1 2 3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 4 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 5 SAN JOSE DIVISION 6 7 ANTHONY LUIS PAREDES, Case No. 22-cv-00758-BLF

8 Plaintiff,

ORDER GRANTING IN PART WITH

9 v. LEAVE TO AMEND AND DENYING IN

PART MOTION TO DISMISS SECOND

10 CITY OF SAN JOSE, et al., AMENDED COMPLAINT 11 Defendants. [Re: ECF No. 54]

12 13 This case concerns allegations of excessive force in the deployment of a police canine by 14 officers in the San Jose Police Department, and the City of San Jose’s alleged policies regarding 15 such uses of force. Before the Court is the officers and City’s “Partial Motion to Dismiss 16 Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint.” Mot., ECF No. 54; Reply, ECF No. 64. Defendants 17 move to dismiss Plaintiff Anthony Paredes’s claims against the City. They do not challenge his 18 claims against the individual officers. Mr. Paredes opposes the motion. Opp’n, ECF No. 60. 19 The Court held a hearing on Defendants’ motion on June 8, 2023. For the reasons 20 discussed at the hearing and provided below, Defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED IN 21 PART WITH LEAVE TO AMEND AND DENIED IN PART. 22 I. BACKGROUND 23 This case arises from injuries Plaintiff Anthony Paredes sustained when a police dog 24 clamped down on his neck during his arrest. On February 7, 2022, Mr. Paredes’s girlfriend stole 25 two bottles of tequila from a grocery store in San Jose. Second Amd. Compl. ¶ 10 (“SAC”), ECF 26 No. 47. A store employee attempted to detain Mr. Paredes’s girlfriend as she was leaving the 27 store. Id. Observing the interaction from the parking lot, Mr. Paredes ran to his girlfriend’s aid 1 and Mr. Paredes and his girlfriend fled on foot. Id. 2 The store employee reported the incident to the police. Id. ¶ 11. A nearby police 3 helicopter responded to the scene and identified Mr. Paredes running through a residential 4 neighborhood. Id. The air officers informed K-9 Officer Michael Jeffrey, K-9 Sergeant Bret 5 Hatzenbuhler, Officer Kyle Alleman, Officer Anthony Ledwith, Officer Shayna Nail, and several 6 other unidentified San Jose police officers that Mr. Paredes was hiding underneath a tree in the 7 backyard of a private residence. Id. ¶ 12. The helicopter unit announced over a loudspeaker that 8 Mr. Paredes had one minute to surrender before the police deployed the police dog to find him. 9 Id. 10 Air officers informed the officers on the ground that Mr. Paredes had left his position 11 under the tree and climbed inside a plastic yard waste bin on the side of the house. Id. ¶ 13. 12 Officer Jeffrey, Sergeant Hatzenbuhler, Officer Alleman, Officer Ledwith, Officer Nail, and the 13 police dog entered the house’s backyard. Id. ¶ 14. Other officers surrounded the property. Id. 14 Officer Jeffrey released the police dog, and the dog quickly found Mr. Paredes. Id. at 14. 15 The dog barked and pawed at the bin in which Mr. Paredes was hiding for nearly a minute as 16 police approached with their firearms drawn. Id. None of the officers announced their presence. 17 Id. Sergeant Hatzenbuhler attempted to topple the waste bin with a broom he found beside the 18 house but was unsuccessful. Id. Officer Alleman shoved the bin over with his hands, but the lid 19 of the bin remained closed. Id. Mr. Paredes called out, “Alright! Alright!” Id. Officer Alleman 20 pulled on the base of the bin, but the lid still remained closed. Id. ¶ 15. Mr. Paredes again called 21 out, “Alright! Alright!” Id. Officer Alleman again pulled on the base of the bin, this time causing 22 the lid to open and exposing Mr. Paredes. Id. 23 Officer Jeffrey ordered the police dog to bite. Id. The dog clamped down on Mr. 24 Paredes’s neck. Id. Officers yelled to Mr. Paredes not to fight the dog and to let go of it. Id. 25 Sergeant Hatzenbuhler and Officer Alleman pulled Mr. Paredes from the bin while the dog 26 remained clamped on his throat. Id. at 16. Mr. Paredes was not resisting. Id. 27 Officer Ledwith called to Officer Jeffrey to get the dog off Mr. Paredes. Id. ¶ 17. Officer 1 are trained, not to pull back on a police dog’s harness when removing a bite. Id. The dog 2 remained clamped down on Mr. Paredes’s neck, and Officer Jeffrey pulled on the