1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 ELAA MOHAMAD, et al., 7 Case No. 21-cv-03867-JCS Plaintiffs, 8 v. ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 9 COMPEL PLAINTIFF TO X-THERMA INC., et al., ARBITRATION 10 Defendants. Re: Dkt. No. 30 11

12 13 I. INTRODUCTION 14 Plaintiff Elaa Mohamad was employed by Defendant X-Therma as Chief Business Officer 15 until September 2020, when he was terminated. He asserts that his termination was 16 discriminatory, breached his employment contract and was in retaliation for his complaints about 17 racist and offensive conduct by employees of X-Therma and by its CEO, Defendant Xiaoxi Wei. 18 He also asserts that X-Therma and Wei violated the Federal False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3729, 19 and the California False Claims Act, Cal. Gov’t. Code section 12650, and that his termination was 20 in retaliation for his whistleblowing activity in connection with these violations. Presently before 21 the Court is Defendants’ Motion to Compel Plaintiff to Arbitration (“Motion”). In the Motion, as 22 amended in the Addendum (dkt. 32), Defendants ask the Court to order to arbitration all of 23 Mohamad’s claims except the claims asserting false claims act violations, Claims Eight and Nine, 24 which they contend should be stayed. The Court finds that the Motion is suitable for 25 determination without oral argument and therefore vacates the motion hearing set for 26 November 18, 2022. The Initial Case Management Conference set for the same date is also 27 1 vacated. For the reasons set forth below, the Motion is GRANTED.1 2 II. BACKGROUND 3 A. Allegations in Complaint 4 Mohamad alleges that he is “a foreign national and citizen of Croatia” who “is a seasoned 5 strategic business advisor with more than a decade of experience as a successful fundraiser.” 6 Complaint ¶ 4. According to Mohamad, he “joined Defendant X-Therma in January 2019 as a 7 full time employee, strategic advisor and co-founder, mainly responsible for fundraising and 8 business development, guiding strategy, establishing corporate governance and supporting and 9 coaching the Chief Executive Officer (CEO).” Id. 10 X-Therma is a “chemical technology company operating in Richmond, California” that 11 developed a “convergent biopreservation platform intended to advance regenerative medicine by 12 developing ice prevention material using cryobiology and nanoscience.” Id. ¶ 5. It was founded 13 by Defendant Wei (the CEO of X-Therma) and her husband, Mark Kline (who is the Chief 14 Technology Officer). Id. ¶¶ 5-6. Mohamad alleges that X-Therma was launched in 2014 and that 15 “as one of the co-founders of the Organ Preservation Alliance (OPA)[,]” he played a “pivotal role” 16 in obtaining initial funding for X-Therma through government grants. Id. ¶ 7. According to 17 Mohamad, “[t]he OPA is a non-profit that ‘jump-started’ the research field of cell/tissue/organ 18 preservation and led to the launch of a $300 million program by the Obama Administration to 19 support research and clinical projects.” Id. Mohamad alleges that “[i]t was OPA’s groundwork 20 that lay the foundation for X-Therma’s early funding” and that “[t]he first grant to X-Therma from 21 the Dept. Of Defense was co-written by OPA.” Id. 22 Mohamad alleges that he “freely provided advice” to X-Therma between 2015 and 2018, 23 but in January 2019 he “was so excited by the possibilities of X-Therma’s work that he left 24 his lucrative position and life in Croatia, and relocated to California.” Id. ¶ 8. He further alleges 25 that “[c]ommencing on or about February 22, 2019, [he] entered into a series of written 26 employment agreements with X-Therma” and “executed a subsequent Stock Option Agreement on 27 1 or about January 21, 2020.” Id. ¶ 9 & Exs. A, B. He alleges that “on January 21, 2020 and 2 February 22, 2020, the Board of Directors of X-Therma, including Wei and Mr. Kline, resolved to 3 provide additional employment benefits to Mr. Mohamad, including an increase in salary to 4 $150,000 per year, a one-time bonus of $70,000 and fully vested stock option grants of 188,250 5 shares.” Id. ¶ 9 & Exs. C, D (Board resolutions). 