected only when 7 secondary meaning is shown.” Sleekcraft, 599 F.2d at 349. “In between lie suggestive marks 8 which subtly connote something about the products” and are “less distinctive than an arbitrary or 9 fanciful mark,” but nonetheless “will be protected without proof of secondary meaning.” Id. A 10 generic mark “refers, or has come to be understood as referring, to the genus of which the 11 particular product or service is species” and “cannot become a trademark under any 12 circumstances.” Surgicenters of Am., Inc., 601 F.2d at 1014. 13 Although Mr. Faizi contends that Falafel Flame’s mark is strong and inherently 14 distinctive, he essentially argues that the mark is suggestive in that it “subtly connote[s]” 15 something about the goods and services offered without being descriptive of those goods and 16 services. Dkt. No. 26 at 13. For present purposes, the Court finds that the FALAFEL FLAME® 17 mark is a suggestive mark that is protected without proof of secondary meaning. 18 b. Similarity of the Marks 19 While the colors and the placement of the graphic and text in some of the marks used by 20 defendants appear to be somewhat different, there is no dispute that defendants are using a mark 21 that otherwise is identical to the mark owned by Falafel Flame. See Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 42, 47 & Ex. D; 22 Dkt. No. 26-1 ¶¶ 16, 25, 28, 30 & Exs. C-E. 23 c. Proximity of the goods/services sold 24 There is no dispute that the parties use the FALAFEL FLAME® mark in connection with 25 the same goods and services, namely falafel-based restaurants and eateries. See Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 33- 26 36, 42, 47 & Ex. D; Dkt. No. 26-1 ¶ 16. 27 d. Similarity in the marketing channels used 1 social media and “pop-up” events to advertise and promote their products. See Dkt. No. 26-1 2 ¶¶ 25-31, 35-36. Defendants have not offered any argument or evidence to the contrary. 3 e. Type of goods/services and degree of care likely to be exercised by purchasers 4 5 As discussed above, the parties offer identical goods and services, namely falafel-based 6 restaurants and eateries. Mr. Faizi avers that the menu items at the unapproved restaurants in 7 question offer “comparable items at similarly inexpensive costs,” (Dkt. No. 26-1 ¶ 37), thereby 8 suggesting that consumers exercise less care when purchasing such items. See generally E. & J. 9 Gallo Winery v. Gallo Cattle Co., 967 F.2d 1280, 1293 (9th Cir. 1992) (“When goods are 10 expensive, it is assumed that buyers will exercise greater care in their purchases. The district court 11 found that consumers tend to exercise less care when purchasing lower cost items like wine and 12 cheese, and thus rely more on brand names.”). Defendants have not offered any argument or 13 evidence to the contrary. 14 f. Evidence of actual confusion 15 Mr. Faizi has submitted social media posts and reviews that he claims demonstrate that 16 (1) defendants are deliberately deceiving falafel customers into thinking that the unapproved 17 “Falafel Flame” establishments are associated with Falafel Flame and (2) customers actually are 18 confused. Standing alone, the two examples Mr. Faizi cites are insubstantial evidence. 19 Nevertheless, for present purposes, the examples suggest that customers may be confused by 20 defendants’ alleged unauthorized use of the FALAFEL FLAME® mark. For example, Mr. Faizi 21 presents a screenshot of an exchange on Facebook in which one user asks “What’s the best falafel 22 in east bay?” A response posted by “Sami Ullah” lists various approved and unapproved “Falafel 23 Flame” restaurants: 24 Falafel Flame Dublin Falafel Flame Sunnyvale 25 Falafel Flame Hayward Falafel Flame Tracy 26 Falafel Flame San Jose is coming soon! 27 Dkt. No. 26-1 ¶¶ 32-33 & Ex. F. The complaint states that Falafel Flame Dublin and Falafel 1 1 ¶¶ 33, 35, 36. Mr. Faizi believes that Sami Ullah is a part-owner of one or more unapproved 2 “Falafel Flame” restaurants. Dkt. No. 26-1 ¶ 33. 3 Mr. Faizi also submits a Yelp review, in which one customer praised an approved Falafel 4 Flame restaurant in Dublin, California, noting that “everything was good,” but was “disappointed” 5 by a subsequent experience at an unapproved “Falafel Flame” restaurant in Sunnyvale, California 6 based on the quality of the service and food. See Dkt. No. 26-1 ¶ 34 & Ex. G. 7 Defendants have not offered any argument or evidence to the contrary. 