harness with 3 enough force to lift Mr. Paredes’s torso from the ground. Id. 4 Sergeant Hatzenbuhler and Officer Alleman grabbed Mr. Paredes’s arms and as Officer 5 Jeffrey continued to pull against the harness. Id. ¶ 18. Sergeant Hatzenbuhler put Mr. Paredes’s 6 left arm in an armbar control hold and stepped on Mr. Paredes’s head as the dog continued to 7 attack. Id. Sergeant Hatzenbuhler removed his foot from Mr. Paredes’s head and once more 8 Officer Jeffrey pulled on the dog’s harness, lifting the dog from the ground and Mr. Paredes with 9 him. Id. The officers yelled at Mr. Paredes to stop fighting, but he was not fighting. Id. 10 Eventually, Officer Jeffrey ordered the dog to release. Id. After two unsuccessful commands, the 11 dog released—sixty seconds after its initial bite. Id. 12 Mr. Paredes suffered multiple injuries to his neck: his hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage 13 were broken; one of his vertebra was partially crushed; his larynx suffered trauma; he suffered 14 damage to his nerves and cartilage; his neck remains disfigured; and he suffers shoulder pain. Id. 15 ¶ 21. 16 Mr. Paredes’s complaint asserts five claims: (1) excessive force in violation of the Fourth 17 Amendment against Officer Jeffrey, Sergeant Hatzenbuhler, and Officer Alleman; (2) failure to 18 intervene against Sergeant Hatzenbuhler, Officer Alleman, and Officer Nail; (3) municipal 19 liability for unconstitutional customs and practices against the City of San Jose; (4) municipal 20 liability for ratification against the City of San Jose; and (5) municipal liability for inadequate 21 training against the City of San Jose. SAC ¶¶ 25-57. 22 II. LEGAL STANDARD 23 “A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a 24 claim upon which relief can be granted ‘tests the legal sufficiency of a claim.’” Conservation 25 Force v. Salazar, 646 F.3d 1240, 1241-42 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 26 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001)). When determining whether a claim has been stated, the Court accepts 27 as true all well-pled factual allegations and construes them in the light most favorable to the 1 need not “accept as true allegations that contradict matters properly subject to judicial notice” or 2 “allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable 3 inferences.” In re Gilead Scis. Sec. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation 4 marks and citations omitted). 5 While a complaint need not contain detailed factual allegations, it “must contain sufficient 6 factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. 7 Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). 8 A claim is facially plausible when it “allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 9 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. 10 On a motion to dismiss, the Court’s review is limited to the face of the complaint and 11 matters judicially noticeable. MGIC Indem. Corp. v. Weisman, 803 F.2d 500, 504 (9th Cir. 1986); 12 N. Star Int’l v. Ariz. Corp. Comm’n, 720 F.2d 578, 581 (9th Cir. 1983). 13 III. DISCUSSION 14 Mr. Paredes asserts three municipal liability claims against the City of San Jose under 42 15 U.S.C. § 1983. “The Supreme Court in [Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New 16 York, 436 U.S. 658 (1978)], held that municipalities may only be held liable under section 17 1983 for constitutional violations resulting from official [municipal] policy or custom.” Benavidez 18 v. Cnty. of San Diego, 993 F.3d 1134, 1153 (9th Cir. 2021). “[P]olicies can include written 19 policies, unwritten customs and practices, failure to train municipal employees on avoiding certain 20 obvious constitutional violations, and, in rare instances, single constitutional violations [that] are 21 so inconsistent with constitutional rights that even such a single instance indicates at least 22 deliberate indifference of the municipality.” Id. (internal citations omitted). “A municipality may 23 [also] be held liable for a constitutional violation if a final policymaker ratifies a subordinate's 24 actions.” Lytle v. Carl, 382 F.3d 978, 987 (9th Cir. 2004). “In order to establish liability for 25 governmental entities under Monell, a plaintiff must prove ‘(1) that [the plaintiff] possessed a 26 constitutional right of which [s]he was deprived; (2) that the municipality had a policy; (3) that 27 this policy amounts to deliberate indifference to the plaintiff's constitutional right; and, (4) that the 1 F.3d 892, 900 (9th Cir. 2011) (alterations in original) (quoting Plumeau v. Sch. Dist. No. 40 Cnty. 2 of Yamhill, 130 F.3d 432, 438 (9th Cir. 1997)). 