1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 THE BRANDR GROUP, LLC, Case No. 23-cv-02994-HSG

8 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING APPLICATION

FOR TEMPORARY RESTRAINING

9 v. ORDER

10 ELECTRONIC ARTS INC., Re: Dkt. No. 7 11 Defendant.

12 13 Pending before the Court is Plaintiff The Brandr Group, LLC’s application for a temporary 14 restraining order. The Court finds this matter appropriate for disposition without oral argument 15 and the matter is deemed submitted. See Civil L.R. 7-1(b). For the reasons detailed below, the 16 Court DENIES the application. 17 I. BACKGROUND 18 On June 20, 2023, Defendant Electronic Arts Inc. removed this action from San Mateo 19 Superior Court. Dkt. No. 1. In the complaint, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant is interfering with 20 its contractual relationship with certain colleges and their student athletes by soliciting them to 21 participate in Defendant’s upcoming EA Sports College Football video game. Dkt. No. 1-1, Ex. 1 22 (“Compl.”). Plaintiff states that it has become a leader in the “collegiate group licensing” industry 23 since 2021 when the National Collegiate Athletic Association (“NCAA”) permitted student 24 athletes to be compensated for the use of their own name, image, and likeness (“NIL”). Id. at 25 ¶¶ 2–3, 23–26; see also Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n v. Alston, 141 S. Ct. 2141, 2160–2166 26 (2021); O’Bannon v. Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 802 F.3d 1049, 1057–79 (9th Cir. 2015). As 27 relevant here, Plaintiff further contends that it has entered into exclusive “Group Rights Licensing 1 experiences” for them. See, e.g., Compl. at ¶¶ 8, 19–20, 27–48. Under these agreements, Plaintiff 2 urges that entities such as Defendant must negotiate directly with or otherwise obtain consent from 3 Plaintiff to use the NIL of three or more student athletes from one specific sport or six or more 4 student athletes from multiple sports in combination with a school’s intellectual property (e.g., the 5 school’s brand, logos, stadiums, mascots, or fight songs). See id. at ¶¶ 27–48, 61, 86, 91, 141–42, 6 155–56, 176. Plaintiff does not consent to the licensing of its clients’ IP or NIL, and suggests that 7 Defendant is misleading schools and students about their contractual obligations. See id. at ¶¶ 81– 8 82, 89, 92–93, 95, 130, 149, 163. Plaintiff further alleges that it has heard from its partner schools 9 that Defendant is “pressuring” schools who have not yet opted into the video game to do so by 10 June 30, 2023. See id. at ¶¶ 92, 81–82, 120. 11 Based on these facts, Plaintiff brings causes of action for (1) tortious interference with 12 contract; (2) violation of California’s statutory right of publicity, California Civil Code § 3344; 13 (3) violation of the common law right of publicity; (4) violation of California’s Unfair 14 Competition Law (“UCL”), Business and Professions Code §§ 17200, et seq.; and (5) declaratory 15 relief. Id. at ¶¶ 125–179. 16 On June 22, 2023, Plaintiff filed an application for a temporary restraining order (“TRO”). 17 Dkt. No. 7. Plaintiff argues that such emergency relief is necessary at the outset of this litigation 18 because Defendant has imposed an artificial deadline of June 30, 2023, for schools to enter into 19 agreements to participate in the upcoming video game. See id. at 1, 8, 19. Doing so, Plaintiff 20 asserts, wrongfully cuts Plaintiff out of the negotiation process and threatens to drive it out of 21 business entirely. Id. at 19–22. Plaintiff accordingly seeks to enjoin Defendant from (1) directly 22 or indirectly soliciting Plaintiff’s (as yet unidentified) clients for their participation in the video 23 game; (2) directly or indirectly interfering with Plaintiff’s contractual rights under its 24 Collaboration Agreements and Group Licensing Authorization and Assignment Agreements; and 25 (3) directly or indirectly using, appropriating, or incorporating the NIL of Plaintiff’s clients 26 without Plaintiff’s express authorization and consent. Id. at 1–2. Defendant opposes the requested 27 issuance of a TRO. See Dkt. No. 16. 1 II. LEGAL STANDARD 2 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65, a temporary restraining order may enjoin 3 conduct pending a hearing on a preliminary injunction. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b). The standard 4 for issuing a temporary restraining order and issuing a preliminary injunction are substantially 5 identical. See Stuhlbarg Int’l Sales Co., Inc. v. John D. Brush & Co., 240 F.3d 832, 839, n.7 (9th 6 Cir. 2001). A plaintiff seeking preliminary relief must establish: (1) that it is likely to succeed on 7 the merits; (2) that it is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief; 8 (3) that the balance of equities tips in its favor; and (4) that an injunction is in the public interest. 