8 g. Defendants’ intent in selecting their mark 9 The complaint alleges that Messrs. Temori and Rustakhis established the unapproved 10 “Falafel Flame” restaurants and eateries, using the FALAFEL FLAME® mark, in order to take 11 advantage of and profit from Falafel Flame’s goodwill. Indeed, as shareholders, directors and 12 founders of Falafel Flame, Messrs. Temori and Rustakhis had prior knowledge of the FALAFEL 13 FLAME® mark. See Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 30, 31, 251 & Ex. F. Mr. Faizi contends that Messrs. Temori 14 and Rustakhis began opening new establishments under the name “Blaze BBQ” precisely because 15 they realized that they could not legally use the FALAFEL FLAME® mark, but nonetheless 16 continued to indicate that the “Blaze BBQ” entities are “Sponsored By: Falafel Flame.” See Dkt. 17 No. 1 ¶¶ 37, 38. In view of evidence indicating that defendants use marks that are substantially 18 similar, if not identical to, the FALAFEL FLAME® mark, the Court finds that Mr. Faizi has 19 established defendants’ intent to use that mark. See Sleekcraft, 599 F.3d at 354 (“When the 20 alleged infringer knowingly adopts a mark similar to another's, reviewing courts presume that the 21 defendant can accomplish his purpose: that is, that the public will be deceived.”) 22 Defendants have not offered any argument or evidence to the contrary. 23 h. Likelihood of expansion into other markets 24 “Inasmuch as a trademark owner is afforded greater protection against competing goods, a 25 ‘strong possibility’ that either party may expand his business to compete with the other will weigh 26 in favor of finding that the present use is infringing.” Sleekcraft, 599 F.3d at 354. The record 27 demonstrates that defendants have established multiple unapproved falafel-based restaurants and 1 FLAME® mark or a substantially similar mark. See Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 35, 36, 42, 47; Dkt. No. 26-1 2 ¶ 16. Mr. Faizi has made a sufficient showing on this factor. 3 In sum, based on the foregoing, the Court finds that Mr. Faizi has established a likelihood 4 of success on the merits of the derivative claim for trademark violation under the Lanham Act.6 5 C. Irreparable Harm 6 When a court finds that a plaintiff has established it is likely to succeed on the merits of a 7 claim for trademark infringement under the Lanham Act, the plaintiff is entitled to a “rebuttable 8 presumption of irreparable harm[.]” 15 U.S.C. § 1116(a). Because the Court has concluded that 9 Mr. Faizi is likely to succeed on the merits, the presumption of irreparable harm applies. While 10 defendants contend that the possibility of any harm caused by their competing businesses is 11 minimal, and that money is a sufficient remedy for any such harm, they have not offered argument 12 or evidence that rebuts the presumption. 13 D. Balance of Equities 14 “Courts must balance the competing claims of injury and must consider the effect on each 15 party of the granting or withholding of the requested relief.” Winter, 555 U.S. at 24. Mr. Faizi 16 contends that Falafel Flame “is limited in its expansion opportunities as [Messrs. Temori and 17 Rustakhis] race to open competing infringing falafel eateries in desirable locations” and that their 18 alleged infringing activities prevent Falafel Flame from “conduct[ing] any quality control over the 19 products and services sold under its” mark. Dkt. No. 26 at 6. However, insofar as Falafel Flame 20 simply is a holding company that holds intellectual property rights and grants licenses to 21 individual Falafel Flame restaurants (see Dkt. No. 26-1 ¶¶ 4-5), the Court is not persuaded that the 22 company is harmed to the extent it claims that it cannot engage in activities that it apparently does 23 not conduct anyway, such as training individuals and exercising quality control over food and 24 services. However, Mr. Faizi persuasively argues that there is some harm to the company’s 25 interests to the extent defendants’ alleged infringement prevents the company from deciding who 26