3 Mr. Paredes’s three claims against the City are based on an alleged unconstitutional 4 custom or practice (Claim 3); ratification (Claim 4); and failure to train (Claim 5). SAC ¶¶ 39-57. 5 Defendants move to dismiss each of these claims. Notice of Mot. 1, ECF No. 54. 6 A. Claim 3: Unconstitutional Customs and Practices 7 A municipality may be held liable for its use of an unconstitutional policy if a plaintiff can 8 “prove the existence of a widespread practice that, although not authorized by written law or 9 express municipal policy, is ‘so permanent and well settled as to constitute a custom or usage with 10 the force of law.’” City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 127 (1988) (quoting Adickes v. 11 S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 167-68 (1970)). “Liability for improper custom may not be 12 predicated on isolated or sporadic incidents”; rather, “[t]he custom must be so persistent and 13 widespread that it constitutes a permanent and well settled city policy.” Trevino v. Gates, 99 F.3d 14 911, 918 (9th Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). To withstand a motion 15 to dismiss for failure to state a claim, a Monell claim must consist of more than mere “formulaic 16 recitations of the existence of unlawful policies, customs, or habits.” Warner v. Cnty. of San 17 Diego, No. 10-cv-1057 BTM (BLM), 2011 WL 662993, at *4 (S.D. Cal. Feb. 14, 2011). 18 Defendants argue that Mr. Paredes’s claim fails because Mr. Paredes has not articulated a 19 specific unconstitutional custom or practice that the City has implemented. Mot. 8. Defendants 20 further argue that Mr. Paredes has not alleged an unconstitutional custom or practice because the 21 alleged bad acts are limited to those of a single officer. Mot. 7. Mr. Paredes responds that his 22 custom or policy claim is supported by reference to other lawsuits and instances of excessive 23 force. Opp’n 18-19. Mr. Paredes also argues that his allegations that the Chief of Police 24 “reviewed the events surrounding Mr. Paredes’ injuries and deemed the actions of these 25 defendants . . . ‘within policy,’” establish that that there must be an unconstitutional policy. Id. at 26 20-21. 27 The Court agrees with Defendants that Mr. Paredes has not sufficiently identified an 1 unconstitutional “customs and practices.” See SAC ¶ 40(a)-(o). A review of the list reveals that 2 the alleged customs and practices fall into two groups, neither of which contains a plausibly 3 alleged custom or practice that supports a Monell claim. 4 The alleged customs and practices in the first group do not support a Monell claim because 5 they “consist[] of formulaic recitations of the existence of unlawful policies, customs, or habits” 6 unsupported by any factual allegations. Warner, 2011 WL 662993, at *4. For example, Mr. 7 Paredes alleges that the City has a custom and practice of “encouraging, accommodating, or 8 ratifying the use of excessive, unreasonable, and potentially deadly force by its officers.” SAC ¶ 9 40(a); see also SAC ¶¶ 40(b)-(g), (o)-(p). Boilerplate conclusions of customs and practices 10 unsupported by factual allegations, like those alleged by Mr. Paredes, are routinely found to be 11 insufficient to state a plausible Monell claim. See Lesher v. City of Anderson, No. 2:21-CV- 12 00386-WBS-DMC, 2021 WL 2682161, at *4 (E.D. Cal. June 30, 2021); Warner, 2011 WL 13 662993, at *4; see also Duenas v. Cty. of Imperial, 2015 WL 12656291, at *4 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 9, 14 2015) (holding that a complaint “falls short of the requirements for pleading a Monell claim” 15 because plaintiffs set forth a speculative list of various policies but no “allegations of underlying 16 facts”). 