6 Mohamad alleges that throughout the period when he was employed by X-Therma, Wei 7 “routinely” made racist comments, and that although he frequently complained to Wei and Kline 8 about these comments, his complaints led to only “minimal improvement” in Wei’s conduct. Id. ¶ 9 11. Mohamad also alleges Wei and Kline took no corrective action when he complained about 10 racist comments by other employees. Id. ¶¶ 11-13. One incident occurred on August 28, 2020, 11 when “during a work-related gathering, a new employee told a racist story about two Black men in 12 front of the entire workforce.” Id. ¶ 13. According to Mohamad, when he complained to Wei 13 that the comments were offensive to him and other Black employees, she dismissed his complaints 14 as unfounded. Id. Further, when he “requested an urgent meeting to address this employee’s 15 [m]isconduct[,]” his request for an in-person meeting was denied. Id. ¶ 14. “Instead, a meeting 16 was convened via ZOOM and X-Therma fired Mr. Mohamad.” Id. 17 Mohamad also alleges in the Complaint that “[o]n multiple occasions, [he] questioned 18 whether Wei and Mr. Kline were engaging in self-dealing transactions and misappropriation 19 and/or embezzlement of funds.” Id. ¶ 47. Among other things, Mohamad alleges that he 20 discovered that Wei’s mother had been put on the X-Therma payroll and health insurance even 21 though she had performed no work for X-Therma, to which he “strenuously objected.” Id. ¶¶ 48- 22 49. He also alleges that he discovered that Wei and Kline were charging personal items on the X- 23 Therma credit card and “confronted” them about it. Id. ¶ 50. According to Mohamad, ten days 24 before he was fired, “Kline threatened to fire [him] if he did not stop asking for explanations about 25 their spending habits.” Id. ¶ 52. 26 Mohamad asserts the following claims in his Complaint: 1) retaliation for opposing racial 27 discrimination and harassment under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (Claim One); 2) National origin 1 under Cal. Gov’t. Code section 12940(h) (Claim Three); 4) discrimination based on national origin 2 under Cal. Gov’t. Code section 12940(a) (Claim Four); 5) wrongful termination in violation of 3 public policy under Tameny v. Atlantic Richfield Co., 27 Cal.3d 167 (1980) based on termination 4 for opposing discrimination (Claim Five); 6) wrongful termination in violation of public policy 5 under Tameny v. Atlantic Richfield Co., 27 Cal.3d 167 (1980) based on violation of California 6 False Claims Act (Claim Six); 7) wrongful termination based on violation of the Federal False 7 Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3729 (Claim Seven); 8) violation of the Federal False Claims Act, 31 8 U.S.C. § 3729 (Claim Eight); 9) violation of California False Claims Act, Cal. Gov’t. Code 9 section12650 (claim Nine); 10) breach of contract (Claim Ten); 11) breach of implied covenant of 10 good faith and fair dealing (Claim Eleven); and 12) declaratory relief in the form of a declaration 11 that “X-Therma is precluded from exercising any alleged right to repurchase his fully vested 12 shares or otherwise attempt to divest Mr. Mohamad of his ownership of X-Therma stock and/or 13 stock options, and that Mr. Mohamad is the legal owner of 170,000 fully vested Common Class A 14 shares of X-Therma’s stock and 188,250 fully vested stock options” (Claim Twelve). 15 B. The Arbitration Agreement 16 Mohamad signed an at-will employment agreement with X-Therma on February 22, 2019. 17 Complaint ¶ 9 & Ex. A (Employment Agreement). The Employment Agreement contains the 18 following arbitration provision (“Arbitration Provision”): 19 12. ARBITRATION AND EQUITABLE RELIEF A. Arbitration. IN CONSIDERATION OF MY EMPLOYMENT WITH THE 20 COMPANY, ITS PROMISE TO ARBITRATE ALL EMPLOYMENT-RELATED

