INTRODUCTION

15 Almost eighteen months after Beluca Ventures LLC and Christian Lagerling (collectively 16 “Beluca”) filed suit over an alleged oral contract gone wrong, Einride Aketiebolag counterclaimed 17 based on Beluca’s alleged misappropriation of Einride’s trade secrets. See Einride’s First 18 Amended Answer and Counterclaims (“FAAC”) [Dkt. 85]. Beluca moved to dismiss five claims 19 in the FAAC, arguing that Einride failed to plead the two trade secret claims with sufficient 20 particularity; the breach of implied covenant claim was superfluous; and the California Uniform 21 Trade Secrets Act (“CUTSA”) supersedes the breach of contract, breach of implied covenant, and 22 breach of fiduciary duty claims. 23 Beluca is partly right. The breach of implied covenant claim is superfluous of the breach 24 of contract claim and CUTSA supersedes the breach of fiduciary duty claim; these claims will be 25 DISMISSED with leave to amend. The other claims are sufficiently pleaded and will survive.1 26 27 1 BACKGROUND 2 The FAAC makes the following allegations, which I accept as true for purposes of the 3 motion to dismiss. Einride AB (“Einride”) is a Swedish corporation that makes autonomous 4 electric vehicles. See Einride’s First Amended Answer and Counterclaims (“FAAC”) [Dkt. 85] ¶¶ 5 2, 14–17. Since its founding in 2016, Einride has invested heavily in its business strategies, 6 including by hiring the consulting firm McKinsey & Company to analyze Einride’s product- 7 development and business strategies. Id. ¶¶ 14, 17, 19. 8 The McKinsey Report 9 On May 14, 2021, Einride received the McKinsey report, which was titled “Einride Unique 10 Value Proposition.” Id. ¶ 20. This 84-page report analyzed Einride’s market position, potential 11 competitors, and opportunities for growth. Id. ¶ 21. Among other things, it discussed other 12 companies who might compete with Einride in certain markets, and suggested ways that Einride 13 could, as a “first mover,” increase its chance to compete or pair successfully with those 14 companies. Id. The report also mentioned specific features of Einride’s technology stack that 15 gave it a competitive advantage. Id. ¶ 22. Einride circulated the McKinsey report to all members 16 of Einride’s board of directors in advance of a board meeting later that month. Id. ¶ 20. 17 Einride claims that the information that Einride has developed about the market for 18 autonomous electric vehicles, potential competitors, Einride’s competitive strengths and 19 weaknesses, and Einride’s product-development and business strategies, are Einride’s trade 20 secrets. Id. ¶ 18. Einride further asserts that “at least some” of Einride’s trade secrets are detailed 21 in the McKinsey report. See Einride’s Opposition (“Opp.”) [Dkt. 82] at 2 (citing FAAC ¶¶ 20– 22 22). 23 Christian Lagerling and Beluca Ventures’s Alleged Misappropriation of Einride’s Trade Secrets 24 Christian Lagerling is the principal and sole member of Beluca Ventures LLC. Id. ¶ 3. He 25 is also a managing partner of Core Finance, which provides fundraising services to companies. Id. 26 ¶ 5. 27 In May 2021, at the time that Einride received the McKinsey report, Lagerling was a 1 result of his membership on Einride’s board of directors. Id. ¶ 24. In June 2021, Einride removed 2 Lagerling from the board of directors. Id. ¶ 30. 3 On September 25, 2021, Lagerling emailed the McKinsey report to his colleagues at Core 4 Finance using his belucaventures.com email address. Id. ¶¶ 41–42. In the email, Lagerling wrote: 5 “See attached – strictly confidential – what we did for Einride together with McKinsey this spring, 6 from page ~25 onwards digging into the specific market opportunities.” Id. ¶ 41. On information 7 and belief, Einride alleges that Lagerling, Beluca Ventures LLC, and Core Finance2 used Einride’s 8 trade secrets (including Einride’s strategic plans) to create both a business plan for National 9 Electric Vehicle Sweden (“NEVS”), a competitor of Einride, and a strategy for helping NEVS 10 raise funds of its own. Id. ¶¶ 1, 44. At Lagerling’s suggestion, NEVS implemented a business 11 strategy that involved “copy[ing] the approach of Einride,” as NEVS put it. Id. ¶¶ 45–49. 12 Einride alleges that n addition to sharing Einride’s trade secrets, Lagerling and Beluca also 13 shared Einride’s “confidential information” with third parties, including Core Finance and NEVS, 14 although Einride does not describe any such confidential information. Id. ¶¶ 89–90, 103. 15 In July of 2021, Beluca filed suit against Einride and its U.S.-based subsidiary, Einride 16 US,3 based on an alleged oral contract from December 2020 whereby Einride would pay Beluca to 17 lead fundraising efforts for the Series B round. See August 19, 2022 Order [Dkt. 48] at 2–3. 