17 The other alleged “customs and practices” comprise acts of a single officer—Officer 18 Jeffrey. See SAC ¶¶ 40(h)-(m). “Liability for improper custom may not be predicated on isolated 19 or sporadic incidents; it must be founded upon practices of sufficient duration, frequency and 20 consistency that the conduct has become a traditional method of carrying out policy.” Trevino 99 21 F.3d at 918. Thus, “[t]here is a distinction between multiple bad acts by one employee versus bad 22 acts by multiple employees—Monell covers the latter, not the former.” Nguyen v. City of San 23 Jose, No. 5:21-CV-00092-EJD, 2022 WL 912891, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 29, 2022) (citing City of 24 Okla. City v. Tuttle, 471 U.S. 808, 831 (1985) (Brennan J., concurring)). Here, Mr. Paredes’s 25 complaint relies on six alleged canine deployments involving Officer Jeffrey occurring between 26 September 14, 2018, and September 23, 2019. SAC ¶¶ 40(h)-(m). These allegations are 27 insufficient to state a claim because one officer’s acts over the course of a year do not create a 1 See Nguyen, 2022 WL 912891, at *4 (“While [the employee’s] inspections may have been prolific 2 during his two years enforcing [the ordinance], the Court cannot plausibly infer a custom or 3 practice from one employee’s activities for two years.”). 4 Mr. Paredes’s citation to two other lawsuits concerning SJPD canine officers does not save 5 his claim. One of the cases, Huipio v. City of San Jose, concerns one of the six canine 6 deployments by Officer Jeffrey mentioned in the SAC. Compare First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 1-25, 7 Huipio v. City of San Jose, No. 5:21-cv-7838-SVK (N.D. Cal. Feb. 2, 2022), ECF No. 23, with 8 SAC ¶ 40(3). Thus, Huipio adds nothing to Mr. Paredes’s otherwise deficient allegations. The 9 other case, Rosenbaum v. Dunn, concerns a canine deployment by another SJPD officer. Third 10 Am. Compl., Rosenbaum v. Dunn, No. 5:20-cv-4777-NC (N.D. Cal. Apr. 20, 2021), ECF No. 40. 11 But Rosenbaum too adds nothing to Mr. Paredes’s allegations because Mr. Paredes does not 12 explain what custom or practice is demonstrated by the alleged conduct in Rosenbaum. See Vera 13 v. Pfiffer, No. 2:19-06846 JAK (ADS), 2022 WL 4238099, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 8, 2022) 14 (“Plaintiff must identify a policy, practice, or custom that was the moving force behind these 15 alleged constitutional violations.”). Furthermore, one alleged incident involving an officer other 16 than Officer Jeffrey does not plausibly suggest that any challenged conduct was “so persistent and 17 widespread” that it “practically [had] the force of law” or had “become a traditional method of 18 carrying out policy.” See Trevino, 99 F.3d at 918. 19 Finally, Mr. Paredes’s allegation that the Acting SJPD Police Chief “reviewed [the] events 20 and found that . . . the use of force was ‘within policy’” does not render Mr. Paredes’s custom or 21 practice claim plausible because, again, Mr. Paredes does not identify the challenged policy. See 22 Rodelo v. City of Tulare, No. 1:15-CV-01675-KJM-BAM, 2016 WL 561520, at *1, 4 (E.D. Cal. 23 Feb. 12, 2016) (granting motion to dismiss custom or practice claim despite allegation that final 24 policymaker approved acts as being “within policy” because plaintiff “d[id] not identify any 25 specific policies or customs, explain how those policies or customs were deficient, or explain how 26 they specifically caused plaintiff harm”). 27 Defendants’ motion to dismiss Mr. Paredes’s claim against the City for unconstitutional B. Claim 4: Ratification 1 “A municipality may be held liable for a constitutional violation if a final policymaker 2 ratifies a subordinate’s actions.” Lytle v. Carl, 382 F.3d 978, 987 (9th Cir. 2004). “To show 3 ratification, a plaintiff must show that the authorized policymakers approve a subordinate’s 4 decision and the basis for it.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The 5 policymaker must have knowledge of the constitutional violation and actually approve of it—a 6 failure to overrule a subordinate's actions, without more, is insufficient to support a § 1983 claim. 7 Id. In other words, ratification requires an authorized policymaker to make a “conscious, 8 affirmative choice” to endorse a subordinate’s actions. Gillette v. Delmore, 979 F.2d 1342, 1347 9 (9th Cir. 1992). 