DISPUTES WITH ME, AND MY RECEIPT OF THE COMPENSATION, PAY

21 RAISES, AND OTHER BENEFITS PAID TO ME BY THE COMPANY, AT

PRESENT AND IN THE FUTURE, I AGREE THAT ANY AND ALL

22 CONTROVERSIES, CLAIMS, OR DISPUTES THAT I MAY HAVE WITH

ANYONE (INCLUDING THE COMPANY AND ANY EMPLOYEE, OFFICER

23 DIRECTOR, SHAREHOLDER, OR BENEFIT PLAN OF THE COMPANY, IN

THEIR CAPACITY AS SUCH OR OTHERWISE), ARISING OUT OF,

24 RELATING TO, OR RESULTING FROM MY EMPLOYMENT OR

RELATIONSHIP WITH THE COMPANY OR THE TERMINATION OF MY

25 EMPLOYMENT OR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE COMPANY, INCLUDING

ANY BREACH OF THIS AGREEMENT, SHALL BE SUBJECT TO BINDING

26 ARBITRATION UNDER THE FEDERAL ARBITRATION ACT AND

PURSUANT TO THE ARBITRATION PROVISIONS SET FOR IN CALIFORNIA

27 CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE SECTION 1280 THROUGH 1294.2 (THE “CCP

STATE, OR FEDERAL LAW, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,

1 CLAIMS UNDER TITLE VII OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964, THE

AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT OF 1990, . . . AND CLAIMS OF

2 HARASSMENT, DISCRIMINATION, WRONGFUL TERMINATION AND

BREACH OF CONTRACT, EXCEPT AS PROHIBITED BY LAW. I ALSO

3 AGREE TO ARBITRATE (EXCEPT AS PROHIBITED BY LAW) ANY AND

ALL DISPUTES ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THE

4 INTERPRETATION OR APPLICATION OF THIS AGREEMENT TO

ARBITRATE, BUT NOT DISPUTES ABOUT THE ENFORCEABILITY,

5 REVOCABILITY OR VALIDITY OF THIS AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE

OR ANY PORTION HEREOF. WITH RESPECT TO ALL SUCH CLAIMS

6 AND DISPUTES THAT I AGREE TO ARBITRATE, I HEREBY

EXPRESSLY AGREE TO WAIVE, AND DO WAIVE, ANY RIGHT TO

7 TRIAL BY JURY. I FURTHER UNDERSTAND THAT THIS AGREEMENT TO

ARBITRATE ALSO APPLIES TO ANY DISPUTES THAT THE COMPANY

8 MAY HAVE WITH ME. I UNDERSTAND THAT NOTHING IN THIS

AGREEMENT CONSTITUTES A WAIVER OF ANY RIGHTS I MAY HAVE

9 UNDER APPLICABLE LAW, INCLUDING, BUT NOT NECESSARILY

LIMITED TO, SECTION 7 OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELAT IONS ACT OR

10 THE SARBAN ES -OXLEY ACT, INCLUDING ANY RIGHTS PROHIBITING

COMPULSORY ARBITRATION. SIMILARLY, NOTHING IN T HIS

11 AGREEMENT PROHIBITS ME FROM ENGAGING IN PROTECTED

ACTIVITY, AS SET FORTH BELOW.

12 B. Procedure. I AGREE THAT ANY ARBITRATION WILL BE 13 ADMINISTERED BY JUDICIAL ARBITRATION & MEDIATION SERVICES,

INC. (“JAMS”), PURSUANT TO ITS EMPLOYMENT ARBITRATION RULES

14 & PROCEDURES (THE “JAMS RULES”), WHICH ARE AVAILABLE AT http://www.jamsadr.com/rules-employment-arbitration/ AND FROM HUMAN 15 RESOURCES. I AGREE THAT THE ARBITRA TOR SHALL HAVE THE

POWER TO DECIDE ANY MOTIONS BROUGHT BY ANY PARTY TO THE

16 ARBITRATION, INCLUDI NG MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUD GMENT AND/

OR ADJUDICATION, AND MOTIONS TO DISMISS AND DEMURRERS,

17 APPLYING THE STANDARDS SET FORTH UNDER THE CALIFORNIA

CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE. I AGREE THAT THE ARBITRATOR SHALL

18 ISSUE A WRITTEN DECISION ON THE MERITS. I ALSO AGREE THAT THE

ARB ITRATOR SHALL HAVE THE POWER TO AWARD ANY REMEDIES

19 AVAILABLE UNDER APPLICABLE LAW, AND THAT THE ARBITRATOR

MAY AWARD ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS TO THE PREVAILING

