1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 San Francisco Division 11 MERCOLA.COM, LLC and DR. JOSEPH Case No. 3:22-cv-05567-LB

MERCOLA,

12 ORDER DISMISSING COMPLAINT Plaintiffs, 13 Re: ECF Nos. 25, 30 v. 14

GOOGLE LLC, YOUTUBE, LLC,

15 ALPHABET INC., and DOES 1–10, 16 Defendants.

17 INTRODUCTION 18 Defendant YouTube terminated plaintiff Joseph Mercola’s YouTube channel for violating 19 YouTube’s Community Guidelines by posting medical misinformation about COVID-19 and 20 vaccines. Mr. Mercola and his company then sued the defendants, claiming that the termination 21 breaches YouTube’s terms of service, violates the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, 22 entitles them to restitution, and constitutes conversion of their video content. They seek monetary 23 relief and access to the video content.1 The court grants the defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) motion to 24 dismiss: the parties’ agreement allows YouTube to remove the content and precludes damages. 25 26 27 1 1 STATEMENT 2 YouTube is an online video-sharing and social-media platform where users can watch, share, 3 comment on, and upload videos.2 To use YouTube, users agree to the Terms of Service and 4 YouTube’s Community Guidelines (collectively, the Agreement).3 There are several provisions 5 relevant to the motion. 6 First, there are provisions about YouTube’s hosting of content. 7 Under the provision titled “Content on the Service,” the Terms state, “YouTube is under no 8 obligation to host or serve Content.”4 9 The section titled “Your Content and Conduct” discusses uploading content, the requirement 10 that content complies with the Terms, the Community Guidelines, and the law, the content 11 provider’s ownership of the content, YouTube’s right to use the content, other YouTube users’ 12 right to access the content, and a provision titled “Duration of License.” The last provision states: 13 “The licenses granted by you continue for a commercially reasonable period of time after you 14 remove or delete your Content from the Service. You understand and agree, however, that 15 YouTube may retain, but not display, distribute, or perform, servicer copies of your videos that 16 have been removed or deleted.”5 17 Under the provision titled “Removal of Content,” the Terms state: “If we reasonably believe 18 that any Content is in breach of this Agreement or may cause harm to YouTube, our users, or third 19 parties, we may remove or take down that Content in our discretion.”6 20 Second, the Terms contain a “Limitation on Liability:” 21 Except as required by applicable law, YouTube, its affiliates, officers, directors, employees and agents will not be responsible for any loss of profits, revenues, 22 23