9 See Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). Preliminary relief is “an 10 extraordinary remedy that may only be awarded upon a clear showing that the plaintiff is entitled 11 to such relief.” Id. at 22. A court must find that “a certain threshold showing” is made on each of 12 the four required elements. Leiva-Perez v. Holder, 640 F.3d 962, 966 (9th Cir. 2011). Under the 13 Ninth Circuit's sliding scale approach, a preliminary injunction may issue if there are “serious 14 questions going to the merits” if “a hardship balance [also] tips sharply towards the [movant],” 15 and “so long as the [movant] also shows that there is a likelihood of irreparable injury and that the 16 injunction is in the public interest.” All. for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1135 (9th 17 Cir. 2011). 18 III. DISCUSSION 19 Plaintiff asserts that it meets all four requirements for a TRO because Defendant “brazenly 20 violated [its] rights” by encouraging schools to enter into agreements with Defendant by June 30, 21 2023, to participate in the video game, and “threatening that they will be excluded from the highly 22 anticipated game if they do not comply” by then. See Dkt. No. 7 at 1. The Court finds that 23 Plaintiff has not established that such an “extraordinary remedy” is warranted in this case. 24 A. Irreparable Harm 25 As an initial matter, Plaintiff has not shown that it is likely to suffer any immediate or 26 irreparable harm absent a TRO. A TRO is intended to preserve the status quo and prevent 27 irreparable harm until a hearing can be held on a preliminary injunction. See E. Bay Sanctuary 1 preserving the status quo and preventing irreparable harm just so long as is necessary to hold a 2 hearing and no longer.” (quotation omitted)); see also Fed. R. Civ P. 65(b). But Plaintiff has not 3 shown the immediacy of any alleged harm if the Court does not grant it interim relief. See 4 Caribbean Marine Servs. Co. v. Baldrige, 844 F.2d 668, 674 (9th Cir. 1988) (“[A] plaintiff must 5 demonstrate immediate threatened injury as a prerequisite to preliminary injunctive relief.”). 6 In its application, Plaintiff contends that absent a TRO, Defendant will continue to 7 interfere with its contractual agreements with colleges and student athletes. Specifically, Plaintiff 8 states that Defendant has given schools an “artificial June 30 deadline” to sign an agreement to 9 participate in the video game. See Dkt. No. 7 at 1, 18–19. Thus, Plaintiff reasons, more schools 10 may enter into agreements with Defendant given this time pressure and the risk of missing an 11 opportunity to participate in the video game. Id. Plaintiff further suggests that after this June 30 12 date, Defendant “will turn its focus to signing [its] Client Athletes.” Id. at 19. Plaintiff offers 13 little support for these suppositions. In a declaration, the President of The Brandr Group simply 14 states that he learned of this June 30 deadline “based upon reports to [Plaintiff] by multiple Partner 15 Schools . . . .” Dkt. No. 7-1 (“Haynes Decl.”) at ¶ 31. 16 However, in its opposition, Defendant clarifies that the June 30 date is not a deadline at all. 17 See Dkt. No. 16-3 (“Moss Decl.”) at ¶ 8; Dkt. No. 16-1 (“O’Brien Decl.”) at ¶ 15. Instead, it is “a 18 target date” for schools to indicate their interest in being a part of the game to allow game 19 designers ample time to render the schools’ intellectual property—such as the stadiums and 20 jerseys—as realistically as possible. See id. Schools may still opt in or opt out after this June 30 21 date. Id. And even if this date puts some pressure on schools, the game itself is intended to be 22 based on the 2024 football season, and Defendant does not anticipate releasing the game until 23 summer 2024. See O’Brien Decl. at ¶¶ 6, 13. Moreover, Plaintiff’s theory of liability turns on 24 Defendant soliciting both colleges and students for the video game. But Defendant has not 25 reached out to any student athletes to participate in the game yet. See id. at ¶ 13. Because schools 26 generally do not set their rosters until spring, Defendant anticipates that it likely will not identify 27 eligible students until 2024. Id. Given this runway, Plaintiff has not demonstrated the threat of 1 Even putting aside such immediacy problems, Plaintiff has not demonstrated any 2 likelihood of irreparable harm either. Mere financial injury “will not constitute irreparable