10 Mr. Paredes alleges that Dave Tindall, the City’s then Acting Chief of Police, ratified the 11 alleged unconstitutional conduct of the defendant officers when he deemed their actions 12 “objectively reasonable” and “within policy.” SAC ¶ 47. Defendants argue that these allegations 13 fail to state a ratification claim because the Chief of Police is not a final policymaker under the 14 San Jose City Charter. Mot. 8-9. Mr. Paredes concedes that the San Jose City Charter does not 15 expressly vest the relevant policymaking authority in the Chief of Police but argues that the City 16 has delegated that authority. Opp’n 21. 17 Both parties rely on documents outside of the pleadings to support their arguments. 18 Defendants rely on the San Jose City Charter. See Mot. 8-9 (citing San Jose, Cal., City Charter 19 §§ 701, 801). Mr. Paredes relies on the SJPD Duty Manual. See Opp’n 21 (citing of the SJPD 20 Duty Manual, Procedure A 2801). Neither party disputes the authenticity or accuracy of the 21 documents, and both documents are publicly available on government webpages.1 The Court 22 therefore takes judicial notice of both documents. See Daniels-Hall v. Nat’l Educ. Ass’n, 629 F.3d 23 992, 999-1000 (9th Cir. 2010) (noting that it is appropriate to take judicial notice of information 24 25 26 1 The San Jose City Charter is available at https://www.sanjoseca.gov/your- 27 government/appointees/city-clerk/city-charter. The SJPD Duty Manual is available as a link from 1 “made publicly available by government entities” when “neither party disputes the authenticity of 2 the web sites or the accuracy of the information displayed therein”). 3 “[T]he identification of policymaking officials is a question of state law.” Hyland v. 4 Wonder, 117 F.3d 405, 414 (9th Cir. 1997) (quoting Praprotnik, 485 U.S. at 124). To determine 5 who has final policymaking authority, the Court looks to the City’s charter and the ordinances 6 enacted pursuant to it. Nguyen, 2022 WL 912891, at *11 (citing Praprotnik, 485 U.S. at 123-26); 7 cf. also Ulrich v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 308 F.3d 968, 985 (9th Cir. 2002) (“[U]nder 8 California law, a city’s Charter determines municipal affairs such as personnel matters.” (quoting 9 Hyland, 117 F.3d at 414)). However, “[a]uthority to make municipal policy may be . . . delegated 10 by an official who possesses such authority.” Christie v. Iopa, 176 F.3d 1231, 1236 (9th Cir. 11 1999) (quoting Praprotnik, 485 U.S. at 127). Although “the identification of those officials whose 12 decisions represent the official policy of the local governmental unit is itself a legal question,” Jett 13 v. Dall. Indep. Sch. Dist., 491 U.S. 701, 737 (1989), the question of whether policymaking 14 authority has been delegated may be informed by underlying facts, see Bouman v. Block, 940 F.2d 15 1211, 1231 (9th Cir. 1991). “In deciding whether the official in question possess[es] final 16 authority to establish municipal policy with respect to the challenged action, ‘courts consider 17 whether the official's discretionary decision is constrained by policies not of that official's making 18 and whether the official's decision is subject to review by the municipality's authorized 19 policymakers.’” Weimer v. City of Sequim, No. 3:14-CV-05713-RJB, 2015 WL 4759106 (W.D. 20 Wash. Aug. 12, 2015) (quoting Christie, 176 F.3d at 1236-37). 21 The Court finds that Mr. Paredes has plausibly alleged that Chief Tindall, as Acting Police 22 Chief, had been delegated the relevant final policymaking authority. As Defendants note, the City 23 Charter states that the City Manager “shall direct and supervise the administration of all 24 departments” and department heads are “subject to the direction and supervision of the City 25 Manager.” San Jose City Charter §§ 701, 801. However, Procedure A 2801 of the SJPD Duty 26 Manual states that “[t]he Chief of Police is the chief executive officer of the Department and the 27 final authority regarding all matters of policy, operations and discipline.” This statement renders 1 operations and discipline” concerning SJPD to the Chief of Police and thus renders plausible Mr. 2 Paredes’s allegation that Chief Tindall “had final policymaking authority for the City of San Jose 3 concerning the acts and omissions of police officers within his chain of command.” See SAC ¶ 4 46. Accordingly, the Court disagrees with Defendants that Mr. Paredes has failed to plausibly 5 allege ratification by a final policymaker. 