24 2 Id. at 2 (¶ 1). 25 3 Id. at 3 (¶¶ 7–8). 4 Terms of Serv., Ex. A to Lerner Decl. – ECF No. 25-2 at 5 (p.4). The complaint cites and quotes the 26 Terms. See, e.g., Am. Compl. – ECF No. 21 at 9 (¶ 38). The court considers the Terms and Guidelines under the incorporation-by-reference doctrine. Knievel v. ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 1076 (9th Cir. 2005). 27 5 Terms of Serv., Ex. A to Lerner Decl. – ECF No. 25-2 at 9–10 (pp. 8–9). business opportunities, goodwill, or anticipated savings; loss or corruption of data; 1 indirect or consequential loss; [or] punitive damages caused by: 2 1. errors, mistakes, or inaccuracies on the service; 3 2. personal injury or property damage resulting from your use of the service; 3. any unauthorized access to or use of the service; 4 4. any interruption or cessation of the service; 5 5. any viruses or malicious code transmitted to or through the service by any 6 third party; 7 6. any content whether submitted by a user or YouTube, including your use of content; and/or 8 7. the removal or unavailability of any content. 9 This provision applies to any claim, regardless of whether the claim asserted is based on warranty, contract, tort, or any other legal theory. 10 YouTube and its affiliates’ total liability for any claims arising from or relating to 11 the service is limited to the greater of: (A) the amount of revenue that YouTube has 12 paid to you from your use of the service in the 12 months before the date of your notice, in writing to YouTube, of the claim; and (B) USD $500.7 13 14 Third, the Terms have a provision titled, “Modifying this Agreement:” 15 We may modify this Agreement, for example, to reflect changes to our Service or for legal, regulatory, or security reasons. YouTube will provide reasonable advance 16 notice of any material modifications to this Agreement and the opportunity to review them, except that modifications addressing newly available features of the 17 Service or modifications made for legal reasons may be effective immediately without notice. Modifications to this Agreement will only apply going forward. If 18 you do not agree to the modified terms, you should remove any Content you have 19 uploaded and discontinue your use of the Service.8 20 Fourth, YouTube’s Community Guidelines describe content that is not allowed on YouTube.9 21 That includes medical misinformation, including “content about COVID-19 that poses a serious 22 risk of egregious harm” and COVID-19 vaccine misinformation.10 23 Fifth, the Community Guidelines outline an enforcement process: 24 25 7 Id. at 13–14 (pp. 12–13); Am. Compl. – ECF No. 21 at 12–13 (¶ 51). The entire provision is in capital letters. 26 8 Am. Compl. – ECF No. 21 at 9 (¶¶ 38–41); Terms of Serv., Ex. A to Lerner Decl. – ECF No. 25-2 at 15 (p. 14). 27 9 Am. Compl. – ECF No. 21 at 3 (¶ 8), 10 (¶ 43). If your content violates this policy, we’ll remove the content and send you an email 1 to let you know. If this is your first time violating our Community Guidelines, 2 you’ll likely get a warning with no penalty to your channel. If it’s not, we may issue a strike against your channel. If you get 3 strikes within 90 days, your channel 3 will be terminated. You can learn more about our strikes system here. 4 We may terminate your channel or account for repeated violations of the Community Guidelines or Terms of Service. We may also terminate your channel 5 or account after a single case of severe abuse, or when the channel is dedicated to a policy violation. You can learn more about channel or account terminations here.11 6 7 Dr. Mercola is a physician who had a substantial YouTube following: he began sharing video 8 content in 2005 and by September 2021 had over 300,000 subscribers and fifty-million views.12 9 On September 29, 2021, YouTube terminated the account and sent a notice explaining the grounds 10 for termination: “We have reviewed your content and found severe or repeated violations of our 11 Community Guidelines. . . . This account has been terminated due to multiple or severe violations 12 of YouTube’s policies on Medical Misinformation.” The notice had a link to appeal the decision.13 13 That day, the Washington Post published an article titled “YouTube is banning Joseph Mercola 14 and a handful of other anti-vaccine activists.” It had this introduction: 15 YouTube is taking down several video channels associated with high-profile anti- vaccine activists including Joseph Mercola . . . . 16 As part of a new set of policies aimed at cutting down on anti-vaccine content 17 on the Google-owned site, YouTube will ban any videos that claim that commonly used vaccines approved by health authorities are ineffective or dangerous. The 18 company previously blocked videos that made those claims about coronavirus vaccines, but not ones for other vaccines like those for measles or chickenpox.14 19 20 YouTube denied the plaintiffs’ appeal that followed: “We reviewed your channel carefully, 21 and have confirmed that it violates our Community Guidelines. . . . We won’t be putting your 22 channel back up on YouTube.”15 23 24 11 Am. Compl. – ECF No. 21 at 11 (¶ 44); Cmty. Guidelines, Ex. F to Lerner Decl. – ECF No. 25-7 at 25 4 (p. 3). 26 12 Am. Compl. – ECF No. 21 at 2–3 (¶¶ 5–6, 9–10). 13 Id. at 3 (¶ 10), 6 (¶ 24). 27 14 Id. at 5 (¶ 19). 1 The operative complaint has six claims: (1) breach of contract by failing to provide advance 2 notice of the vaccine-misinformation policy before terminating the channel and account; (2) 3 breach of contract by failing to warn the plaintiffs before the termination; (3) breach of the implied 4 covenant of good faith and fair dealing; (4) specific performance to allow ongoing use of the 5 platform and access to the content; (5) unjust enrichment by retaining the content; and (6) 6 conversion by retaining the content.16 7 The court has diversity jurisdiction: the parties are diverse and the amount in controversy 8 exceeds $75,000. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). All parties consented to magistrate-judge jurisdiction under 9 28 U.S.C. § 636.17 The court held a hearing on July 13, 2023. 10 11 STANDARD OF REVIEW 12 A complaint must contain a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is 13 entitled to relief” to give the defendant “fair notice” of (1) what the claims are and (2) the grounds 14 upon which they rest. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 15 (2007). Thus, “[a] complaint may fail to show a right to relief either by lacking a cognizable legal 16 theory or by lacking sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” Woods v. U.S. Bank 17 N.A., 831 F.3d 1159, 1162 (9th Cir. 2016). 18 A complaint does not need detailed factual allegations, but “a plaintiff’s obligation to provide 19 the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitlement to relief’ requires more than labels and conclusions, and a 20 formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do. Factual allegations must be 21 enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (cleaned 22 up). A complaint must contain factual allegations that, when accepted as true, are sufficient to 23 “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009); 24 NorthBay Healthcare Grp., Inc. v. Kaiser Found. Health Plan, Inc., 838 F. App’x 231, 234 (9th 25 Cir. 2020). “[O]nly the claim needs to be plausible, and not the facts themselves. . . .” NorthBay, 26