harm if 3 adequate compensatory relief will be available in the course of litigation.” Goldie’s Bookstore, 4 Inc. v. Superior Court, 739 F.2d 466, 471 (9th Cir. 1984) (concluding that plaintiff’s harm would 5 be easily calculable in damages); see Sampson v. Murray, 415 U.S. 61, 90 (1974) (“The possibility 6 that adequate compensatory or other corrective relief will be available at a later date, in the 7 ordinary course of litigation, weighs heavily against a claim of irreparable harm.”). For these 8 reasons, preliminary injunctions are rarely issued for breach of contract claims. See Telephia Inc. 9 v. Cuppy, No. C 04-03508 SI, 2005 WL 588441, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 11, 2005) (“[A] claim for 10 breach of contract can be compensated by money damages, and does not warrant the issuance of a 11 preliminary injunction.”); ConWest Res., Inc. v. Playtime Novelties, Inc., No. C 06-5304 SBA, 12 2006 WL 3346226, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 17, 2006) (“[A] preliminary injunction will not issue 13 based on a breach of contract claim.”). 14 Here, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s alleged injuries are monetarily compensable and 15 otherwise speculative. Although Plaintiff asserts that Defendant is interfering with its contractual 16 rights with certain schools and student athletes, it provides little explanation as to why—even if 17 true—any resulting harm is irreparable. Dkt. No. 7 at 18–22. 18 At the outset, Plaintiff appears to suggest that a TRO or preliminary injunction is 19 appropriate any time there is an alleged breach of contract or tortious interference claim. See id. at 20 19 (arguing that injunctions are appropriate to “restrain[] continued interference”). As noted 21 above, however, courts generally find such claims to be compensable by monetary damages such 22 that preliminary injunctions are unwarranted. See, e.g., Telephia, 2005 WL 588441, at *3; 23 ConWest, 2006 WL 3346226, at *8. Plaintiff makes no effort to explain why alleged harms 24 stemming from tortious interference are inherently irreparable. Instead, Plaintiff cites a decades- 25 old case from the California Supreme Court, Imperial Ice Co. v. Rossier, 18 Cal. 2d 33, 34 (Cal. 26 1941). The case is inapposite. 27 In Imperial Ice, the California Supreme Court addressed a dispute between competing ice 1 would not sell ice in Santa Monica. Id. at 34–35. Despite this agreement, a third-party 2 company—owned by Messrs. Rossier and Matheson—supplied Mr. Coker with ice, who then sold 3 it in Santa Monica. Id. The plaintiff sought an injunction to prevent Mr. Coker from violating his 4 agreement and to prevent Messrs. Rossier and Matheson from inducing Mr. Coker to violate his 5 agreement. Id. The case did not involve a request for a TRO or preliminary injunction at all. 6 Rather, the court simply recognized a common law tortious interference claim. Id. at 38–39 (“In 7 California . . . an action will lie for unjustifiably inducing a breach of contract.”). The court 8 explained that “[c]ontractual stability is generally accepted as of greater importance than 9 competitive freedom.” Id. at 36. 10 Plaintiff urges that the Ninth Circuit in hiQ Labs, Inc. v. LinkedIn Corp., 31 F.4th 1180, 11 1187 (9th Cir. 2022), recognized that preliminary injunctions are appropriate to prevent continuing 12 contractual interference. See Dkt. No. 7 at 19. But as explained in more detail below, the Ninth 13 Circuit did not adopt a uniform rule that preliminary injunctions are always appropriate when the 14 plaintiff brings such claims. Rather, the Court engaged in a detailed analysis of the four Winter 15 factors—including irreparable harm—to determine whether a preliminary injunction was 16 appropriate. See hiQ Labs, 31 F.4th at 1188–1202. 17 Plaintiff also asserts that because this case arises from the “unauthorized” use of student 18 athletes’ NILs, “irreparable harm is established.” See Dkt. No. 7 at 20. But Plaintiff fails to show 19 that any such categorical rule exists. The only authority Plaintiff cites is a single non-binding 20 district court case regarding the intellectual property rights of the estate of Christopher Wallace, 21 professionally known as Notorious B.I.G. See Notorious B.I.G. LLC v. Yes. Snowboards, No. 22 LACV1901946JAKKSX, 2022 WL 2784808, at *9 (C.D. Cal. June 3, 2022). In that case, the 23 court analyzed all the Winter factors to determine whether a preliminary injunction was 24 appropriate. See id. at *3–10. The plaintiff had licensed the exclusive right to manufacture and 25 sell various products with Wallace’s NIL, such as apparel and posters. Id. at *1–2. The pro se 26 defendant was a professional photographer who sold his own posters, prints, and NFTs with 27 Wallace’s NIL without a license. Id. The plaintiff argued that defendant’s sales diminished the 1 Id. The court explained that such injuries were financial and thus not irreparable. Id. *9. 