20 PARTY, WHERE PERM ITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. I AGREE THAT THE

DECREE OR AWARD RENDERED BY THE ARBITRATOR MAY BE

21 ENTERED AS A FINAL AND BINDING JUDGMENT IN ANY COURT

HAVING JURISDICTION THEREOF. I UNDERSTAND THAT THE COMPANY

22 WILL PAY FOR ANY ADMINISTRATIVE OR HEARING FEES CHARGED BY

THE ARBITRATOR OR JAMS EXCEPT THAT I SHALL PAY ANY FILING

23 FEES ASSOCIATED WITH ANY ARBITRATION THAT I INITIATE, BUT

ONLY SO MUCH OF THE FILING FEES AS I WOULD HAVE INSTEAD PAID

24 HAD I FILED A COMPLAINT IN A COURT OF LAW. I AGREE THAT THE

ARBITRATOR SHALL ADMINISTER AND CONDUCT ANY ARBITRATION

25 IN ACCORDANCE WITH CALIFORNIA LAW, INCLUDING THE

CALIFORNIA CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE AND THE CALIFORNIA

26 EVIDENCE CODE, AND THAT THE ARBITRATOR SHALL APPLY

SUBSTANTIVE AND PROCEDURAL CALIFORNIA LAW TO ANY DISPPUTE

27 OR CLAIM, WITHOUT REFERENCE TO RULES OF CONFLICT-OF-LAW. TO

ANY ARBLTRATION UNDER THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE CONDUCTED

1 IN ALAMEDA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.

2 C. Remedy. EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY THE CCP ACT AND THIS

AGREEMENT, ARBITRATION SHALL BE THE SOLE, EXCLUSIVE, AND

3 FINAL REMEDY FOR ANY DISPUTE BETWEEN ME AND THE COMPANY.

ACCORDINGLY, EXCEPT AS PROVIDED FOR BY THE CCP ACT OR THIS

4 AGREEMENT, NEITHER I NOR THE COMPANY WILL BE PERMITTED TO

PURSUE OR PARTICIPATE IN A COURT ACTION REGARDING CLAIMS

5 THAT ARE SUBJECT TO ARBITRATION.

6 D. Administrative Relief. I UNDERSTAND THAT THIS AGREEMENT DOES

NOT PROHIBIT ME FROM PURSUING AN ADMINISTRATIVE CLAIM WITH

7 A LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL ADMINISTRATIVE BODY OR

GOVERNMENT AGENCY THAT IS AUTHORIZED TO ENFORCE OR

8 ADMISTER LAWS RELATED TO EMPLOYMENT, INCLUDING, BUT NOT

LIMITED TO, THE DEPARTMENT OF FAIR EMPLOYMENT AND HOUSING,

9 THE EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION, THE

NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD, THE SECURITIES AND

10 EXCHANGE COMMISSION, OR THE WORKERS’ COMPENSATION BOARD.

THIS AGREEMENT DOES, HOW EVER, PRECLUDE ME FROM PURSUING

11 A COURT ACTION REGARDING ANY SUCH CLAIM, EXCEPT AS

PERMITTED BYLAW.

12 E. Voluntary Nature of Agreement. I ACKNOWLEDGE AND AGREE THAT I AM 13 EXECUTING THIS AGREEMENT VOLUNTARILY AND WITHOUT ANY

DURESS OR UNDUE INFLUENCE BY THE COMPANY OR ANYONE ELSE. I

14 FURTHER ACKNOWLEDGE AND AGREE THAT I HAVE CAREFULLY

READ THIS AGREEMENT AND THAT I HAVE ASKED ANY QUESTIONS

15 NEEDED FOR ME TO UNDERSTAND THE TERMS, CONSEQUENCES, AND

BINDING EFFECT OF THIS AGREEMENT AND FULLY UNDERSTAND IT,

16 INCLUDING THAT I AM WAIVING MY RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL.

FINALLY, I AGREE THAT I HAVE BEEN PROVIDED AN OPPORTUNITY TO

17 SEEK THE ADVICE OF AN ATTORNEY OF MY CHOICE BEFORE SIGNING

THIS AGREEMENT.