27 16 Id. at 15–20 (¶¶ 65–113). 1 838 F. App’x at 234 (citing Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 696); see Interpipe Contracting, Inc. v. Becerra, 2 898 F.3d 879, 886–87 (9th Cir. 2018) (the court must accept the factual allegations in the 3 complaint “as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff”) (cleaned up). 4 Put another way, “[a] claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that 5 allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct 6 alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability 7 requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” 8 Id. “Where a complaint pleads facts that are merely consistent with a defendant’s liability, it stops 9 short of the line between possibility and plausibility of ‘entitlement to relief.’” Id. (cleaned up). 10 If a court dismisses a complaint because of insufficient factual allegations, it should give leave 11 to amend unless “the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Cook, 12 Perkiss & Liehe, Inc. v. N. Cal. Collection Serv. Inc., 911 F.2d 242, 247 (9th Cir. 1990). If a court 13 dismisses a complaint because its legal theory is not cognizable, the court should not give leave to 14 amend. United States v. United Healthcare Ins. Co., 848 F.3d 1161, 1184 (9th Cir. 2016); see 15 Steele-Klein v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Loc. 117, 696 F. App’x 200, 202 (9th Cir. 2017) (leave to 16 amend may be appropriate if the plaintiff “identifie[s] how she would articulate a cognizable legal 17 theory if given the opportunity”). 18 ANALYSIS 19 In their opposition, the plaintiffs define their case more narrowly than they do in the 20 complaint: the plaintiffs say that they do not challenge YouTube’s right to deny them a platform 21 and instead challenge YouTube’s preventing them from accessing their content.18 The sum of it is 22 that they want the content back. YouTube moves to dismiss all claims on three grounds: (1) the 23 plaintiffs did not plausibly allege a breach of contract; (2) a limitation-on-liability provision 24 applies to the claims and forecloses damages on contract and tort theories; and (3) Section 230(c) 25