27 6 Defendants argue that all of the complaint’s allegations are subject to dismissal, for reasons 1 is permitted to use the FALAFEL FLAME® mark, as Falafel Flame may be injured if the 2 goodwill and reputation associated with the mark is diminished by unapproved uses of it. 3 In their opposition brief, defendants do not identify any particular hardship they would 4 experience if the Court were to grant preliminary injunctive relief. To the extent defendants’ 5 opposition might be construed as addressing this factor at all, defendants argue that injunctive 6 relief is unnecessary because “[t]here is no harm in this case that cannot be remedied by a 7 damages award.” Dkt. No. 30 at 5. At the motion hearing, defendants asserted that complying 8 with an injunction enjoining the use of the FALAFEL FLAME® mark would impose a 9 tremendous hardship, positing that they would have to entirely reorganize their businesses. 10 However, defendants have presented nothing to substantiate their claims of hardship. While Mr. 11 Temori avers that “none of the Falafel Flame or Blaze BBQ restaurants are profitable yet” (Dkt. 12 No. 30-1 ¶ 28), “[w]here the only hardship that the defendant will suffer is lost profits from an 13 activity which has been shown likely to be infringing, such an argument in defense merits little 14 equitable consideration.” Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguinn Books USA, Inc., 924 F. Supp. 15 1559,1574 (S.D. Cal. 1996) (internal quotations and citation omitted). In any event, as discussed 16 below, the injunctive relief ordered by the Court will not prohibit defendants from continuing to 17 operate their businesses; they must simply stop conducting business using the FALAFEL 18 FLAME® mark without authorization. 19 The Court finds that the balance of equities tips in Mr. Faizi’s favor. 20 E. Public Interest 21 “In addition to the harm caused the trademark owner, the consuming public is equally 22 injured by an inadequate judicial response to trademark infringement.” Playboy Enters., Inc. v. 23 Baccarat Clothing Co., Inc., 692 F.2d 1272, 1275 (9th Cir. 1982). The Court concludes that an 24 injunction is in the public interest because it will prevent further infringing conduct and consumer 25 confusion. See Am. Rena Int’l Corp. v. SisJoyce Int’l Co. Ltd., 534 F. App’x 633, 636 (9th Cir. 26 2013) (“An injunction that prevents consumer confusion in trademark cases . . . serves the public 27 interest.”); Restoration Hardware, Inc v. Sichuan Wei Li Tan Xiz Network Tech. Co. Ltd. No. 22- 1 the public interest because it will prevent further infringing conduct and protect the public from 2 counterfeit products.”). 3 Accordingly, the Court finds that Mr. Faizi has satisfied the requirements for a preliminary 4 injunction in aid of his derivative trademark claims. 5 F. Bond 6 “The court may issue a preliminary injunction . . . only if the movant gives security in an 7 amount that the court considers proper to pay the costs and damages sustained by any party found 8 to have been wrongfully enjoined or restrained.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(c). Generally, the purpose of 9 a bond is provide an amount sufficient to cover the defendants’ costs arising from an injunction 10 that is improvidently granted. See Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P., 924 F. Supp. at 1575. 11 While Mr. Faizi argues that courts have discretion to dispense with a bond, he has not 12 persuasively argued or demonstrated why that would be appropriate here. Although he believes 13 the trademark infringement claims are strong, at oral argument he also recognized that there is 14 harm to defendants if the claims fail. Neither Mr. Faizi nor defendants have provided the Court 15 with a proposed bond amount, or even a methodology by which to calculate an appropriate bond. 16 The alleged infringing activity in question is not the operation of defendants’ restaurants, 17 but defendants’ alleged unauthorized use of the FALAFEL FLAME® mark. As discussed above, 18 defendants do not address exactly what an injunction against the use of the FALAFEL FLAME® 19 mark would entail. But at a minimum, the parties seem to agree it would require defendants to 20 change their restaurants’ names and signage and to reprint menus. Absent any evidence from 21 either side as to the costs of such an endeavor, the Court sets a bond at $1,000 per unauthorized 22 “Falafel Flame” restaurant, for a total bond of $4,000. 23 The obligation to post the bond falls upon Falafel Flame as the owner of the mark in 24 question. At the motion hearing, Mr. Faizi stated that he may opt to personally post the bond on 25 behalf of the company. Either way, the Court will require the $4,000 bond to be posted within 14 26 days from the date of this order. 