1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 San Francisco Division 11 STRIKE 3 HOLDINGS, LLC, Case No. 23-cv-03055-YGR (LB)

12 Plaintiff,

ORDER GRANTING EX PARTE

13 v. APPLICATION FOR LEAVE TO

SERVE THIRD-PARTY SUBPOENA

14 JOHN DOE SUBSCRIBER ASSIGNED IP ADDRESS 162.228.91.21, Re: ECF No. 8 15 Defendant. 16 17 INTRODUCTION 18 The plaintiff Strike 3 Holdings owns the copyrights for several adult motion pictures.1 It 19 alleges that someone — the Doe defendant here — who uses the IP address 162.228.91.21 20 infringed on those copyrights.2 Despite its own efforts, Strike 3 has not been able to identify the 21 individual associated with that IP address.3 Strike 3 now asks the court to let it serve a subpoena 22 on non-party AT&T Internet, the Doe defendant’s internet-service provider (ISP), to learn the Doe 23 defendant’s identity.4 The trial judge has referred discovery in this case, including the plaintiff’s 24

25 1 Appl. – ECF No. 8 at 13–14. Citations refer to material in the Electronic Case File (ECF); pinpoint 26 citations are to the ECF-generated page numbers at the top of documents. 2 Compl. – ECF No. 1 at 2 (¶¶ 4–5). 27 3 Appl. – ECF No. 8 at 14. 1 ex parte application, to the undersigned.5 Because Strike 3 has demonstrated that good cause exists 2 to allow it to serve a subpoena, the court grants the motion. 3 4 STATEMENT 5 Strike 3 is the owner of several adult motion pictures distributed through its adult brands 6 Blacked, Tushy, Vixen, and Blacked Raw.6 The motion pictures are registered with the United 7 States Copyright Office.7 8 The Doe defendant, who uses the AT&T Internet-provided IP address 162.228.91.21, used the 9 file distribution network known as “BitTorrent” to illegally download and distribute Strike 3’s 10 copyrighted movies.8 Through geolocation technology, Strike 3 has traced each download made to 11 the Doe defendant’s IP address to a physical address in the Northern District of California.9 Using 12 a proprietary infringement detection system called “VXN Scan,” Strike 3 established direct 13 “TCP/IP” connections with the defendant’s IP address while the defendant was using BitTorrent.10 14 VXN Scan downloaded media files containing a digital copy of Strike 3’s copyrighted movies 15 from the defendant.11 The “Info Hash” — the data that BitTorrent protocol uses to identify media 16 files across the BitTorrent network — confirmed that the files that VXN Scan downloaded were 17 downloaded from the defendant.12 The defendant “has been recorded infringing 28 movies over an 18 extended period of time.”13 Strike 3 did not give the defendant authorization to distribute its 19 20 21

22 5 Order – ECF No. 9. 23 6 Compl. – ECF No. 1 at 1–2 (¶¶ 2–3). 7 Id. at 6 (¶ 46). 24 8 Id. at 2 (¶¶ 4–5). 25 9 Id. (¶ 9). 26 10 Id. at 5 (¶¶ 28–30). 11 Id. (¶¶ 31–32). 27 12 Id. at 5–6 (¶ 36). 1 copyrighted movies.14 Strike 3 alleges that AT&T Internet can identify the defendant through his 2 or her IP address.15 3 On June 21, 2023, Strike 3 filed a complaint against the Doe defendant alleging one claim for 4 copyright infringement under the Copyright Act.16 On July 25, 2023, Strike 3 filed an ex parte 5 application asking the court to allow it to serve AT&T Internet with a subpoena under Federal 6 Rule of Civil Procedure 45.17 Strike 3 says that the subpoena will be limited to the name and 7 address of the individual/individuals associated with the Doe defendant’s IP address.18 8 9 GOVERNING LAW 10 A court may authorize early discovery before the Rule 26(f) conference for the parties’ and 11 witnesses’ convenience and in the interests of justice. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(d). Courts within the 12 Ninth Circuit generally consider whether a plaintiff has shown “good cause” for early discovery. 13 See, e.g., IO Grp., Inc. v. Does 1–65, No. 10-4377 SC, 2010 WL 4055667, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 14 15, 2010); Semitool, Inc. v. Tokyo Electron Am., Inc., 208 F.R.D. 273, 275–77 (N.D. Cal. 2002); 15 Tex. Guaranteed Student Loan Corp. v. Dhindsa, No. 1:10-cv-00335-LJO-SKO, 2010 WL 16 2353520, at *2 (E.D. Cal. June 9, 2010); Yokohama Tire Corp. v. Dealers Tire Supply, Inc., 202 17 F.R.D. 612, 613–14 (D. Ariz. 2001) (collecting cases and standards). “Good cause may be found 18 where the need for expedited discovery, in consideration of the administration of justice, 19 outweighs the prejudice to the responding party.” Semitool, 208 F.R.D. at 276. 20 In evaluating whether a plaintiff establishes good cause to learn the identity of a Doe 21 defendant through early discovery, courts examine whether the plaintiff: (1) identifies the Doe 22 defendant with sufficient specificity that the court can determine that the defendant is a real person 23 who can be sued in federal court, (2) recounts the steps taken to locate and identify the defendant, 24

