1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6

HARJOT SINGH GREWAL,

7 Case No. 23-cv-03621-JCS Plaintiff, 8 v. ORDER GRANTING PETITION FOR 9 WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS MOISES BECERRA, et al., 10 Re: Dkt. No. 1 Defendants. 11

12 13 I. INTRODUCTION 14 Petitioner Harjot Singh Grewal is a lawful permanent resident who immigrated to the 15 United States from India when he was 14 years old. He is currently in Immigration and Customs 16 Enforcement (“ICE”) custody at the Golden State Annex detention facility (“GSA”). He has been 17 in civil detention for over seventeen months without a bond hearing. Respondents are Moises 18 Becerra, Field Office Director of ICE’s San Francisco Field Office; Patrick J. Lechleitner, Deputy 19 Director and Senior Official Performing the Duties of the Director for ICE; Alejandro Mayorkas, 20 Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”); and Merrick B. Garland, the United 21 States Attorney General. 22 On July 21, 2023, Petitioner filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 23 § 2241 in which he asks the Court to order Respondents to immediately release him from DHS’s 24 physical custody; or in the alternative, for the Court to conduct a bond hearing “where 25 Respondents must establish the necessity of further detention by clear and convincing evidence, 26 given the alternative of setting bail, if necessary (with consideration given to Mr. Grewal’s ability 27 to pay), and imposing conditions of release that reasonably assure the safety of the community and 1 This matter is fully briefed and is suitable for resolution without a hearing. Civ. L.R. 7- 2 1(b). For the reasons stated below, the Petition is GRANTED.1 3 II. BACKGROUND 4 A. Petitioner’s Past 5 Petitioner was born in Ludhiana, India in January of 1994. Grewal Decl. ¶ 1. He and his 6 family are Sikhs and as such were subject to harsh conditions in India. Id. ¶¶ 1-3. Petitioner’s 7 uncle, a soldier in the Indian army, refused orders to attack a Sikh community and then deserted; 8 he was subsequently captured and tortured and then committed suicide. Id. After that, Petitioner’s 9 family went into hiding. Id. ¶ 2. Petitioner’s father was “very protective” of him and of the rest 10 of the family because of what had happened to his brother but “he was a drinker” and would 11 sometimes beat Petitioner’s mother in front of Petitioner and his sister. Id. ¶ 3. Petitioner’s 12 father is currently “very sick and suffering from liver and heart complications.” Id. 13 When Petitioner was nine years old, while still living in India, he was sexually assaulted by 14 a much older cousin. Id. ¶ 4. Petitioner never received any therapy for this. Id. 15 In 2008, when he was 14 years old, Petitioner immigrated to the U.S. with his parents and 16 sister, sponsored by an older brother. Id. ¶ 5. In the same year, Petitioner obtained Lawful 17 Permanent Resident status. Id. Petitioner graduated from high school in 2012. Id. He attended 18 community college and Job Corp vocational school for about a year each but left school to work 19 full time to support his family. Id. ¶ 7. 20 Petitioner is a devout Sikh and before he was incarcerated, he spent much of his free time 21 with other Sikhs engaging in community service at their local temple. Id. ¶ 8. He has a tattoo on 22 his right arm symbolizing the Khalistan, a group that fought for Sikh rights. Id. He also has a 23 prayer tattoo. Id. 24 In 2014, Petitioner went to India to see his grandmother. Id. ¶ 9. During that trip he was 25 assaulted and beaten by a group of people who saw Petitioner’s tattoos. Id. A stranger came to 26 his aid and got them to stop but Petitioner was physically injured and traumatized by the assault. 27 1 Id. ¶¶ 9-10. 2 Upon his return to the United States, Petitioner turned to alcohol and marijuana. On 3 December 23, 2020, Petitioner was convicted of assault with a semiautomatic firearm after 4 shooting a pistol four times during an altercation at a party. Id. ¶ 14. Petitioner was sentenced to 5 six years in prison. Declaration of Deportation Officer Cesar Contreras (“Contreras Decl.”) ¶ 9 & 6 Ex. 2. Upon his early release, on May 4, 2022, Petitioner was immediately detained by ICE, 7 which had issued a Notice to Appear charging Petitioner with removability under Section 8 237(a)(2)(A)(iii) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) on the basis that he was a non- 9 citizen who had been convicted of an aggravated felony. Id. ¶¶ 10-11. Petitioner was transferred 10 to ICE custody at GSA. Id. ¶ 11. On the same date, ICE conducted a Fraihat custody hearing and 11 determined that Grewal would remain in custody. Id. On May 10, 2022, another Fraihat hearing 12 was held and it was again determined that Petitioner would remain in custody. 