2 However, the court concluded that the plaintiff had provided sufficient evidence that it had 3 carefully curated “Wallace’s legacy and the reputation of the Wallace brand” over the years, and 4 this brand was put at risk due to the defendant’s conduct. See id. The court did not detail how the 5 defendant’s conduct would have harmed the Wallace legacy and brand, or by extension the 6 plaintiff’s rights, if not enjoined. Id. at *9–10. 7 But even if the Court found this reasoning persuasive, such concerns are not implicated 8 here. There is simply no evidence in the record that the value of the students’ NILs would be 9 diminished by their use in the game. To the contrary, Plaintiff devotes substantial space in the 10 complaint to explaining the popularity of Defendant’s video games and the desire of athletes and 11 schools to participate in them. See, e.g., Compl. at ¶ 6 (“The Game presents an exciting 12 opportunity for young college football players to participate in what has historically been a 13 tremendously popular and successful video game . . . .”); id. at ¶ 82 (“[S]chools do not want to 14 miss out on the opportunity for its student-athletes to participate in the Game.”). Plaintiff had also 15 previously engaged in discussions with Defendant about the game. See id. at ¶¶ 10–11, 65–71. 16 Moreover, unlike the plaintiff in Notorious B.I.G., Plaintiff has not established that it 17 actually has an exclusive right to either the schools’ IP or the students’ NILs. As Defendant 18 explains, and Plaintiff’s application does not contest, the Collegiate Licensing Company (“CLC”) 19 is the exclusive licensing agency for over 700 schools. See Dkt. No. 7-3 (“Moss Decl.”) at ¶¶ 2–3. 20 As such, CLC negotiates and executes agreements to license its schools’ IP. Id. at ¶ 4. Plaintiff’s 21 agreement with schools (entitled the “Group Rights Collaboration Agreement”) does not grant 22 Plaintiff the right to use or license any of the schools’ IP. See Dkt. No. 7-4, Ex. 2 at 40–42. 23 Rather, Plaintiff and the schools simply “agree to work in collaboration to make available a Group 24 Licensing Program . . . .” Id. at 40. And as part of this program, the schools through their “third- 25 party licensing agency” will also make their IP “available for use in the Program at market rates 26 for co-branded products.” Id. at 41. The sample student agreement that Plaintiff provides (entitled 27 “Current Student-Athlete Group Licensing Authorization & Assignment”) also explicitly states 1 NIL agreements.” See Dkt. No. 7-4, Ex. 1 at 37 (emphasis in original).1 Nor does it “restrict any 2 of [a student’s] existing group NIL agreements nor any future NIL agreements that do not also 3 include the university’s co-branded IP.” Id. 4 What appears to be at stake here, then, is simply the possible monetary benefit that 5 Plaintiff could receive from creating co-branding licensing opportunities that package a school’s 6 IP and students’ NIL rights together. Plaintiff attempts to couch the loss of this co-branding 7 opportunity as irreparable harm. But this too falls short. 8 For example, Plaintiff suggests that it will suffer irreparable harm from “the lost 9 opportunity to negotiate fair compensation” for use of its student athletes’ NILs in the video 10 game.2 See Dkt. No. 7 at 20. More specifically, Plaintiff points out that it “is entitled to a 11 percentage of the Client Athletes’ proceeds, specifically from Group Licensing Programs 12 involving video games,” and repeatedly asserts that Defendant is not planning to pay a fair market 13 rate for use of students’ NILs. Id.; see also Compl. at ¶¶ 11, 99, 101. Plaintiff further alleges that 14 it “is well-positioned to influence the amount of compensation to be paid by [Defendant] to not 15 only its Client Athletes, but to all other student-athletes who may wish to participate in the Game.” 16 Compl. at ¶ 114. However, Plaintiff argues that absent a TRO, Defendant “will have free reign to 17 solicit [Plaintiff’s] Partner Schools and Client Athletes for their participation in the Game in direct 18 violation of [Plaintiff’s] Group Licensing rights . . . .” Dkt. No. 7 at 19. Setting aside for now 19 whether Defendant is actually engaged in a “Group Licensing Program,” Plaintiff at least argues 20 that it will not be properly compensated if Defendant continues soliciting schools or their student 21 athletes to participate in the video game. 22 Although Plaintiff has arguably identified potential harm that it will suffer from its 23 exclusion from the game negotiations, this does not constitute irreparable harm. See Sampson, 24 415 U.S. at 90 (“The key word in this consideration is irreparable. Mere injuries, however 25 substantial, in terms of money, time and energy necessarily expended in the absence of a stay, are 26 1 For ease of reference, the Court refers to the PDF pagination for exhibits unless otherwise noted. 