1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 ASTRAL IP ENTERPRISE LTD, Case No. 23-cv-03835-EMC

8 Plaintiff,

ORDER GRANTING IN PART

9 v. PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR

ELECTRONIC SERVICE OF

10 CARE20 FERTILITY CALENDAR PROCESS

CYCLE TRACKER,

11 Docket No. 12 Defendant. 12 13 14 Plaintiff Astral IP Enterprise Ltd. has filed suit against Defendant Care20 Fertility Calendar 15 Cycle Tracker, asserting claims for, inter alia, trademark and copyright infringement. According 16 to Astral, Care20 offers a period tracking application named “Cycle Tracker Period Calendar” on 17 GooglePlay, and Care20’s mobile application uses a flower icon that is identical or confusingly 18 similar with Astral’s registered trademark. Now pending before the Court is Astral’s motion for 19 leave to serve the summons and complaint on Care20 by email. The motion is GRANTED in 20 part. 21 In support of its motion, Astral states that it filed a takedown notice under the Digital 22 Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”) when it discovered Care20’s use of the icon. In response, 23 Care20 filed submitted a DMCA counter-notice. See Silver Decl. ¶¶ 4, 6. In the counter-notice, 24 Care20 did not identify what kind or entity it is or “under what jurisdiction [it] was established”; 25 however, it did provide a physical address located in Pakistan and an email address of 26 care20.pk@gmail.com. Silver Decl. ¶ 6. Astral also located what appears to be additional emails 27 for Care20: info@care20.com and contact@care20.com. See Silver Decl. ¶ 9. These email 1 addresses are listed as support emails for other mobile applications that appear to be affiliated with 2 Care20. See Silver Decl., Ex. 3 (GooglePlay information). 3 Astral indicates that it does not want to provide service at the physical address in Pakistan 4 because, based on its counsel’s experience, “foreign online mobile application developers that 5 provide infringing products typically . . . provide false, misleading and/or incomplete names and 6 physical address information to conceal their locations and avoid liability for their unlawful 7 conduct.” Silver Decl. ¶ 10. It appears that, when Astral did Internet research on the physical 8 address, it found that the physical address was associated with “multiple different businesses,” 9 none of which was Care20. Silver Decl. ¶ 7 & Ex. 1. Also, when Astral did Internet research on 10 the name of Care20’s owner (presumably, this information was also provided with the DCMA 11 counter-notice), Astral did not find any of “the businesses associated with the [physical] address.” 12 Silver Decl. & Ex. 2. 13 Astral correctly points out that, under Rio Properties, Inc. v. Rio International Interlink, 14 284 F.3d 1007 (9th Cir. 2002), it is not first required to attempt service via, e.g., means authorized 15 by the Hague Convention (Pakistan is a signatory) before it can ask permission to serve via email. 16 See id. at 1014-15 (noting that Rule 4(f)(3) allows for service by means “not prohibited by 17 international agreement as may be directed by the court” and that “Rule 4(f)(3) is not subsumed 18 within or in any way dominated by Rule 4(f)’s other subsections”). Astral also correctly notes that 19 the Hague Convention does not specifically preclude service of process by email. See, e.g., Bialik 20 v. Bus. Entities, No. 22-cv-61142-BLOOM/Valle, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 171200, at *3-4 (S.D. 21 Fla. Sept. 15, 2022) (noting that “the United States, India, and Pakistan are signatories to the 22 Hague Convention” and that “the Hague Convention does not specifically preclude service of 23 process via e-mail, including private messaging applications and services, or by posting on a 24 designated website[;] [w]here a signatory nation has objected to the alternative means of service 25 provided by the Hague Convention, that objection is expressly limited to those means and does not 26 represent an objection to other forms of service, such e-mail or website posting”). 27 That being said, the Ninth Circuit has also explained that, “[e]ven if facially permitted by 1 process. Rio, 284 F.3d at 1016. In Rio, the court ultimately concluded that “service of process by 2 email was proper – that is, reasonably calculated to apprise [the defendant] of the pendency of the 3 action and afford it an opportunity to respond” – as it was, in fact, “the method of service most 4 likely to reach [the defendant].” Id. at 1017. The Ninth Circuit emphasized:

5 RII [the defendant] . . . has embraced the modern e-business model and profited immensely from it. In fact, RII structured its business 6 such that it could be contacted only via its email address. RII listed no easily discoverable street address in the United States or in Costa 7 Rica. Rather, on its website and print media, RII designated its email address as its preferred contact information. 8 Id. at 1017-18. 9 At the same time, the Ninth Circuit acknowledged the limitations of service by email. 10 In most instances, there is no way to confirm receipt of an email 11 message. Limited use of electronic signatures could present problems in complying with the verification requirements of Rule 12 4(a) and Rule 11, and system compatibility problems may lead to controversies over whether an exhibit or attachment was actually 13 received. Imprecise imaging technology may even make appending exhibits and attachments impossible in some circumstances. 14 Id. at 1018. 15 In light of Rio, the Court is not averse to email service. Furthermore, given that Care20 16 provided an email address in support of its DMCA counter-notice, email service does appear 17 reasonably calculated to apprise Care20 of the pendency of this action. Nevertheless, Astral has 18 not made a sufficient showing that the physical address provided by Care20 in the counter-notice 19 is not valid. A brief Internet search conducted by counsel provides some, but not much, support. 20 Accordingly, the Court shall require Astral to provide not only email service (at the three addresses 21 identified by Astral) but also service by mail at the physical address in Pakistan. See U.S. 22 Department of State, Judicial Assistance Country Information, Pakistan, available at 23 https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/legal/Judicial-Assistance-Country- 24 Information/Pakistan.html (last visited 8/25/2023) (noting that, “[i]n its Declarations and 25 Reservations on the Hague Service Convention, Pakistan does not object to service directly via 26 postal channels”); Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial 27 Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters, Article 10(a), available at 1 https://www.hech.net/en/instruments/conventions/full-text/?cid=17 (last visited 8/25/2023) (stating 2 || that, “[p]rovided the State of destination does not object, the present Convention shall not interfere 3 || with —(a) the freedom to send judicial documents, by postal channels, directly to persons 4 || abroad”). 5 This order disposes of Docket No. 12. 6 7 IT ISSO ORDERED. 8 9 || Dated: August 27, 2023 10 LL 11 — fen b EDWA . CHEN United States District Judge 23

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