26 18 Opp’n – ECF No. 28 at 6. Count IV asks for specific performance in the form of ongoing use of the platform. Am. Compl. – ECF No. 21 at 19 (¶ 102). The prayer for relief asks for specific performance 27 of the agreement “in a manner deemed appropriate by the Court and including at least Mercola’s 1 of the Communications Decency Act bars the claims. The court grants the motion because the 2 plaintiffs did not plausibly allege a breach and in any event, the limitation on liability forecloses 3 damages. 4 5 1. Contract Claims 6 Under California law, the elements of a breach-of-contract claim are: “(1) the existence of the 7 contract, (2) plaintiff’s performance or excuse for nonperformance, (3) defendant’s breach, and (4) 8 the resulting damages to the plaintiff.” Oasis W. Realty, LLC v. Goldman, 51 Cal. 4th 811, 821, 9 (2011) (cleaned up). “And if defendants were given the right to do what they did by the express 10 provisions of the contract, there can be no breach.” Carma Devs. (Cal.) Inc. v. Marathon Dev. 11 Cal., Inc., 2 Cal. 4th 342, 374 (1992). 12 As set forth in the Statement, YouTube had no obligation to host or serve content. The main 13 issue is that the plaintiffs want access to the content. But no provision of the Agreement provides a 14 right to access that content under the circumstances here: termination for cause under the 15 agreement. In a different context, there is an avenue to export content: if YouTube terminates a 16 user’s access for service changes, it gives the user sufficient time to export content, where 17 reasonably possible.19 But that provision on its face does not apply here. The plaintiffs thus do not 18 plead contract or quasi-contract claims related to denial of access to their content. 19 Similarly, as set forth in the Statement, YouTube had the discretion to take down content that 20 harmed its users. The content here violated the Community Guidelines. Modifications to the 21 Community Guidelines — such as the modification here to elaborate on YouTube’s existing 22 prohibitions on medical misinformation to add COVID-19 and vaccines — could be effective 23 immediately, without notice. YouTube had the discretion to terminate channels without warning 24 after a single case of severe abuse. Under the contract, this determination was discretionary: the 25 26 27 1 contract said that “[i]f we reasonably believe that any Content is in breach of this agreement or 2 may cause harm, . . . we may remove or take down that Content in our discretion.”20 3 Cases confirm that YouTube can revoke access at its discretion. See, e.g., Daniels v. Alphabet 4 Inc., No. 20-cv-04687-VKD, 2021 WL 1222166, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2021) (identical 5 language in YouTube’s Terms foreclosed a breach-of-contract claim premised on YouTube’s 6 removal of a video titled “Fauci Silenced Dr. Judy Mikovits from Warning the American Public”); 7 Song fi Inc. v. Google, Inc., 108 F. Supp. 3d 876, 881, 885 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (identical language 8 foreclosed breach-of-contract claim premised on YouTube’s removal of a video with an inflated 9 view count). 10 Cases also confirm that the Terms do not give the plaintiffs a right of access to content from a 11 terminated account. In Lewis v. YouTube, LLC, 244 Cal. App. 4th 118 (2015), YouTube terminated 12 a user’s account and then restored it, but some content allegedly was destroyed when the account 13 was disabled. The plaintiff sued for breach of contract and sought either restoration of the channel 14 or damages. Id. at 121–23, 126–27. The court found no breach because “there is no provision in the 15 Terms of Service that requires YouTube to maintain particular content” or be a “storage site for 16 users’ content.” Id. at 126–27. Similarly, in King v. Facebook, Inc., a user sued for breach of 17 contract after Facebook disabled her account and deleted its content. She alleged that Facebook 18 breached its terms of service by destroying content associated with the account. 572 F. Supp. 3d 19 776, 780–81 (N.D. Cal. 2021). The court held that there was no breach: no provision in the 20 agreement obligated Facebook to retain content, and destroying content did not “injure a user’s core 21 contractual right — the right to use Facebook’s social media platform.” Id. at 787–88. 22 The plaintiffs distinguish Lewis and King on the ground that the plaintiffs there sought 23 different relief: the Mercola plaintiffs want an opportunity to access and remove their content, 24 whereas the Lewis plaintiff challenged YouTube’s failure to include their videos on the platform, 25 and the King plaintiff alleged that “Facebook had an obligation to retain content.”21 But all of 26

27 20 See supra Statement. 1 these cases are about access to content and a claim that the platforms wrongfully deleted content 2 before the user could preserve it or denied access to it. Lewis, 244 Cal. App. 4th at 126 (“YouTube 3 wrongfully deleted her videos”); King, 572 F. Supp. 3d at 787 (“after disabling her account, 4 Facebook destroyed content”). 5 This analysis forecloses the claim for specific performance in the form of access to the content. 6 In addition, the limitation-on-liability provision precludes damages attributable to any 7 interruption or cessation of the service or the removal or unavailability of any content. 8 In sum, the plaintiffs do not plausibly plead claims for breach of contract. 9 10 2. Breach of Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing 11 The plaintiffs also claim that the defendants breached the implied covenant of good faith and 12 fair dealing.22 The claim is duplicative of the contract claims: it is about YouTube’s failure to 13 warn and failure to allow the plaintiffs to access the content.23 14 The covenant of good faith and fair dealing is implied in every contract and prevents one party 15 from “unfairly frustrating the other party’s right to receive the benefits” of the contract. Guz v. 16 Bechtel Nat’l Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 317, 349 (2000). To allege a claim for breach of the covenant of 17 good faith and fair dealing, a plaintiff must allege the following elements: (1) the plaintiff and the 18 defendant entered into a contract; (2) the plaintiff did all or substantially all of the things that the 19 contract required her to do or she was excused from having to do; (3) all conditions required for 20 the defendant’s performance had occurred; (4) the defendant unfairly interfered with the plaintiff’s 21 right to receive the benefits of the contract; and (5) the defendant’s conduct harmed the plaintiff. 22 Qingdao Tang-Buy Int’l Import & Export Co. v. Preferred Secured Agents, Inc., No. 15-cv-00624- 23 LB, 2016 WL 6524396, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 3, 2016) (citing Judicial Council of California Civil 24 Jury Instructions § 325 (2011); Oculus Innovative Scis., Inc. v. Nofil Corp., No. C 06-01686 SI, 25 2007 WL 2600746, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 10, 2007)). 26