18 Almost eighteen months later, Einride counterclaimed based on Beluca’s alleged misappropriation 19 of Einride’s trade secrets. See FAAC ¶¶ 1, 40, 52. In the FAAC, Einride asserts a violation of the 20 Defend Trade Secrets Act (“DTSA”) against Lagerling, Beluca, and Core Finance, see FAAC ¶¶ 21 59–72; a violation of California’s Uniform Trade Secrets Act (“CUTSA”) against Lagerling, 22 Beluca Ventures, and Core Finance, see id. ¶¶ 73–82; breach of contract against Lagerling and 23 Beluca Ventures, see id. ¶¶ 83–93; breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing 24 against Lagerling and Beluca Ventures, see id. ¶¶ 94–98; breach of fiduciary duty against 25 26 2 Although Core Finance is a defendant to the two trade secret claims, Core Finance did not move to dismiss because it was not served until February 10, 2023. See Dkt. 90. Based on the allegations in the 27 FAAC, however, it appears that the arguments raised in the briefing and addressed in this Order would likely apply to Core Finance. 1 Lagerling, see id. ¶¶ 99–105; and three declaratory judgment counts against Lagerling and Beluca 2 Ventures, see id. ¶¶ 106–159. 3 Beluca timely moved to dismiss the first five claims of the FAAC. See Motion to Dismiss 4 (“Mot.”) [Dkt. 81]. Beluca argued that Einride had not stated a claim for misappropriation of 5 trade secrets under the DTSA or CUTSA because Einride had failed to sufficiently identify any of 6 Einride’s trade secrets and because Einride had failed to plausibly allege misappropriation. Id. at 7 5–9. Beluca also argued that the fourth claim—for breach of the implied covenant of good faith 8 and fair dealing—was duplicative of the breach of contract claim, and that CUTSA superseded4 9 the third, fourth, and fifth claims. Id. at 9–12. Einride responded that its trade secret and 10 misappropriation allegations were sufficiently pleaded, that Beluca forfeited its argument 11 regarding the duplicative breach of covenant claim by making it in a footnote and by including 12 such a claim in its own complaint, and that the contract and quasi-contract claims were not 13 “excused” by CUTSA. See Opp. at 4–15.5 14 LEGAL STANDARD 15 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a district court must dismiss a complaint 16 if it fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to 17 dismiss, the plaintiff must allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its 18 face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is facially plausible when 19 the plaintiff pleads facts that “allow[ ] the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 20 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) 21

22 4 The parties use the term “preempted.” As explained in Silvaco Data Systems v. Intel Corp., “[t]he [California] Supreme Court has criticized the use of ‘preempt’ to describe the supersession of one state law 23 by another.” 184 Cal. App. 4th 210, 232 n.14 (2010) (internal quotations and citations omitted), disapproved on other grounds by Kwikset Corp. v. Superior Court, 51 Cal. 4th 310 (2011). Silvaco went 24 on to state that “[f]or present purposes we favor [the term] ‘supersede[.]’” Id. Where applicable, I follow Silvaco and use the term ‘supersede.’ 25 5 Both Einride and Beluca filed portions of its opposition and reply briefs under seal in light of a then- 26 pending motion to seal certain information in the FAAC. See Einride’s Administrative Motion for Leave to File Under Seal [Dkt. 82] at 1–2; Beluca’s Administrative Motion to Seal [Dkt. 88] at 2. Because I ruled 27 that the information in the FAAC did not qualify for sealing, see Dkt. 84, these motions to seal are moot 1 (citation omitted). There must be “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted 2 unlawfully.” Id. While courts do not require “heightened fact pleading of specifics,” a plaintiff 3 must allege facts sufficient to “raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 4 U.S. at 555, 570. 5 In deciding whether a claim has been stated upon which relief can be granted, the court 6 accepts all factual allegations as true and draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the 7 plaintiff. Usher v. City of Los Angeles, 828 F.2d 556, 561 (9th Cir. 1987). “[A]llegations that are 8 merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences,” however, need 9 not be “accept[ed] as true.” In re Gilead Scis. Sec. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 2008) 10 (internal quotation omitted). 11 If the court dismisses a complaint, it “should grant leave to amend even if no request to 12 amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading could not possibly be cured 13 by the allegation of other facts.