27 2 To the extent Plaintiff suggests that the Court should consider the financial or reputational harm 1 not enough.”). Any purported damage from the schools’ and students’ participation in the game, 2 or the undervaluing of their NILs (and Plaintiff’s resulting payment), appears entirely 3 compensable. Plaintiff can estimate the fair market value for using the NILs in the game, as well 4 as the amount of money Plaintiff would have been entitled to from the game if it had vigorously 5 represented its clients as it wants to do here. 6 Lastly, Plaintiff suggests that Defendant’s conduct threatens the continuing value of its 7 own contractual rights. See Dkt. No. 7 at 19–21. According to Plaintiff, Defendant’s negotiations 8 “if left unchecked, threaten[] to diminish, if not completely destroy, [Plaintiff’s] exclusive group 9 license for video games for its school partners and their players.” Id. at 21. Additionally, Plaintiff 10 contends that Defendant’s conduct could have “a far-reaching impact” because it could set a 11 precedent for Defendant and other prospective licensees to disregard Plaintiff’s contractual rights. 12 Id. at 19. In other words, Plaintiff suggests that the alleged interference with one agreement could 13 implicate all its current and future agreements. If such extrapolation were enough on its own, any 14 breach of contract claim could establish irreparable harm for purposes of a TRO or preliminary 15 injunction. The Court is not aware of any case that stands for such a sweeping proposition. 16 Plaintiff also offers no support for its theory that such harm is likely here. 17 As the Ninth Circuit has cautioned, “[s]peculative injury cannot be the basis for a finding 18 of irreparable harm.” In re Excel Innovations, Inc., 502 F.3d 1086, 1098 (9th Cir. 2007). Plaintiff 19 argues that it may be driven out of business by or lose goodwill because of Defendant’s conduct. 20 In a single sentence, Plaintiff concludes that “there is a threat that [Defendant’s] misconduct will 21 spill over into [its] other businesses.” See Dkt. No. 7 at 22. In support of this assertion, Plaintiff 22 cites to the declaration from the President of The Brandr Group who simply says the company has 23 “developed a strong reputation as a leader in facilitating Collegiate Group Licensing 24 Programs . . . .” Haynes Decl. at ¶ 43. Far from demonstrating the likelihood of irreparable harm, 25 Mr. Haynes declaration appears to highlight the strength, breadth, and resilience of Plaintiff’s 26 business. The sample student agreement that Plaintiff attaches to the complaint further 27 underscores this, noting that Plaintiff “works on behalf of many former college athletes,” 1 group rights programs for retired NBA players,” and “has done projects for the US Women’s 2 National Soccer Team.” See Dkt. No. 7-4, Ex. 1 at 36. 3 Plaintiff has not provided any support for the idea that Defendant’s conduct will affect its 4 ability to enter into other group licensing ventures with its college and student athlete clients or 5 that it will have any effect on other aspects of its business. The Court agrees with Defendant that 6 at most, Plaintiff has identified “the loss of a single opportunity for [Plaintiff] to license the NILs 7 of student-athletes and Marks and Indicia of schools together for a single unreleased video game.” 8 Dkt. No. 16 at 12. This does not constitute irreparable harm. 9 Plaintiff’s own authorities highlight the inadequacy of Plaintiff’s irreparable harm showing 10 here. In hiQ Labs, the Ninth Circuit upheld a preliminary injunction which prohibited LinkedIn 11 from denying hiQ Labs, a data analytics company, access to publicly available data from LinkedIn 12 member profiles. 