6 Defendants’ motion to dismiss Mr. Paredes’s ratification claim is DENIED. 7 C. Claim 5: Inadequate Training 8 “[F]ailure to train an employee who has caused a constitutional violation can be the basis 9 for § 1983 liability where the failure to train amounts to deliberate indifference to the rights of 10 persons with whom the employee comes into contact.” Long v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 442 F.3d 11 1178, 1186 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 388 (1989)). This 12 standard is met when “the need for more or different training is so obvious, and the inadequacy so 13 likely to result in the violation of constitutional rights, that the policymakers of the city can 14 reasonably be said to have been deliberately indifferent to the need.” Canton, 489 U.S. at 390. 15 “Only where a failure to train reflects a ‘deliberate’ or ‘conscious’ choice by a municipality—a 16 ‘policy’ as defined by our prior cases—can a city be liable for such a failure under § 1983.” Id. at 17 389. “A municipality’s culpability for a deprivation of rights is at its most tenuous where a claim 18 turns on a failure to train.” Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 61 (2011). 19 Defendants argue that Mr. Paredes fails to plead a plausible failure-to-train claim because 20 he does not allege a pattern of violations by multiple police officers. Mot. 11-14. According to 21 Defendants, Mr. Paredes’s allegations that a single officer, Officer Jeffrey, committed multiple 22 constitutional violations are insufficient to state a failure-to-train claim. Id. Mr. Paredes responds 23 that he has alleged that the City’s inadequate training extended to officers other than officer 24 Jeffrey. Opp’n 22. As an example, Mr. Paredes cites his allegation that “the City of San Jose, 25 acting with deliberate indifference to the rights of Mr. Paredes, and of the Public in general, 26 knowingly maintained, enforced, and applied customs and practices of . . . [i]nadequately 27 supervising, training, and disciplining officers who the City knew or in exercise of reasonable care 1 Id. at 22-23. Mr. Paredes also notes that there has been a separate federal action filed against an 2 SJPD police officer other than Officer Jeffrey concerning the City’s police canine deployment 3 policies. See id. (citing Third Am. Compl., Rosenbaum v. Dunn, No. 5:20-cv-4777-NC (N.D. Cal. 4 Apr. 20, 2021), ECF No. 40). 5 The Court finds that Mr. Paredes has not plausibly alleged a failure-to-train claim against 6 the City. The Ninth Circuit has held that “evidence of the failure to train a single officer is 7 insufficient to establish a municipality's deliberate policy.” Blankenhorn v. City of Orange, 485 8 F.3d 463, 484 (9th Cir. 2007). Accordingly, Courts in this Circuit have granted motions to dismiss 9 failure-to-train claims where the claims are based on allegations regarding the conduct of a single 10 officer. See, e.g., Hayes v. Riley, 525 F. Supp. 3d 1118, 1120 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (granting motion 11 to dismiss where “the complaint focuses almost entirely on the actions of [a single officer]”); cf. 12 also Cavanaugh v. Cnty. of San Diego, No. 3:18-CV-02557-BEN-LL, 2020 WL 6703592, at *37 13 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 12, 2020) (granting motion to dismiss where “Plaintiffs rely only on evidence 14 concerning two employees . . . which is not enough to constitute a program-wide policy of 15 deliberate indifference.”) aff’d, No. 20-56311, 2021 WL 6103115 (9th Cir. Dec. 22, 2021). Here, 16 the factual allegations underlying Mr. Paredes’s failure-to-train claim solely concern the conduct 17 of a single officer—Officer Jeffrey. Such allegations are insufficient to enable the court to infer 18 that the City has adopted “a program-wide policy of deliberate indifference” and are therefore 19 insufficient to plausibly allege a failure-to-train claim. See Cavanaugh, 2020 WL 6703592, at 20 *37. 