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) 14 (quoting Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir. 1995)). In making this determination, 15 the court should consider factors such as “the presence or absence of undue delay, bad faith, 16 dilatory motive, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by previous amendments, undue prejudice to 17 the opposing party and futility of the proposed amendment.” Moore v. Kayport Package Express, 18 885 F.2d 531, 538 (9th Cir. 1989) (citing Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)). 19 DISCUSSION 20 The questions that I must answer in this motion are whether Einride sufficiently pleaded 21 two elements of its DTSA and CUTSA claims, whether the implied covenant claim is duplicative 22 of Einride’s breach of contract claim, and whether CUTSA supersedes the third through fifth 23 claims. The answers, as set forth below, are generally yes: although not all of the claims are 24 superseded by CUTSA, the trade secret claims are sufficiently pleaded and the implied covenant 25 claim is duplicative. 26 I. EINRIDE SUFFICIENTLY ALLEGED TRADE SECRETS 27 Beluca first argues that Einride’s claims for misappropriation of trade secrets under the 1 secret with sufficient particularity. Mot. at 6. I disagree. 2 “To state a claim for trade secret misappropriation under the DTSA and the CUTSA, a 3 plaintiff must allege that: (1) the plaintiff owned a trade secret; (2) the defendant misappropriated 4 the trade secret; and (3) the defendant’s actions damaged the plaintiff.” Alta Devices, Inc. v. LG 5 Elecs., Inc., 343 F. Supp. 3d 868, 877 (N.D. Cal. 2018) (citations and internal quotation marks 6 omitted).6 “[T]he definition of what may be considered a ‘trade secret’ is broad.” InteliClear, 7 LLC v. ETC Glob. Holdings, Inc., 978 F.3d 653, 657 (9th Cir. 2020) (citation omitted). “[T]he 8 definition of trade secret consists of three elements: (1) information, (2) that is valuable because it 9 is unknown to others, and (3) that the owner has attempted to keep secret.” Id. 10 “To prove ownership of a trade secret, plaintiffs must identify the trade secrets and carry 11 the burden of showing they exist.” Id. at 658 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 12 Although a plaintiff “need not ‘spell out the details of the trade secret,’” Autodesk, Inc. v. ZWCAD 13 Software Co., No. 14-cv-01498-EJD, 2015 WL 2265479, at *5 (N.D. Cal. May 13, 2015) (internal 14 quotation omitted), a plaintiff “should describe the subject matter of the trade secret with sufficient 15 particularity to separate it from matters of general knowledge in the trade or of special knowledge 16 of those persons . . . skilled in the trade.” InteliClear, 978 F.3d at 658 (internal quotation marks 17 and citation omitted) (emphasis in original). In other words, a plaintiff must describe the trade 18 secret with sufficient particularity to permit the defendant “to ascertain at least the boundaries 19 within which the secret lies.” Vendavo, Inc. v. Price f(x) AG, No. 17-cv-06930-RS, 2018 WL 20 1456697, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 23, 2018) (citations omitted). Identifying trade secrets with 21 sufficient particularity is important because defendants need concrete identification to prepare a 22 rebuttal. InteliClear, 978 F.3d at 658. 23 “[A]llegations that set out purported trade secrets in broad, categorical terms that are 24 merely descriptive of the types of information that generally may qualify as protectable trade 25 26 6 Courts analyze claims brought pursuant to the DTSA and CUTSA together because “the elements are 27 substantially similar.” InteliClear, LLC v. ETC Glob. Holdings, Inc., 978 F.3d 653, 657 (9th Cir. 1 secrets are insufficient to state a claim.” Cisco Sys., Inc. v. Chung, 462 F. Supp. 3d 1024, 1048 2 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (internal quotation marks and quotation omitted) (emphasis in original). After 3 surveying several cases, the Honorable Phyllis Hamilton identified the following allegations as 4 insufficiently specific to allege a trade secret: 5 • Allegations of “source code, customer lists and customer related information, pricing 6 information, vendor lists and related information, marketing plans and strategic business 7 development initiatives, ‘negative knowhow’ learned through the course of research and development, and other information related to the development of its price-optimization 8 software, including ideas and plans for product enhancements.” Vendavo, 2018 WL 1456697, at *3-4. 9 • Allegations of “data on the environment in the stratosphere” and “data on the propagation 10 of radio signals from stratospheric balloon-based transceivers.” Space Data Corp., 2017 11 WL 5013363, at *2.