27 22 Am. Compl. – ECF No. 21 at 17–18 (¶¶ 85–92). 1 Again, YouTube’s actions were permitted by the Terms of Service. The implied-covenant 2 claim fails for this reason. 3 Regarding the last element — that the defendant’s conduct harmed the plaintiff — “[c]ausation 4 of damages in contract cases, as in tort cases, requires that the damages be proximately caused by 5 the defendant’s breach, and that their causal occurrence be at least reasonably certain.” Siqueiros 6 v. Fed. Nat’l Mortg. Ass’n, No. EDCV 13-01789-VAP (DTBx), 2014 WL 3015734, at *5 (C.D. 7 Cal. June 27, 2014) (quoting Vu v. Cal. Commerce Club, Inc., 58 Cal. App. 4th 229, 233 (1997)). 8 “‘The test for causation in a breach of contract action is whether the breach was a substantial 9 factor in causing the damages.’” Id. (cleaned up) (quoting US Ecology, Inc. v. State, 129 Cal. App. 10 4th 887, 909 (2005)). “‘[M]ere conclusory statements do not suffice’ to sufficiently state a breach 11 of contract cause of action.” Ketab Corp. v. Mesriani & Assocs., P.C., 734 F. App’x 401, 410 (9th 12 Cir. May 2, 2018) (cleaned up) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678); accord, e.g., Low v. LinkedIn 13 Corp., 900 F. Supp. 2d 1010, 1029 (N.D. Cal. 2012). The limitation-on-liability provision 14 forecloses relief (as discussed above). 15 16 3. Unjust Enrichment 17 Courts in this district have allowed standalone claims for unjust enrichment (even if there is a 18 contract claim) to allow recovery of restitution “either (1) in lieu of breach of contract damages, 19 where an asserted contract is found to be unenforceable or ineffective, or (2) where the defendant 20 obtained a benefit from the plaintiff by fraud, duress, conversion, or similar conduct, but the 21 plaintiff has chosen not to sue in tort.” Oracle Corp. v. SAP AG, No. C 07-1658 PJH, 2008 WL 22 5234260, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 15, 2008) (citing McBride v. Boughton, 123 Cal. App. 4th 379, 23 388 (2004)); see also Wolf v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., No. C 11-01337-WHA, 2011 WL 4831208, 24 at *8 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 12, 2011) (“Restitution [under an unjust-enrichment theory] may be awarded 25 in lieu of breach of contract damages when the parties had an express contract, but it was procured 26 by fraud or is unenforceable or ineffective for some reason.”); Yothers v. JFC Int’l, Inc., No. 20- 27 cv-01657-RS, 2020 WL 5015262, at *6 (N.D. Cal. May 14, 2020). ] The parties have an enforceable contact. There are no allegations about benefits obtained by 2 || fraud, duress, or the like. The plaintiffs did not plausibly plead a claim for unjust enrichment. 3 4 || 4. Conversion 5 “[A]ny act of dominion wrongfully exerted over the personal property of another inconsistent 6 || with the owner’s rights thereto constitutes conversion.” Mindys Cosmetics, Inc. v. Dakar, 611 F.3d 7 || 590, 601 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting McCafferty v. Gilbank, 249 Cal. App. 2d 569, 576 (1967)). To 8 || prove conversion, a plaintiff must establish: (1) “ownership of or right to possess the property in 9 || question at the time of the conversion, (2) that the defendant disposed of the plaintiffs property 10 || rights or converted the property by a wrongful act, and (3) damages.” Swingless Golf Club Corp. 11 yv. Taylor, 732 F. Supp. 2d 899, 910 (N.D. Cal. 2010) (citing Oakdale Village Grp. v. Fong, 43 Cal. App. 4th 539, 544 (1996)). 13 The plaintiffs have not plausibly alleged a wrongful act. As discussed above, the Agreement 14 || did not require YouTube to host content. In King, the court dismissed a conversion claim based on 3 15 || Facebook’s failure to retain her content because “Facebook was not under any obligation not to a 16 || destroy (or to otherwise retain) the content associated with her account.” 572 F. Supp. 3d at 792. 2 17 || The court dismisses the claim. 18 CONCLUSION 19 The court dismisses the complaint. The contract bars the claims as a matter of law. The 20 || dismissal thus is without leave to amend. 21 This disposes of ECF Nos. 25 and 30. 22 IT IS SO ORDERED. 23 Dated: September 4, 2023 EC Lot

LAUREL BEELER

25 United States Magistrate Judge 26 27 28