25 14 Id. at 6 (¶ 44). 26 15 Id. at 2 (¶ 5). 16 Id. at 6‒7 (¶¶ 48–53). 27 17 Appl. – ECF No. 8 at 9. 1 (3) demonstrates that the action can withstand a motion to dismiss, and (4) shows that the 2 discovery is reasonably likely to lead to identifying information that will permit service of process. 3 Columbia Ins. Co. v. seescandy.com, 185 F.R.D. 573, 578–80 (N.D. Cal. 1999) (citations omitted). 4 “[W]here the identity of alleged defendants [is not] known prior to the filing of a complaint[,] the 5 plaintiff should be given an opportunity through discovery to identify the unknown defendants, 6 unless it is clear that discovery would not uncover the identities, or that the complaint would be 7 dismissed on other grounds.” Wakefield v. Thompson, 177 F.3d 1160, 1163 (9th Cir. 1999). 8 9 ANALYSIS 10 1. Strike 3 Establishes Good Cause for Early Discovery 11 Strike 3 has made a sufficient showing under each of the four seescandy factors listed above to 12 establish good cause to permit it to engage in early discovery to identify the Doe defendant. 13 First, Strike 3 has identified the Doe defendant with sufficient specificity that the court can 14 determine that he or she is a real person who can be sued in federal court. It alleges that the Doe 15 defendant downloaded Strike 3’s copyrighted adult motion pictures and distributed them over the 16 BitTorrent network.19 To download the movie, the Doe defendant had to direct his or her 17 BitTorrent client to download the media file.20 These facts indicate that the Doe defendant is an 18 identifiable adult who likely is the primary subscriber of the IP address or someone who resides 19 with and is known to the subscriber. Strike 3 also has traced each download made to the Doe 20 defendant’s IP address to the Northern District of California, thus giving the court jurisdiction 21 over the defendant and Strike 3’s federal claim.21 22 Second, Strike 3 has recounted the steps taken to locate and identify the Doe defendant. The 23 Doe defendant downloaded and distributed Strike 3’s movies through his or her IP address, and 24 25 26 19 Compl. – ECF No. 1 at 2 (¶ 4). 27 20 Appl. – ECF No. 8 at 16. 1 his or her IP address was traced to this district.22 The IP address is not sufficient for Strike 3 to 2 identify the Doe defendant.23 3 Third, Strike 3 has demonstrated that its copyright claim could withstand a motion to dismiss. 4 A plaintiff “must satisfy two requirements to present a prima facie case of direct infringement: 5 (1) [he or she] must show ownership of the allegedly infringed material and (2) [he or she] must 6 demonstrate that the alleged infringers violate at least one exclusive right granted to copyright 7 holders under 17 U.S.C. § 106.” Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc., 508 F.3d 1146, 1159 (9th 8 Cir. 2007); see 17 U.S.C. § 501(a). Under Section 106, a copyright holder has the exclusive rights 9 to reproduce, distribute, publicly display, perform, and create derivative works of the copyrighted 10 work. Direct copyright infringement does not require intent or any particular state of mind. Fox 11 Broad. Co. v. Dish Network, LLC, 905 F. Supp. 2d 1088, 1098–99 (C.D. Cal. 2012); Religious 12 Tech. Ctr. v. Netcom On-Line Commc’n Servs., Inc., 907 F. Supp. 1361, 1367 (N.D. Cal. 1995). 13 Strike 3 alleges that it holds the copyrights for the adult motion pictures that the Doe defendant 14 downloaded (and thus copied) and distributed the movies without its permission.24 Strike 3 has 15 sufficiently alleged a prima facie claim for copyright infringement. 16 Fourth, Strike 3 has shown that the discovery it seeks is reasonably likely to lead to identifying 17 information that will permit service of process on the Doe defendant. Strike 3 alleges that the Doe 18 Defendant’s ISP, AT&T Internet, can identify the Doe defendant through his or her IP address.25 19 20 2. Protective Order 21 “[U]nder Rule 26(c), the Court may sua sponte grant a protective order for good cause 22 shown.” McCoy v. Sw. Airlines Co., 211 F.R.D. 381, 385 (C.D. Cal. 2002). The court issues the 23 limited protective order described below because the ISP subscriber may be an innocent third 24 party and the subject matter of the suit deals with sensitive and personal matters. 25 26 22 Compl. – ECF No. 1 at 2 (¶¶ 9–10). 23 Appl. – ECF No. 8 at 14. 27 24 Compl. – ECF No. 1 at 6 (¶¶ 44, 46). 1 Here, as has been discussed by other courts in this district, the ISP subscribers may not be the 2 individuals who infringed upon Strike 3’s copyright. See, e.g., Pac. Century Int’l Ltd. v. Does 1– 3 101, No. C-11-02533 (DMR), 2011 WL 5117424, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 27, 2011); see also IO 4 Grp., Inc. v. Does 1–19, No. C 10-03851 SI, 2011 WL 772909, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 1, 2011) 5 (granting the plaintiff additional time to identify and serve the true defendant where a subscriber 6 asserted that he did not infringe plaintiff’s work, suggesting that someone else used his IP address 7 to infringe the plaintiff’s work, and the plaintiff claimed that it needed to take third-party 8 discovery from the subscriber to try to identify who actually used the subscriber’s IP address to 9 allegedly infringe the plaintiff’s work). 