12 • Allegations of “marketing strategy, product composition, packaging and manufacturing logistics,” Five Star Gourmet Foods, Inc. v. Fresh Express, Inc., No. 19-cv-05611-PJH, 13 2020 WL 513287, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 31, 2020). 14 Cisco, 462 F. Supp. 3d at 1048. 15 Importantly, though, such categories of information become sufficiently particularized for 16 purposes of stating a claim where the complaint alleges that these categories of information are 17 contained within specific documents. In Cisco, for instance, the plaintiff alleged as trade secrets 18 categories of information that included “business information,” “market and strategy data” and 19 “product strategies and other financial data,” and the plaintiff identified specific documents that 20 contained the information. Id. at 1048–49. Cisco rejected the defendant’s argument that these 21 categories were insufficiently particularized because the specific documents referenced in the 22 amended complaint “narrowed the scope of information at issue in such categories to particular 23 subjects mentioned in certain documents or communications alleged in the FAC.” Id. at 1049. 24 Likewise, in Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. v. Tarantino, 498 F. Supp. 3d 1155 (N.D. Cal. 2020), the 25 plaintiff identified “nine specific documents” containing its trade secrets in its complaint, leaving 26 “little doubt” that “Defendants have been put on adequate notice.” Id. at 1172; see also Way.com 27 1 that the plaintiff identified its trade secrets with sufficient particularity where it “identified a single 2 document” that contained the trade secrets and listed general categories of trade secrets, including 3 “[t]he process by which [the company] determines how to launch and market certain parking 4 locations”). 5 Beluca contends that Einride does not identify its trade secrets with sufficient particularity 6 because Einride “merely provide[s] a high-level generalization of Einride’s purported trade 7 secrets.” Mot. at 6. Einride makes the following allegations regarding its trade secrets:7 8 • “Highly-confidential information about the market for autonomous electric 9 vehicles, potential competitors, Einride’s competitive strengthens [sic] and 10 weaknesses, and Einride’s product-development and business strategies constitute trade secrets of Einride.” FAAC ¶ 18. 11 • “As one example of Einride’s trade secrets, Einride commissioned an analysis by 12 the consulting company McKinsey & Company of Einride’s product-development and business strategies. Einride personnel spent at least several hundred hours 13 working with McKinsey on the analysis, and Einride paid McKinsey a substantial 14 sum for its analysis.” Id. ¶ 19.

15 • “This 84-page report engaged in a sophisticated analysis of Einride’s market position, potential competitors, and opportunities for growth. Among other things, 16 it discussed other companies who might compete with Einride in certain markets, 17 and suggested ways that Einride could, as a ‘first mover,’ increase its chance to compete or pair successfully with those companies.” Id. ¶ 21. 18 • “The report also discussed the elements of Einride’s technology stack that gave it a 19 competitive advantage, mentioning specific features that uniquely position Einride to excel. For example, page 7 of the report contained a section entitled ‘What you 20 need to believe in for Einride to sustain its competitive advantage’ that detailed 21 these items.” Id. ¶ 22. Drawing all reasonable inferences in Einride’s favor, I find that the purported trade secrets 22 contained within the McKinsey report—i.e., information regarding Einride’s business strategy and 23 technology stack—have been pleaded with sufficient particularity. As indicated above, the basic 24 test is: (1) whether something beyond general knowledge is being claimed and (2) whether there is 25 enough specificity to put the defendant on notice regarding the nature of the trade secret. 26 27 1 Vendavo, 2018 WL 1456697, at *4. Although paragraph 18 uses “broad, categorical terms that are 2 merely descriptive of the types of information that generally may qualify as protectable trade 3 secrets” and is therefore likely insufficient, see Cisco, 462 F. Supp. 3d at 1048, the FAAC does 4 not end there. The trade secrets are sufficiently pleaded because paragraphs 21 and 22 plausibly 5 identify information beyond that of general knowledge and—by specifying that this information is 6 found within the McKinsey report—are sufficiently particularized to put Beluca on notice. But to 7 the extent that Einride contends that Beluca has misappropriated other trade secrets beyond those 8 listed in paragraphs 21 and 22, such allegations lack factual specificity. 