18 19 Complaint, Ex. A. 20 C. Contentions of the Parties 21 In the Motion, Defendants argue that all of Mohamad’s claims are subject to arbitration 22 under the Arbitration Provision, but in the addendum and their Reply brief, they implicitly 23 concede that Claims Eight and Nine, for violation of the California and Federal false claims acts, 24 belong to the government rather than to Mohamad and therefore are not subject to the Arbitration 25 Provision. In his Opposition, Mohamad does not dispute that Claims One through Seven and Ten 26 through Twelve fall within the scope of the Arbitration Provision but argues that his claims for 27 retaliation under the California and Federal false claims acts (Claims Six and Seven), like his 1 therefore, are not subject to the Arbitration Provision. He also argues that the Arbitration 2 Provision is unenforceable as to all of his claims because it is unconscionable and therefore void. 3 III. ANALYSIS 4 A. Legal Standards Under the FAA 5 Under the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), a “written provision in . . . a contract 6 evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter 7 arising out of such contract or transaction . . . shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save 8 upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2. 9 Because arbitration is a matter of contract, the question of arbitrability, that is, “whether the parties 10 have submitted a particular dispute to arbitration[,]” is, “‘an issue for judicial determination 11 [u]nless the parties clearly and unmistakably provide otherwise.’” Howsam v. Dean Witter 12 Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79, 84 (2002) (quoting AT & T Technologies, Inc. v. Communications 13 Workers, 475 U.S. 643, 649 (1986)). The court’s role in addressing a question of arbitrability is 14 “limited to determining (1) whether a valid agreement to arbitrate exists, and if it does, (2) whether 15 the agreement encompasses the dispute at issue.” Chiron Corp. v. Ortho Diagnostic Sys. Inc., 207 16 F.3d 1126, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000). 17 The FAA “was created to counter prevalent judicial refusal to enforce arbitration 18 agreements . . . and has been interpreted to embody ‘a liberal federal policy favoring arbitration.’” 19 Mortenson v. Bresnan Commc’ns, LLC, 722 F.3d 1151, 1157 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Moses H. 20 Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24 (1983), and citing AT&T Mobility 21 LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. at 339). Thus, the Supreme Court has held that “any doubts 22 concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration, whether the 23 problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver, 24 delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.” Moses H. Cone, 460 U.S. at 24–25. 25 Nonetheless, “[a]rbitration is strictly a matter of consent and thus is a way to resolve those 26 disputes—but only those disputes—that the parties have agreed to submit to arbitration.” Granite 27 Rock Co. v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 561 U.S. 287, 299 (2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). 1 and derives its legitimacy from, a judicial conclusion that arbitration of a particular dispute is what 2 the parties intended because their express agreement to arbitrate was validly formed and . . . is 3 legally enforceable and best construed to encompass the dispute.” Id. at 303. 4 B. Whether Claims Six and Seven Fall Within Scope of the Arbitration Provision 5 The parties’ only dispute as to the scope of the Arbitration Provision is whether it covers 6 the retaliation claims asserted on the basis of the California and Federal false claims acts. The 7 Court finds that it does. 8 Although broad, the Arbitration Provision in this case extends only to claims that 9 “[Mohamad] may have with anyone . . . arising out of, relating to, or resulting from [his] 10 employment or relationship with [X-Therma] or the termination of [his] employment or 11 relationship with [X-Therma].” Complaint, Ex. A (Employment Agreement), ¶ 12 (emphasis 12 added). It is well established that damages claims for fraud on the government under the 13 California and Federal false claims acts belong to the government, not the relator who asserts the 14 claim. United States ex rel. Welch v. My Left Foot Children's Therapy, LLC, 871 F.3d 791, 800 15 (9th Cir. 2017) (“though the FCA grants the relator the right to bring a FCA claim on the 16 government’s behalf, an interest in the outcome of the lawsuit, and the right to conduct the action 17 when the government declines to intervene, our precedent compels the conclusion that the 18 underlying fraud claims asserted in a FCA case belong to the government and not to the relator.”); 19 People ex rel. Strathmann v. Acacia Rsch. Corp., 210 Cal. App. 4th 487, 492 (2012) (“Under 20 California law, a qui tam action is brought on behalf of the People of the State of California, and 21 the People are the real party in interest.”) (cleaned up). 