1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 GS HOLISTIC, LLC, Case No. 22-cv-07099-SVK

8 Plaintiff,

ORDER DENYING WITHOUT

9 v. PREJUDICE PLAINTIFF’S

APPLICATION FOR ORDER FOR

10 PUFFY SMOKE SHOP #2, INC, et al., PUBLICATION OF SUMMONS;

ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE

11 Defendants. Re: Dkt. No. 26 12

13 Before the Court is Plaintiff GS Holistic, LLC’s (“Plaintiff”) motion for leave to serve 14 Defendant Elian Hanna (“Hanna”) by publication. Dkt. 26. Pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7-1(b), 15 the Court deems this matter suitable for decision without oral argument. After reviewing the 16 motion and the relevant law and for the reasons stated below, the Court DENIES WITHOUT 17 PREJUDICE Plaintiff’s motion to permit service by publication. 18 19 I. BACKGROUND 20 The Court only recounts those facts relevant to disposition of the motion here. On 21 November 11, 2022, Plaintiff filed the instant complaint alleging trademark infringement and false 22 designation of origin and unfair competition against Puffy Smoke Shop #2, Inc. d/b/a Puffy 23 Smoke Shop, Elian Hanna, and Simon Maida. Dkt. 1. Summons were issued as to the individual 24 defendants Elian Hanna and Simon Maida on December 12, 2022. Dkt. 8. On February 9, 2023, 25 Plaintiff sought a 60-day extension to effect service on all Defendants. Dkt. 12. The Court 26 granted Plaintiff a 45-day extension. Dkt. 14. Plaintiff subsequently made two attempts to serve 27 Defendant Hanna at Puffy Smoke Shop in Salinas, California on February 12, 2023 and February 1 14, 2023. Dkt. 26-3 (Ex. B to Motion for Leave to Serve by Publication); Dkt. 16. During the 2 first service attempt, an individual working at the shop provided the process server with an 3 additional address for Defendant Hanna in Salinas. Dkt. 26-3. During the second attempt, one 4 Puffy Smoke Shop employee who self-identified as the person in charge, informed the process 5 server that Defendant Hanna “resides” at the shop but was unavailable. Id. The “boss” of the 6 “person in charge” appeared at the shop roughly ten minutes later and informed the process server 7 that Defendant Hanna is “out of States[.]” Id. On April 8, 2023, Plaintiff sought a further 60-day 8 extension to effect service on the individual defendants, representing that “Plaintiff is now taking 9 steps to locate another address to serve the Defendants and will attempt service at a different 10 address[.]” Dkt. 18 at ¶ 6. The Court granted the motion in part, allowing Plaintiff until May 10, 11 2023, to effect service on the individual defendants or to seek leave of Court to serve them by 12 publication. Dkt. 19. Plaintiff waited until the evening of the Court’s deadline, May 10, 2023, to 13 again attempt service on Defendant Hanna at Puffy Smoke Shop. Dkt. 26-2 (Ex. A to Motion for 14 Leave to Serve by Publication). The process server encountered an employee there who informed 15 him that Defendant Hanna had moved. Id. At no point did Plaintiff attempt to serve Defendant 16 Hanna at the additional address the employee of Puffy Smoke Shop provided to the process server 17 during the first service attempt. Dkts. 26-2, 26-3. 18

II. LEGAL STANDARD

19 Service of a complaint is governed by Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 20 4(e)(1) permits service by “following state law for serving a summons in an action brought in 21 courts general jurisdiction in the state where the district court is located or where service is made.” 22 Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e)(1). California Code of Civil Procedure § 415.50 provides that “[a] summons 23 may be served by publication if upon affidavit it appears to the satisfaction of the court in which 24 the action is pending that the party to be served cannot with reasonable diligence be served in 25 another manner specified in this article and that ... [a] cause of action exists against the party upon 26 whom service is to be made.” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 415.50(a). Reasonable diligence “denotes a 27 thorough, systematic investigation and inquiry conducted in good faith by the part or his agent or 1 attorney.” Watts v. Crawford, 10 Cal.4th 743, 745 (1995). Service by publication should be 2 allowed only “as a last resort.” Donel, Inc. v. Badalian, 87 Cal. App. 3d 327, 333 (1978). A 3 summons by publication must be published in a named newspaper that is most likely to give actual 4 notice of the action to the party to be served. Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 415.50(b). Accordingly, if the 5 requirements set forth in § 415.50 are met in this case, Plaintiff may use the method of service 6 described in § 415.50 under Rule 4(e)(1). “If a defendant’s address is ascertainable, a method of 7 service superior to publication must be employed,” such as mail or substitute service. Watts v. 8 Crawford, 10 Cal. 4th 743, 749 (1995). 9