9 Beluca also asserts that the information contained within the McKinsey report is not a 10 trade secret because is “a third party market analysis” which is based on “publicly available” data 11 and is “presumably meant to be shared with Einride’s prospective customers.” Reply at 5. These 12 arguments do not pass muster. 13 First, although neither party has provided a copy of the McKinsey report to me, Beluca’s 14 own briefing indicates that the report includes both publicly available and proprietary information. 15 After identifying various public sources who allegedly contributed to the report, Beluca lists 16 “general market and policy research, expert interview and team analysis” as the final sources used 17 in the McKinsey report. Id. Beluca has not provided any authority that suggests that a report that 18 draws upon general market and policy research, expert interviews, and team analysis in addition to 19 publicly available information cannot include trade secrets. Cf. Whyte v. Schlage Lock Co., 101 20 Cal. App. 4th 1443, 1456 (2002) (holding that the plaintiff’s marketing strategy and plans 21 constitute trade secrets under California law and that market research could be a trade secret if it 22 explores the needs of numerous customers). 23 Second, there are no facts contained within the FAAC that demonstrate that Einride 24 intended to share the McKinsey report with potential customers. Instead, the FAAC alleges that 25 Einride took various measures to protect the secrecy of its trade secrets, including limiting access 26 for Einride employees to a “need-to-know” basis and requiring third-party consultants to agree to 27 maintain the confidentiality of its trade secrets. See FAAC ¶¶ 26–27, 31. To the extent that 1 fact that is not appropriate to resolve at this juncture. 2 Beluca’s motion to dismiss the DTSA and CUTSA claims based on the argument that 3 Einride has insufficiently alleged its “trade secrets” is DENIED. 4 II. EINRIDE SUFFICIENTLY ALLEGED MISAPPROPRIATION 5 Second, Beluca argues that Einride does not plausibly allege that Lagerling or Beluca 6 actually misappropriated any trade secret. Again, I disagree. 7 “The elements of misappropriation under the DTSA are similar to those under the 8 CUTSA.” Space Data Corp., 2017 WL 5013363, at *1. To state a claim under the DTSA or 9 CUTSA, Einride must allege that Lagerling and Beluca improperly acquired, disclosed, or used 10 the trade secret. See 18 U.S.C. § 1839(5) (defining “misappropriation”); Cal. Civ. Code § 11 3426.1(b) (same). 12 According to Beluca, the FAAC fails to allege any specific facts demonstrating that 13 Lagerling or Beluca engaged in any wrongful disclosure or use of any purported trade secret. Mot. 14 at 8–9. Beluca further contends that Einride “hides behind the entirely speculative crutch of 15 ‘information and belief’ pleading and bases its claim that any Einride purported trade secret was 16 ‘used’ on nothing more than ‘information and belief.’” Id. at 9 (citing FAAC ¶ 44). 17 Beluca is wrong. The FAAC contains several factual assertions which bear on 18 misappropriation: 19 • “As just one example of Lagerling and Beluca’s misappropriation of Einride’s trade 20 secrets, on September 25, 2021, Lagerling emailed several of his partners and employees at 21 Core Finance the McKinsey report that contained Einride trade secrets. Lagerling warned his partners at Core Finance about the confidentiality of the presentation and directed them 22 not to share it with anyone else: ‘See attached – strictly confidential – what we did for Einride together with McKinsey this spring, from page ~25 onwards digging into the 23 specific market opportunities.’” FAAC ¶ 41.

24 • “Lagerling emailed the McKinsey report to his partners and employees at Core Finance 25 from his email address at belucaventures.com, and the signature block of Lagerling’s email touted Lagerling as the ‘Founder & CEO, Beluca Ventures, LLC.’” Id. ¶ 42. 26 • “On information and belief, Lagerling, Beluca, and Core Finance used Einride’s trade 27 secrets (including Einride’s strategic plans) to create both a business plan for NEVS and a 1 • “Not only did Lagerling share Einride’s trade secrets, he suggested to NEVS that it should 2 copy the strategic planning that Einride conducted.” Id. ¶ 45.