22 On the other hand, retaliation claims under the California and Federal false claims acts are 23 asserted on behalf of the individual who was retaliated against for engaging in protected activity. 24 See United States v. Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings, Inc., 381 F. Supp. 3d 1240, 1250 (E.D. Cal. 25 2019). As the court in Aerojet explained, 26 The issues involved in the FCA claims differ from those involved in relator’s employment-based claims. Relator’s FCA claims concern 27 fraud that defendants allegedly perpetrated on the government, while employment-based claims will not narrow the factual and legal issues 1 underlying the FCA claims. While relator brings one of his employment claims under the FCA, “[t]he elements differ for a FCA 2 violation claim and a FCA retaliation claim.” 3 381 F. Supp. 3d at 1250 (quoting Mendiondo v. Centinela Hosp. Med. Ctr., 521 F.3d 1097, 1103 4 (9th Cir. 2008) (emphasis added)). Thus, in Aerojet the Court found that the Federal false claims 5 act fraud claim was not arbitrable but ordered to arbitration the retaliation claim asserted by the 6 plaintiff under that Act. Id. 7 Likewise, the Court finds that the retaliation claims asserted under the Federal and 8 California false claims acts in this case belong to Mohamad and fall within the scope of the 9 Arbitration Provision. 10 C. Whether the Arbitration Agreement is Void Because it is Unconscionable 11 Unconscionability may invalidate an arbitration agreement, but “the doctrine’s application 12 to arbitration agreements must rely on the same principles that govern all contracts.” OTO, L.L.C. 13 v. Kho, 8 Cal. 5th 111, 125 (2019). “The degree of unfairness required for unconscionability must 14 be as rigorous and demanding for arbitration clauses as for any other contract clause.” Id. “A 15 contract is unconscionable if one of the parties lacked a meaningful choice in deciding whether to 16 agree and the contract contains terms that are unreasonably favorable to the other party.” Id. 17 (citation omitted). These two factors are evaluated on a sliding scale: “[T]he more substantively 18 oppressive the contract term, the less evidence of procedural unconscionability is required to” 19 conclude that the term is unenforceable. . . . Conversely, the more deceptive or coercive the 20 bargaining tactics employed, the less substantive unfairness is required.” Id. (citations omitted). 21 Mohamad argues that the Arbitration Provision is both procedurally and substantively 22 unconscionable and therefore should not be enforced, but his evidence of procedural 23 unconscionability is thin and unpersuasive and he has made no showing as to substantive 24 unconscionability. 25 1. Procedural Unconscionability 26 “Procedural unconscionability concerns the manner in which the contract was negotiated 27 and the circumstances of the parties at that time. It focuses on factors of oppression and surprise. 1 contract and an absence of real negotiation or a meaningful choice on the part of the weaker 2 party.” CarMax Auto Superstores California LLC v. Hernandez, 94 F. Supp. 3d 1078, 1111 3 (C.D. Cal. 2015). 4 Mohamad points to the fact that agreement to the Arbitration Provision was made a 5 condition of employment, arguing that he had no choice but to sign it in light of Defendants’ 6 superior bargaining power. Opposition at 5. He further contends that because it was contained in 7 a “prolix, single-spaced 17 page document” “he could not anticipate that by agreeing, he would be 8 waiving his right to a jury trial, waiving his right to petition the court for relief, waiving his right 9 to seek damages against other employees for discrimination, harassment or retaliation.” Id. Yet 10 the allegations in the Complaint and evidence in the record undercut both arguments. 