31 F.4th at 1184–85. HiQ Labs would scrape this user data—such as name, job 13 title, work history, and skills—to create “people analytics,” which it sold to business clients. Id. at 14 1187. LinkedIn sent hiQ Labs a cease-and-desist letter, and hiQ eventually sought a preliminary 15 injunction in federal court to preclude LinkedIn from blocking it from accessing the user data. Id. 16 at 1187–88. In evaluating irreparable harm, the Ninth Circuit explained that the “[t]he threat of 17 being driven out of business is sufficient to establish irreparable harm.” Id. at 1188 (quotation 18 omitted). In finding such harm, the Court credited hiQ Labs’ explanation that scraping data from 19 LinkedIn was its entire business, there was no viable alternative to this data, and hiQ Labs would 20 not be able to fulfill its current agreements with its business clients without this data. Id. at 1189. 21 The CEO further explained that its financing stalled and employees had left the company given the 22 uncertainty of the business’s future in light of the lawsuit. Id. Plaintiff, in contrast, has made no 23 effort to explain how it could be driven out of business. Nothing in the record before the Court 24 suggests that its entire business model somehow depends on brokering a deal related to a single 25 video game. 26 Plaintiff’s failure to demonstrate irreparable harm is fatal to its application for a TRO. See, 27 e.g., Amylin Pharms., Inc. v. Eli Lilly & Co., 456 F. App’x 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2011) (“Because 1 address the remaining factors necessary for injunctive relief.”).3 2 B. Likelihood of Success on the Merits 3 Even assuming Plaintiff could establish some showing of irreparable harm, it has not 4 shown a likelihood of success on the merits, or serious questions going to the merits, of its claims. 5 All Plaintiff’s claims turn on the theory that it has contractual agreements with certain schools and 6 student athletes to manage their “Group Licensing Programs.” See Dkt. No. 7 at 11–17. Plaintiff 7 further contends that Defendant’s video game, which may include both school IP and student 8 NILs, implicates these contractual agreements. Considering the plain language of the sample 9 agreements that Plaintiff provides, Plaintiff appears to overstate the scope of its rights and the 10 reach of these agreements. 11 First, Plaintiff points to a sample collaboration agreement with Michigan State University. 12 Under this agreement the school acknowledges that it “intends to make available a Group 13 Licensing Program for its current student-athletes in conjunction with the University’s official 14 marks, logos or other intellectual property.” See Dkt. No. 7-4, Ex. 2 at 40. As explained above, 15 Plaintiff and the schools therefore “agree to work in collaboration to make available a group 16 Licensing Program . . . .” Id. Under the collaboration agreement, the school further: 17 recognizes TBG as [the University’s] exclusive agent to develop, 18 implement and manage the Group Licensing Program among its current Athletes. During such time, [the University] shall not engage 19 any other third party, without the express written consent of TBG, to develop, implement or manage any similar program involving a group 20 of any size of current or former [University] Athletes. 21 22 Id. at 42. “Group Licensing Program,” in turn, is defined as “those licensing or sponsorship 23 programs in which a collegiate licensee or collegiate sponsor uses the Athlete Attributes of three 24 (3) or more current [University] Athletes from one sport or six (6) or more from multiple sports, in 25 combination with University trademarks and logos.” Id. at 40–41. 26 Second, Plaintiff’s sample group licensing agreement with student athletes reads in 27 1 relevant part: 2 The undersigned, an Athlete enrolled at [the University], hereby 3 grants and assigns to TBG and its licensing affiliates during the term only of this Agreement, the worldwide right to use and to grant to 4 licensees and sponsors the right to use all or any combination of the undersigned’s name, nickname, initials, autograph/signature, 5 facsimile, voice, caricature, photograph, portrait, picture, image, likeness, jersey number, statistics, data, biographical information or 6 any other identifiable feature (collectively known as “Athlete Attributes”) in Collegiate Group Licensing Programs of any kind. 7 8 Dkt. No. 7-4, Ex. 1 at 36 (emphasis added). The agreement defines “Group Licensing Agreement” 9 as it does in the school collaboration agreement. See id. 10 At bottom, the parties dispute the meaning of “Group Licensing Program” and its 11 application to Defendant’s licensing efforts for its video game. At least under California law,4 12 when interpreting contracts, the overarching goal is to effectuate the parties’ intent. Cal. Civ. 13 Code § 1636 (“A contract must be so interpreted as to give effect to the mutual intention of the 14 parties as it existed at the time of contracting.”). The plain language governs. Cal. Civ. Code 15 § 1638 (“The language of a contract is to govern its interpretation, if the language is clear and 16 explicit.”); see also Cal. Civ. Code § 1639 (“When a contract is reduced to writing, the intention 17 of the parties is to be ascertained from the writing alone, if possible.”). However, “[i]f the 18 terms . . . are in any respect ambiguous or uncertain, it must be interpreted in the sense in which 19 the promisor believed, at the time of making it, that the promisee understood it.” See id. at § 1649. 