21 Mr. Paredes argues that he includes allegations regarding other officers, but a review of 22 those allegations reveals that they are “conclusory recitations of the elements of Monell liability, 23 which [are] insufficient under Twombly and Iqbal.” Ryan v. Santa Clara Valley Transportation 24 Auth., No. 16-CV-04032-LHK, 2017 WL 1175596, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 30, 2017). Specifically, 25 Mr. Paredes cites his allegations that “the City of San Jose, acting with deliberate indifference to 26 the rights of Mr. Paredes, and of the public in general, knowingly maintained, enforced, and 27 applied customs and practices of . . . [i]nadequately supervising, training, and disciplining officers 1 their authority, and mistreated members of the public” and “[t]he City’s policies and practices 2 were not adequate to train its police officers to handle these common and recurring situations 3 which officers around the nation deal with on a daily basis, i.e., the appropriate use of a canine to 4 apprehend a subject.” These allegations are insufficient to state a failure-to-train claim because 5 they do not identify what the training was, how it was deficient, or how it led to Mr. Paredes’s 6 harm. See Ryan, 2017 WL 1175596, at *9; see also Rodelo, 2016 WL 561520, at *3 (granting 7 motion to dismiss because plaintiff failed to plead the specific inadequacies of City’s training 8 practices). 9 Mr. Paredes’s citation in his Opposition to the complaint in Rosenbaum, a case concerning 10 an SJPD K-9 officer other than Officer Jeffrey, also does not save his claim. As an initial matter, 11 Mr. Paredes includes no allegations about Rosenbaum in his SAC. Furthermore, Mr. Paredes 12 does not explain how the allegations in Rosenbaum support his failure-to-train claim. Mr. Paredes 13 describes Rosenbaum as “[a]lleging in 2019 SJPD Officer Dunn deployed a police K-9 who bit 14 Rosenbaum for over twenty seconds as a result of the ‘CITY OF SAN JOSE train[ing] its officers 15 to utilize a “bite and hold” policy regarding the deployment of its K-9s, which results in persons 16 being bit by San Jose Police Department K9s even when not evading arrest (and or surrendering) 17 and also permits officers to use their K-9s for longer periods of time when effectuating arrest, even 18 though such a policy/custom and practice has the effect of increasing injuries to the persons being 19 detained through the use of a police K-9, even if such persons do not pose a threat to officers.’” 20 Thus, by Mr. Paredes’s account, Rosenbaum appears to concern alleged affirmative training to 21 utilize a “bite and hold” policy and deploy police canines for “longer periods of time.” By 22 contrast, Mr. Paredes’s claim arises from the City’s alleged failure to provide adequate training. 23 Given this difference, it is unclear how the allegations in Rosenbaum lend any plausibility to Mr. 24 Paredes’s claim. 25 Defendants’ motion to dismiss Mr. Paredes’s failure-to-train claim is GRANTED WITH 26 LEAVE TO AMEND. 27 IV. ORDER 1 1. Defendants’ motion to dismiss Mr. Paredes’s claim against the City of San Jose for 2 unconstitutional customs and practices (Claim 3) is GRANTED WITH LEAVE TO 3 AMEND. 4 2. Defendants’ motion to dismiss Mr. Paredes’s claim against the City of San Jose for 5 ratification (Claim 4) is DENIED. 6 3. Defendants’ motion to dismiss Mr. Paredes’s claim against the City of San Jose for failure 7 to train (Claim 5) is GRANTED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. 8 9 To the extent Mr. Paredes requests to proceed with his customs and practices and failure- 10 || to-train claims, he SHALL file a Third Amended Complaint by July 28, 2023. Amendment is 11 limited to the scope permitted by this Order. If Mr. Paredes files a Third Amended Complaint, 12 || Defendants SHALL file a responsive pleading or motion within 30 days of service of the Third 5 13 || Amended Complaint. If Mr. Paredes does not file a Third Amended Complaint, Defendants 14 || SHALL file their responsive pleading to any surviving claims in Mr. Paredes’s Second Amended 3 15 Complaint by August 11, 2023. 16

= 17 Dated: June 26, 2023 18 hacican

BETH LABSON FREEMAN

19 United States District Judge 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28