11 The California Supreme Court has recognized that “in the case of preemployment 12 arbitration contracts, the economic pressure exerted by employers on all but the most sought-after 13 employees may be particularly acute, for the arbitration agreement stands between the employee 14 and necessary employment, and few employees are in a position to refuse a job because of an 15 arbitration requirement.” Armendariz v. Found. Health Psychcare Servs., Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 83, 115 16 (2000). Here, however, the allegations in the Complaint indicate that Mohamad was not the 17 typical employee who is not in the position to refuse the job because of the arbitration provision or 18 to bargain over that provision. Rather, he alleges he was a “seasoned strategic business advisor 19 with more than a decade of experience as a successful fundraiser” and had a “lucrative position 20 and life in Croatia” before coming to work at X-Therma. Complaint ¶¶ 4, 8. Furthermore, at the 21 time he was offered the position at X-Therma he had gained unique qualifications to work as its 22 CBO, having played a “pivotal” role in securing funding for the company and getting it off the 23 ground. Id. ¶ 7; see also Mohamad Decl. ¶¶ 3-4. Under these circumstances, Mohamad has not 24 made a strong showing of procedural unconscionability based on unequal bargaining power. 25 The evidence in the record also does not support Mohamad’s argument that he could not 26 have anticipated that his claims would be subject to arbitration. As Mohamad concedes in his 27 declaration, prior to accepting his position at X-Therma he received a series of offer letters, at least 1 signed, on October 28, 2018, clearly stated that as a condition of his employment, Mohamad 2 would be required to sign, before his first day of employment, an “At-Will Employment, 3 Confidential Information, Invention Assignment and Arbitration Agreement” that would provide 4 that: 5 (i) any and all disputes between you and [X-Therma] shall be fully and finally resolved by binding arbitration; (ii) you are waiving any 6 and all rights to a jury trial but all court remedies will be available in arbitration, (iii) all disputes shall be resolved by a neutral arbitrator 7 who shall issue a written opinion, (iv) the arbitration shall provide for adequate discovery, and (v) [X-Therma] shall pay all the arbitration 8 fees, except an amount equal to the filing fees you would have paid had you filed a complaint in a court of law. 9 10 Wei Decl., Ex. 1 (signed offer letter). Mohamad states in his declaration that he was “very busy” 11 when he was told he needed to sign the Employment Agreement and was told he had to sign it 12 “that day[.]” Mohamad Decl. ¶ 6. He also states that the last time he would have seen the 13 Employment Agreement containing the Arbitration Provision was in July 2018 and that he did not 14 have time to read it when he signed it, on February 22, 2019. Id. He does not explain, however, 15 what aspect of the Arbitration Provision surprised him – or even why he was surprised he was told 16 he needed to sign the agreement immediately upon commencing his employment – given the 17 language in the offer letter he had signed just a few months before, quoted above. 18 For these reasons, the Court concludes that the level of procedural unconscionability, if 19 any, was minimal. 20 2. Substantive Unconscionability 21 “Substantive unconscionability examines the fairness of a contract’s terms.” OTO, L.L.C. 22 v. Kho, 8 Cal. 5th 111, 129–30 (2019). “[U]unconscionability doctrine is concerned not with ‘a 23 simple old-fashioned bad bargain’ [citation], but with terms that are ‘unreasonably favorable to the 24 more powerful party.’” Id. (quoting Sonic-Calabasas A, Inc. v. Moreno, 57 Cal. 4th 1109, 1145 25 (2013)). “They may include fine-print terms, unreasonably or unexpectedly harsh terms regarding 26 price or other central aspects of the transaction, and terms that undermine the nondrafting party’s 27 reasonable expectations.” Id. (citations omitted). 1 standards without pointing to any specific term that is unfair. Opposition at 6. Furthermore, his 2 || assertion that the Arbitration Provision lacks mutuality is contradicted by the plain language of the 3 provision, which states that “arbitration shall be the sole, exclusive, and final remedy for any 4 || dispute between me and the company” and that “except as provided for by the CCP Act or this 5 agreement, neither I nor the company will be permitted to pursue or participate in a court action 6 regarding claims that are subject to arbitration.” Complaint, Ex. A (Employment Agreement) 4] 7 12(C) (emphasis added). Mohamad has failed to establish that the Arbitration Provision is 8 substantively unconscionable. 9 For these reasons, the Court rejects Mohamad’s unconscionability defense. 10 || IV. CONCLUSION 11 For the reasons stated above, the Motion is GRANTED. With the exception of Claims 12 || Eight and Nine, Mohamad’s claims are ordered to arbitration. Claims Eight and Nine are stayed 5 13 pending arbitration. The parties shall notify the Court within fourteen (14) days when a final 14 decision has been reached in the arbitration process. In the meantime, the Clerk is instructed to 3 15 administratively close the file in this case. a 16 IT IS SO ORDERED.

18 || Dated: October 25, 2022 19 6 Z CZ

J PH C. SPERO

20 ief Magistrate Judge 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28