III. DISCUSSION

10 The Court concludes that neither factor is satisfied here. As a preliminary matter, the 11 Court notes that Plaintiff’s “motion” fails to address the relevant standard for service by 12 publication entirely and appears to be a declaration rather than a motion. See Dkt. 26. Turning to 13 the first factor, the Court is not persuaded that GS Holistic has shown reasonable diligence in 14 attempting to serve Defendant Hanna. When assessing whether a plaintiff has demonstrated 15 “reasonable diligence,” the court examines whether the plaintiff “took those steps a reasonable 16 person who truly desired to give notice would have taken under the circumstances.” Donel, 87 Cal. 17 App. at 333. The “reasonable diligence” requirement “denotes a thorough, systematic investigation 18 and inquiry conducted in good faith by the party or his agent or attorney.” Kott v. Super. Ct., 45 19 Cal. App. 4th 1126, 1137 (1996) (quoting Cal. Judicial Council com., 14 West’s Ann. Code Civ. 20 Proc. § 415.50, pp. 561-63 (1973 ed.)). First, despite two extensions stretching over several 21 months, Plaintiff has made only three attempts to serve Hanna. Dkts. 26-2, 26-3. Each service 22 attempt was made at the same location, Puffy Smoke Shop, without success, and Plaintiff never 23 investigated the alternative address the Puffy Smoke Shop employee identified for Hanna during 24 the first service attempt. Dkt. 26-3. Second, Plaintiff fails to provide any evidence of the steps it 25 has taken to identify alternative addresses for Defendant Hanna. The Court granted Plaintiff a 26 second extension based on Plaintiff’s representations that it was “taking steps to locate another 27 address to serve the Defendants and will attempt service at a different address.” Dkt. 18 at ¶ 6. 1 Yet, Plaintiff apparently made no further effort to serve Defendant Hanna until the day of the 2 Court’s deadline for filing the instant motion when Plaintiff again sought to serve Hanna at Puffy 3 Smoke Shop. Dkt. 26-2. Nor has Plaintiff produced evidence of any business and property record 4 searches it performed, social media platform searches it ran, investigation of the voter’s register, 5 or review of city and telephone directories it conducted. Price v. Thomas, No. 21-cv-6370, 2021 6 WL 5564795, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 29, 2021) (making numerous unsuccessful attempts to serve a 7 defendant at an undisclosed location and being informed that the defendant does not reside at the 8 address any longer, did not alone meet the standard of reasonable diligence). Further, Plaintiff has 9 not shown that it has exhausted other ways to locate Defendant Hanna, that it made any additional 10 attempts to gather more information about Hanna’s whereabouts, or that it even tried to confirm 11 Hanna’s place of residence. See Castillo-Antonio v. Azurdia, No. 13-cv-05709, 2014 WL 12 4060219, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 14, 2014) (attempted personal service four times over four days 13 and sent “packages” via first class and certified mail to one address, did not exhaust the “myriad 14 other options available” required for a finding of reasonable diligence, such as “searching phone 15 books, online people search tools, voter registries, or other common sources of information, or by 16 hiring a private investigator”). Finally, Plaintiff failed to take the “step which patently appeared to 17 hold the most promise for locating” Hanna, which in this case would include contacting Hanna’s 18 codefendant and alleged co-owner, Simon Maida, who has been served, for Hanna’s contact 19 information. Id. at *3; see also Compl. at 1; Dkt. 21. 20 By contrast, courts in this district have found that expansive efforts to locate a defendant 21 evidence “reasonable diligence” under Section 415.50. See, e.g., Hernandez v. City of San Jose, 22 No. 16-cv-3957 , 2016 WL 6582048, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 7, 2016) (finding requests for 23 information from Santa Clara County Probation Department, searches of social media platforms 24 and voter registration portal, and at least four attempts at service at two different addresses 25 adequate); Macias v. Fasail, No. 19-cv-728, 2020 WL 2542028, at *3-4 (N.D. Cal. May 19, 2020) 26 (finding upwards of 19 service attempts at multiple locations adequate). Here, Plaintiff’s 27 supporting materials simply do not demonstrate that Plaintiff has made a “thorough but 1 unsuccessful search for the defendant,” as required by Section 415.50. Judicial Council Comment 2 to Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 415.50. 