3 • “For example, in a February 3, 2022 email, NEVS’ Senior Director Strategy & Business Development (Daniel Roos) summarized a call with Lagerling, Core Finance, and others 4 from NEVS. Discussing options for revamping NEVS’ business, Roos summarized an option titled ‘Sango – parcel delivery vehicle and skateboard. The fundamental idea would 5 be to copy the approach of Einride…’” Id. ¶ 47. 6 • “Though Roos suggested two other options for revamping NEVS’ business strategy, in an 7 email sent the next day (February 4, 2022), Lagerling pushed NEVS to copy Einride’s strategy. Lagerling wrote that this ‘Sango’ strategy ‘ma[de] sense’ given NEVS’ 8 finances.” Id. ¶ 48. 9 These allegations show that Lagerling disclosed the McKinsey report to Core Finance even 10 though he knew it was confidential. Moreover, Einride also alleges that Lagerling (who was both 11 a shareholder and a director at the time that he received the McKinsey report) owed a duty of 12 loyalty and confidentiality to Einride which prohibited Lagerling from disclosing the trade secrets 13 to Core Finance. Id. ¶¶ 64, 66, 103. Beluca Ventures was also an Einride shareholder and had 14 agreed to keep Einride’s trade secrets confidential. Id. ¶ 29. For purposes of a motion to dismiss, 15 these allegations suffice to show that Lagerling and Beluca Ventures misappropriated Einride’s 16 trade secrets.8 17 Lastly, Beluca asserts that because NEVS announced its “Sango” autonomous vehicle and 18 technology operating system to the public in July 2020, prior to Einride’s receipt of the McKinsey 19 report, it is “misleading” for Einride to assert that Beluca misappropriated Einride’s trade secrets. 20 Mot. at 4; Reply at 9. Similarly, Beluca argues that it is “misleading” for Einride to characterize 21 NEVS as a “competitor” because NEVS purportedly provides “completely different” services and 22 23 8 Einride also asserts that Lagerling’s knowledge of his obligation to maintain the confidentiality 24 of Einride’s trade secrets can be imputed to Core Finance because Lagerling was a principal of 25 Core Finance. FAAC ¶¶ 57, 65. Core Finance has not yet responded to the FAAC, but on this record this argument appears to be sound. Lagerling consulted for NEVS while acting as a 26 managing partner of Core Finance. Id. ¶ 38. The Ninth Circuit has held that a managing partner’s knowledge may be imputed to the corporate entity. See, e.g., ESG Cap. Partners, LP v. Stratos, 27 828 F.3d 1023, 1037 n.3 (9th Cir. 2016) (“As ESG Capital’s managing partner, Burns’s 1 products from Einride. Reply at 9. These are disputed questions of fact that are not appropriate to 2 address at this stage. 3 Because Einride has sufficiently alleged misappropriation by Lagerling and Beluca, 4 Beluca’s motion to dismiss on this ground is DENIED. 5 III. THE BREACH OF IMPLIED COVENANT CLAIM IS SUPERFLUOUS 6 Next, Beluca argues (albeit in a footnote) that Einride’s fourth cause of action should be 7 dismissed because “it is based on the same facts as the breach of contract claim, seeks the same 8 remedy, and is therefore superfluous and duplicative.” Mot. at 12 n.4. Beluca is right. 9 “[A]lthough the California Supreme Court has held that a plaintiff may bring both a breach 10 of contract claim and a claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, the 11 Supreme Court has made clear that when both causes of action cite the same underlying breach, 12 the implied covenant cause of action will be superfluous with the contract cause of action.” 13 Landucci v. State Farm Ins. Co., 65 F. Supp. 3d 694, 716 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (emphasis in original) 14 (citing Guz v. Bechtel Nat. Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 317, 327 (2000)). Guz explained that “where breach 15 of an actual term is alleged, a separate implied covenant claim, based on the same breach, is 16 superfluous.” Guz, 24 Cal. 4th at 327. In other words, a claim alleging breach of the implied 17 covenant of good faith and fair dealing must be based on a different breach than the breach of 18 contract claim. Landucci, 65 F. Supp. 3d at 716. 19 Einride does not dispute that its third and fourth claims for breach of contract and breach of 20 implied covenant are based on the same facts and seek the same remedy. Compare FAAC ¶¶ 21 83–93 with id. ¶¶ 94–98. Instead, Einride cites Deerpoint to argue that a party can allege both 22 breach of contract and breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing claims together. 23 Opp. at 14 (citing Deerpoint Grp., Inc. v. Agrigenix, LLC, 345 F. Supp. 3d 1207, 1242 (E.D. Cal. 24 2018)). But Deerpoint dismissed the breach of implied covenant claim as “redundant” and 25 “superfluous” because it “does not contain any conduct that is different or separate from the 26 conduct alleged under the [breach of contract] cause of action.” Deerpoint, 345 F. Supp. 3d at 27 1242–43. Deerpoint is of no use to Einride. 