20 Therefore, when interpreting a contract, the Court must first determine whether its language is 21 ambiguous or reasonably susceptible to more than one interpretation. 22 Plaintiff, for its part, seems to simply assume that Defendant’s conduct is covered because 23 it intends to use schools’ IP and more than three students’ NILs in the same game. See, e.g., Dkt. 24 No. 7 at 12 (noting that the game would “feature whole teams of collegiate football programs”). 25 Critically, it does not explain why provisions about group licensing programs would be implicated 26 by separate license agreements between Defendant and the schools on the one hand and Defendant 27 1 and individual students on the other. Even if the IP and NILs are used in the same game, the 2 record suggests that such rights are not licensed together, nor are they apparently contingent on 3 each other. Defendant explains that “whether or not a school opts in by June 30 will have no 4 effect on whether any student-athlete from that school is also included in the game.” See O’Brien 5 Decl. at ¶ 15. 6 The agreements explicitly define a Group Licensing Program as “licensing or sponsorship 7 programs in which a collegiate licensee or collegiate sponsor uses the Athlete Attributes of three 8 (3) or more current [University] Athletes from one sport or six (6) or more from multiple sports, in 9 combination with University trademarks and logos.” Id. at 40–41 (emphasis added). Plaintiff’s 10 rights are therefore only implicated when licensing or sponsoring programs use both student NILs 11 and school IP. Neither the agreements nor the parties directly explain what constitutes a 12 “licensing or sponsorship program.” The surrounding language, however, provides context. 13 The student agreements, for example, state that “[t]he focus of the Collegiate Group 14 Licensing Programs will be co-branded licensing opportunities involving groups of Athletes’ NIL 15 along with [the University’s] IP.” See Dkt. No. 7-4, Ex. 1 at 36. They further provide that 16 Plaintiff shall represent a student athlete’s “group NIL rights only in any co-branded licensing that 17 also includes the University’s IP.” Id. at 37 (emphasis added). Licensing programs therefore 18 appear to require “co-branded licensing opportunities” where the rights of schools and students are 19 licensed together. In keeping with this narrow definition, the student group licensing agreements 20 also explicitly state that “this Agreement does NOT limit an Athlete’s right to grant the use of 21 his/her individual Athlete Attributes or individual NIL for publicity, advertising, or other 22 commercial purposes . . . .” Id. Nor does it “limit the Athlete’s right to join with other Athletes to 23 grant the group use of their NIL for publicity, advertising or other commercial purposes IF any 24 such other group NIL grant does not involve any use or co-branding of any kind of [the 25 University’s] own IP or property (such as trademarks, logos, jerseys, names, nicknames, etc.).” 26 Id. (emphasis added). 27 Here, even as alleged, Defendant is not obtaining group NIL grants or co-branded licenses. 1 Plaintiff believes “that there is significant value to athletes when [licensing] negotiations are 2 || handled as a group.” Dkt. No. 7 at 17-18. But this purported value cannot overcome the plain 3 language of the agreements at issue in this case. There is simply nothing in the record before the 4 || Court suggesting that schools and students must coordinate the licensing of their rights together 5 and with the help of Plaintiff. Plaintiff bears the burden of making a “clear showing” that it is 6 || entitled to a TRO, but it has failed to establish that such extraordinary relief is warranted here. See 7 Winter, 555 U.S. at 20. 8 || IV. CONCLUSION 9 Accordingly, the Court DENIES the application for temporary restraining order. The 10 || Court further ADVANCES the telephonic case management conference to August 15, 2023. The 11 parties shall submit a joint case management statement by August 8, 2023. 12 IT IS SO ORDERED. 13 Dated: 6/30/2023 Aauperl 3 hdl) 5 HAYWOOD S. GILLIAM, JR. United States District Judge 16

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