3 Even assuming, arguendo, that Plaintiff had been reasonably diligent, the Court still would 4 deny Plaintiff’s motion for failure to identify a newspaper in which it proposes to publish the 5 summons. The Court must order “the summons to be published in a named newspaper, published 6 in this state, that is most likely to give actual notice to the party to be served.” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code 7 § 415.50(b). Without this information, the Court is unable to determine whether the intended 8 newspaper is the one most likely to give actual notice of the action to Defendant Hanna. See Cal. 9 Civ. Proc. Code § 415.50(b); Cal. Gov’t Code § 6064; Bd. of Trustees for Laborers Health & 10 Welfare Tr. Fund for N. California v. P & J Util. Co., No. 21-cv-01075, 2022 WL 1529408, at *2 11 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 27, 2022) (mere absence of a specified newspaper’s inclusion constitutes a 12 procedural flaw and can serve as sufficient grounds for denying the motion); Shaw v. Brazell, No. 13 19-cv-8103, 2020 WL 1450728, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 25, 2020) (add parenthetical). 14 Nor has Plaintiff satisfied the second requirement under Section 415.50. A plaintiff 15 seeking to serve a summons by publication must demonstrate “upon affidavit” that “[a] cause of 16 action exists against the party upon whom service is to be made or he or she is a necessary or 17 proper party to the action.” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 415.50(a)(1). The plaintiff “must offer 18 ‘independent evidentiary support, in the form of a sworn statement of facts, for the existence of a 19 cause of action against the defendant.’” Hernandez v. Srija, Inc., No. 19-cv-1813, 2019 WL 20 4417589, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 16, 2019) (quoting Cummings v. Brantley Hale, No. 15-cv-4723, 21 2016 WL 4762208, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 13, 2016)). “The declaration must be signed by 22 someone with personal knowledge of the essential facts.” Id. “Under California law, service by 23 publication is neither appropriate nor valid without such an affidavit.” Cummings, 2016 WL 24 4762208, at *3; see also Rios v. Singh, 65 Cal. App. 5th 871, 884 (2021) (“An application for an 25 order of publication must be accompanied by an affidavit stating facts from which the trial court 26 can draw the conclusion that the plaintiff has a cause of action against the defendant.”). Mr. 27 Leon’s supporting affidavit addresses only the issue of reasonable diligence and therefore fails to 1 In sum, Plaintiff has not demonstrated that the “last resort” option of service by publication 2 is warranted. Therefore, the Court DENIES WITHOUT PREJUDICE Plaintiffs motion for 3 leave to serve Defendant Hanna by publication. Plaintiff shall re-file its motion for leave to serve 4 || by publication no later than June 27, 2023. The motion must address the issues identified in this 5 Order. 6 || Iv. ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE 7 If Plaintiff fails to file a new motion for leave to serve by publication, then Plaintiff is 8 || ORDERED TO SHOW CAUSE in writing why the claims against Defendant Hanna should not 9 || be dismissed for failure to prosecute. Plaintiff's written response to this Order to Show Cause 10 || must be filed no later than June 27, 2023, 2023, and Plaintiff shall appear for a hearing on the 11 Order on July 11, 2023. 12

E 3 V. CONCLUSION

4 For the reasons set forth above, Plaintiffs application to serve by publication is DENIED S WITHOUT PREJUDICE. Plaintiff may re-file its motion for leave to serve by publication no later than June 27, 2023. If Plaintiff does not re-file its motion, Plaintiff shall respond to this Court’s Order to Show cause in writing by June 27, 2023, and shall appear for a hearing on July 11, 2023. The Court advises Plaintiff that a failure to re-file its motion or to respond to the Order 18 to Show Cause will result in the dismissal of Defendant Hanna without prejudice.

SO ORDERED.

20 Dated: June 6, 2023 21 22 Ss K □ 23 SUSAN VAN KEULEN United States Magistrate Judge 25 26 27 28