1 the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing claim in the FAC. Opp. at 14–15 (citing First 2 Amended Complaint [Dkt. 51] ¶¶ 43–54). But Einride’s failure to identify a potentially redundant 3 claim in Beluca’s complaint does not preclude Beluca from seeking dismissal of a redundant claim 4 in the FAAC. 5 The fourth claim for breach of the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing is 6 superfluous and DISMISSED. Although I have doubts that Einride may allege conduct that is not 7 superfluous to the breach of contract claim, it is not clear that amendment would be futile. 8 Therefore, I will give Einride leave to amend in the event that there is a basis for Einride’s implied 9 covenant claim that is distinguishable from the basis underlying the contract claim. 10 IV. CUTSA SUPERSESSION 11 Lastly, Beluca argues that CUTSA supersedes Einride’s claims for breach of contract, 12 breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and breach of fiduciary duty. Mot. 13 at 9–12. Beluca is partly right. CUTSA does not supersede the breach of contract claim. 14 Regardless of whether the breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing claim is 15 superseded, it is redundant of the contract claim and therefore dismissed. The breach of fiduciary 16 duty claim draws upon the same nucleus of facts as the trade secret claims and is superseded. 17 CUTSA provides “the exclusive civil remedy” for conduct “based upon misappropriation 18 of a trade secret.” Waymo LLC v. Uber Techs., Inc., 256 F. Supp. 3d 1059, 1062 (N.D. Cal. 2017). 19 “With the exception of contractual claims, CUTSA preempts common law claims that are based 20 on the same nucleus of facts as the misappropriation of trade secrets claim for relief.” Prostar 21 Wireless Grp., LLC v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 360 F. Supp. 3d 994, 1006 (N.D. Cal. 2018), aff’d, 22 815 F. App’x 117 (9th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks and quotation omitted); see Cal. Civ. 23 Code § 3426.7. CUTSA “supersed[es] ‘claims based on alleged misappropriation of non-trade 24 secret information’ unless ‘the plaintiff;s property right in the information at issue stems from 25 some provision of positive law on grounds qualitatively different from grounds upon which trade 26 secrets are considered property, or (2) allege wrongdoing materially distinct from the wrongdoing 27 alleged in a CUTSA claim.’” Acorn Bay v. CamelBak Prod., LLC, No. 20-cv-05214-WHA, 2020 1 avoid supersession, Einride’s claims must allege wrongdoing that is materially distinct from the 2 wrongdoing alleged in a CUTSA claim. See SunPower Corp. v. SolarCity Corp., No. 12-cv- 3 00694-LHK, 2012 WL 6160472, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 11, 2012) (describing test). 4 Einride’s third claim for breach of the Consultancy Agreement is a breach of contract 5 claim which falls squarely within CUTSA’s carveout. “The plain language of CUTSA . . . 6 provides that it does not preempt contractual remedies, whether or not based upon 7 misappropriation of a trade secret.” Integral Dev. Corp. v. Tolat, 675 F. App’x 700, 704 (9th Cir. 8 2017) (internal quotation marks and quotation omitted); see also Angelica Textile Servs., Inc. v. 9 Park, 220 Cal. App. 4th 495, 508 (2013), as modified on denial of reh’g (Nov. 7, 2013) 10 (“[B]reach of contract claims, even when they are based on misappropriation or misuse of a trade 11 secret, are not displaced by [C]UTSA.”). Beluca’s attempt to dismiss this claim on the basis of 12 CUTSA supersession is DENIED. 13 Courts have split as to whether a claim based on a breach of the implied covenant of good 14 faith and fair dealing sounds in contract or tort and is therefore superseded. See Acorn Bay, 2020 15 WL 7664450, at *2 (noting that “breach of the implied covenant may be viewed in either contract 16 or tort”); Deerpoint Grp., Inc. v. Agrigenix, LLC, 345 F. Supp. 3d 1207, 1240–41 (E.D. Cal. 2018) 17 (finding that “a breach of the implied covenant is necessarily a breach of contract”); Swarmify, 18 Inc. v. Cloudflare, Inc., No. 17-cv-06957-WHA, 2018 WL 1609379, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 3, 19 2018) (describing debate whether or not a claim for breach of the implied covenant generally 20 counts as a contractual remedy for purposes of CUTSA supersession). This issue is ultimately 21 moot, though, because Einride’s implied covenant claim has been dismissed as redundant. See 22 Section III, supra. 23 Lastly, I turn to Einride’s fifth claim for breach of fiduciary duty. I find that CUTSA 24 supersedes the claim because—as currently pleaded—the breach of fiduciary duty claim arises out 25 of the same nucleus of facts as Einride’s trade secret claims. 