10 Additionally, requests for pseudonymity have been granted when anonymity is necessary to 11 preserve privacy in a matter of a sensitive and highly personal nature. See Does I Thru XXIII v. 12 Advanced Textile Corp., 214 F.3d 1058, 1068 (9th Cir. 2000). An allegation that an individual 13 illegally downloaded adult motion pictures likely goes to matters of a sensitive and highly 14 personal nature, including one’s sexuality. 15 Accordingly, the court issues a protective order to the limited extent that any information 16 regarding the Doe defendant released to Strike 3 by the ISP will be treated as confidential for a 17 limited duration. See IO Grp., Inc. v. Does 1–19, No. C 10-03851 SI, 2010 WL 5071605, at *2 18 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 7, 2010). Specifically, Strike 3 must not publicly disclose that information until 19 the Doe defendant has the opportunity to file a motion with this court to be allowed to proceed in 20 this litigation anonymously and that motion is ruled on by the court. Id. If the Doe defendant fails 21 to file a motion for leave to proceed anonymously within 30 days after his or her information is 22 disclosed to Strike 3’s counsel, this limited protective order will expire. Id. Given the potential 23 embarrassment associated with being publicly accused of having illegally downloaded adult 24 motion pictures, if the Doe defendant includes identifying information within his or her request to 25 proceed anonymously, the court finds good cause to order the papers filed under seal until the 26 court has the opportunity to rule on the request. See id. at *3 (permitting party to file under seal a 27 declaration with identifying information). If the Doe defendant includes identifying information 1 direct the Doe defendant to submit a copy of the under-seal request to Strike 3 and will ensure that 2 Strike 3 has time to respond. 3 CONCLUSION 4 The court GRANTS Strike 3’s Ex Parte Motion for Expedited Discovery with respect to 5 JOHN DOE subscriber assigned IP address 162.228.91.21 as follows. 6 1. IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Strike 3 Holdings may immediately serve a Rule 45 7 subpoena on AT&T Internet to obtain the Doe defendant’s true name and addresses. The subpoena 8 must have a copy of this order attached. 9 2. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the ISP will have 30 days from the date of service 10 upon them to serve the Doe defendant with a copy of the subpoena and a copy of this order. The 11 ISP may serve the Doe defendant using any reasonable means, including written notice sent to his 12 or her last known address, transmitted either by first-class mail or via overnight service. 13 3. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Doe defendant will have 30 days from the date of 14 service upon him or her to file any motions contesting the subpoena (including a motion to quash 15 or modify the subpoena) with the court that issued the subpoena. If that 30-day period lapses 16 without the Doe defendant contesting the subpoena, the ISP will have 10 days to produce the 17 information responsive to the subpoena to Strike 3. 18 4. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the subpoenaed entity must preserve any subpoenaed 19 information pending the resolution of any timely-filed motion to quash. 20 5. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the ISP that receives a subpoena pursuant to this order 21 must confer with Strike 3 and may not assess any charge in advance of providing the information 22 requested in the subpoena. The ISP that receives a subpoena and elects to charge for the costs of 23 production must provide a billing summary and cost reports that serve as a basis for such billing 24 summary and any costs claimed by the ISP. 25 6. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Strike 3 must serve a copy of this order along with any 26 subpoenas issued pursuant to this order to the necessary entities. 27 ] 7. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that any information disclosed to Strike 3 in response to a 2 |} Rule 45 subpoena may be used by Strike 3 solely for the purpose of protecting Strike 3’s rights as 3 set forth in its complaint. 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. 5 Dated: July 28, 2023 Lif EC 6

LAUREL BEELER

7 United States Magistrate Judge 8 9 10 1]

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