27 G. Injunction 1 proposed injunction (Dkt. No. 26-2), which Mr. Faizi acknowledged is overbroad. The Court 2 instead enters an injunction as follows: 3 Messrs. Temori and Rustakhis, the defendants operating falafel-based restaurants or 4 eateries under the name “Falafel Flame” (“Unapproved Falafel Defendants”), their officers, 5 agents, servants, employees, and all other persons acting in concert or participation with them are 6 enjoined from: 7 (1) Using, imitating, copying, or making any other infringing use of the FALAFEL 8 FLAME® mark and any other mark confusingly similar or identical to the FALAFEL 9 FLAME® mark; 10 (2) Operating Falafel Flame Hayward, Inc. under the name “Falafel Flame” or using the 11 FALAFEL FLAME® mark; 12 (3) Operating Falafel Flame Sunnyvale, Inc. under the name “Falafel Flame” or using the 13 FALAFEL FLAME® mark; 14 (4) Operating Falafel Flame Upland, Inc. under the name “Falafel Flame” or using the 15 FALAFEL FLAME® mark; 16 (5) Operating Falafel Flame San Jose, Inc. under the name “Falafel Flame” or using the 17 FALAFEL FLAME® mark; 18 (6) Claiming sponsorship or endorsement by, or similar affiliation with Falafel Flame, or 19 in any other way attempt to benefit from the goodwill of the FALAFEL FLAME® 20 mark; and 21 (7) Engaging in any other act likely to cause confusion or mistake, or to deceive 22 consumers of restaurant services or food/beverage services and products into believing 23 that defendants or their business, products, services, or other commercial activities in 24 California are in any way affiliated, connected, or associated with Falafel Flame or its 25 goods and services offered under the FALAFEL FLAME® mark. 26 It is further ordered that Messrs. Temori and Rustakhis, the Unapproved Falafel 27 Defendants, their officers, agents, servants, employees, and all other persons acting in concert or 1 (1) Remove from display and cease all use of any advertisements and marketing, 2 promotional, or sales materials comprising, bearing, or displaying the FALAFEL 3 FLAME® mark, including from all Internet webpages and social media accounts 4 within these defendants’ custody or control; and 5 (2) Remove from display and cease all use of signage, menus, and other physical materials 6 comprising, bearing or displaying the FALAFEL FLAME® mark within these 7 defendants’ custody and control. 8 This injunction shall take effect upon posting of the bond required and shall remain in 9 effect for the pendency of this action, unless it is modified upon request of a party or parties and 10 by order of the Court, or until it is dissolved by the Court. 11 H. Mr. Faizi’s Request for Expedited Discovery 12 Finally, Mr. Faizi requests an order permitting him to take expedited discovery— 13 specifically, depositions of Messrs. Temori and Rustakhis to obtain information “regarding the 14 manner in which they granted licenses to use Falafel Flame, Inc.’s trademarks, if at all,” and “to 15 discover other unauthorized uses of the FALAFEL FLAME®” mark. Dkt. No. 26 at 22. At the 16 motion hearing, however, Mr. Faizi stated that he believes interrogatories, rather than expedited 17 depositions, will suffice. Defendants do not address this matter at all. 18 “Good cause may be found where the need for expedited discovery, in consideration of the 19 administration of justice, outweighs the prejudice to the responding party.” Semitool, Inc. v. 20 Tokyo Electron Am., Inc., 208 F.R.D. 273, 276 (N.D. Cal. 2002). “[C]ourts have recognized that 21 good cause is frequently found in cases involving claims of infringement and unfair competition.” 22 Id. The Court finds good cause to permit Mr. Faizi to immediately serve interrogatories on 23 Messrs. Temori and Rustakhis to determine the manner in which they granted licenses, if at all, to 24 use the FALAFEL FLAME® mark and to discover other unauthorized uses of the FALAFEL 25 FLAME® mark. Unless otherwise ordered, any interrogatories Mr. Faizi chooses to serve on an 26 expedited basis will count against the presumptive limits on such discovery set forth in the Federal 27 Rules of Civil Procedure. 1 |} IV. CONCLUSION 2 Mr. Faizi’s motion for preliminary injunction is granted consistent with the terms set out in 3 this order. 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. 5 Dated: October 12, 2022 6

VIRGINIA K. DEMARCHI

7 United States Magistrate Judge 8 9 10 11 12

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