26 “CUTSA doesn’t preempt claims for breach of fiduciary duty unless the alleged breach is 27 ‘based on the same nucleus of facts as [the] trade secret misappropriation’ claim.” CTC Glob. 1 Integral Dev. Corp., 675 Fed. App’x at 704). Einride argues that this claim is based on a different 2 nucleus of common fact because Einride has asserted that Beluca disclosed Einride’s “confidential 3 information” in addition to its “trade secrets.” Opp. at 14 (citing FAAC ¶ 103). Einride also 4 contends that Einride should be permitted to maintain this claim in the alternative to its trade 5 secret claims because this claim would allow Einride to recover in the event that Einride’s 6 materials do not technically constitute trade secrets. Opp. at 14 n.8. But Einride’s arguments are 7 contrary to decisions by the California Court of Appeals and numerous district courts in this 8 Circuit. 9 Over a decade ago, the California Court of Appeals in Silvaco addressed whether CUTSA 10 superseded claims based on the misappropriation of non-trade secret proprietary information. See 11 Silvaco Data Sys. v. Intel Corp., 184 Cal. App. 4th 210 (2010), disapproved on other grounds by 12 Kwikset Corp. v. Superior Court, 51 Cal. 4th 310 (2011). Silvaco concluded that CUTSA 13 superseded claims for conversion, common count, common law unfair business practices, and 14 intentional and negligent misrepresentation because those claims were based on the 15 misappropriation of trade secrets. See 184 Cal. App. at 236. “Although the California Supreme 16 Court has not clearly defined the scope of CUTSA’s supersession of claims arising from the 17 alleged misappropriation of non-trade secret information, the majority of district courts that have 18 considered Silvaco have held that CUTSA supersedes claims based on the misappropriation of 19 information that does not satisfy the definition of trade secret under CUTSA.” Elite 20 Semiconductor, Inc. v. Anchor Semiconductor, Inc., No. 20-cv-06846-EJD, 2021 WL 3042616, at 21 *3 (N.D. Cal. July 19, 2021) (internal quotation marks and quotation omitted); see also Barker v. 22 Insight Glob., LLC, No. 16-cv-07186-BLF, 2017 WL 10504692, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 21, 2017) 23 (noting that “the majority of district courts” have held that “CUTSA supersedes claims based on 24 the misappropriation of information that does not satisfy the definition of trade secret under 25 CUTSA”). 26 Under Silvaco and its progeny, CUTSA supersedes Einride’s claim for breach of fiduciary 27 duty because the claim as currently pleaded is exclusively based on Lagerling’s alleged wrongful 1 such claims are not alternative legal theories but rather “‘a transparent attempt to evade the 2 strictures of CUTSA by restating a trade secrets claim as something else.’” Elite Semiconductor, 3 2021 WL 3042616, at *3 (quoting Silvaco, 184 Cal. App. 4th at 240); see also Monolithic Power 4 Sys., Inc. v. Dong, No. 20-cv-06752-JSW, 2021 WL 4522291, at *6 (N.D. Cal. June 22, 2021) 5 (dismissing fraud claim as superseded by CUTSA under Silvaco); Swarmify, 2018 WL 1609379, 6 || at *3 (dismissing implied covenant claim based on misuse of “confidential information” where 7 || plaintiff did not explain how the “confidential information” meaningfully distinguished between 8 || the “trade secrets”); but see Integral Dev. Corp., 675 Fed. App’x at 704 (finding that breach of 9 || “confidential information” could provide an independent basis for a breach of fiduciary duty 10 claim). 11 Moreover, Einride’s allegations regarding “confidential information” lack factual 12 specificity; it is impossible to determine whether and how such allegations differ from Einride’s 5 13 || allegations related to the trade secrets. As in Swarmify, Einride has “repeatedly referred to 14 ‘confidential information’” without explaining “what that information actually includes or how it 3 15 differs qualitatively” from the “broad swaths of information that [Eimride] has claimed as ‘trade a 16 || secrets.’” Swarmify, 2018 WL 1609379, at *3. At least at this point, it appears that Einride’s 3 17 || breach of fiduciary duty claim arises from the “same nucleus of facts” as the trade secret 18 || misappropriation claim and is thus superseded by CUTSA. I will DISMISS this claim with leave 19 to amend so that Einride can more clearly plead the factual basis for its breach of fiduciary duty 20 || claim and how this claim differs from its trade secret claims. 21 CONCLUSION 22 For the foregoing reasons, Beluca’s motion to dismiss the first three claims in the FAAC is 23 || DENIED. The fourth and fifth claims are DISMISSED with leave to amend. Any amended 24 || complaint shall be filed within twenty days of the date of this order. 25 IT IS SO ORDERED. 26 Dated: March 10, 2023 . \f 27 . 28 liam H. Orrick □ United States District Judge