13 On September 8, 2022, Petitioner appeared before an immigration judge (“IJ”) for an 14 individual merits hearing in the removal proceeding. Id. ¶ 15 & Exs. 8, 9. On September 26, 15 2022, the IJ issued a written decision ordering Petitioner removed from the United States to India 16 and denied his applications for relief from removal. Id. & Ex. 9. Petitioner filed a direct appeal of 17 that decision, which was denied on December 27, 2022. Id. ¶ 16, 18 & Ex. 10. On January 5, 18 2023, Petitioner filed a Petition for Review (“PFR”), along with a Motion to Stay Removal in the 19 United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Id. ¶ 19. As a result, Petitioner’s removal 20 has been stayed; his PFR and stay motion remain pending. Id. 21 On February 16, 2023, Petitioner went on a hunger strike at GSA. Id. ¶ 20. On March 10, 22 2023, the Enforcement and Removal Operations (“ERO”) Bakersfield sub-office informed 23 Petitioner’s attorney that Petitioner’s request for release on humanitarian parole had been denied. 24 Id. ¶ 21. On March 14, 2023, Petitioner was transferred to ICE’s El Paso Processing Center in El, 25 Paso, Texas, to receive medical care in relation to his hunger strike. Id. ¶ 23. On March 27, 2023, 26 Petitioner was transferred back to GSA as his hunger strike had ended and he no longer needed the 27 higher-level medical care provided at the El Paso Processing Center. Id. Petitioner is currently 1 B. Details of Petitioner’s Confinement 2 GSA is a contract detention facility, located in McFarland, California, which is owned and 3 managed by The GEO Group, Inc. (“GEO”). Dkt. no. 16-1 (Gonzalez Decl.) ¶ 4. The facility is 4 run by the Facility Administrator, who is a GEO employee, whose office is based in Bakersfield. 5 Id. 6 Nancy Gonzalez is DHS Acting Assistant Field Office Director with ERO in the San 7 Francisco Field Office (“ERO San Francisco”), but is based in Bakersfield, California. Id. ¶ 1. 8 She is responsible for oversight of noncitizens detained at GSA. Id. Gonzalez states that she 9 supports the ERO San Francisco Deputy Field Office Director and Field Office Director “in 10 managing operations and procedures of enforcement and removal activity” throughout the 11 Bakersfield area of responsibility, which includes “providing oversight and supervision of 12 Supervisory Detention and Deportation Officers and their staff who maintain the docket 13 management of ICE detainees at GSA.” Id. 14 According to Gonzalez, she and her staff “directly liaise with the GSA Facility 15 Administrator and other GEO personnel regarding the detainees at GSA.” Id. ¶ 5. Her direct line 16 supervisor is Deputy Field Office Director (“DFOD”) Orestes Cruz, who is based in Bakersfield. 17 Id. ¶ 6. Cruz is responsible for ICE immigration enforcement operations within nine counties, 18 including Kern County. Id. Cruz directly reports to Respondent Moises Becerra, Field Office 19 Director (“FOD”) of the “San Francisco Area of Responsibility,” which encompasses offices in 20 seven cities in California, as well as Hawaii, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Id. ¶¶ 6, 7. 21 According to Gonzalez, Becerra is responsible for the management and direction of all 22 enforcement and removal operations and law enforcement operations within the boundaries of the 23 San Francisco Area of Responsibility. Id. ¶ 7. 24 C. The Habeas Petition 25 On July 21, 2023, Petitioner filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus. The petition asserts 26 claims for violation of Petitioner’s rights to substantive and procedural due process under the Fifth 27 Amendment based on his prolonged detention without an individualized hearing at which the 1 the community. In his petition, Petitioner asks the Court to order his immediate release from 2 custody. In the alternative, Petitioner asks the Court to “hear and determine the facts, as described 3 in 28 U.S.C. § 2243, at a prompt hearing before this Court where Respondents must establish the 4 necessity of further detention by clear and convincing evidence, given the alternative of setting 5 bail, if necessary (with consideration given to Mr. Grewal’s ability to pay), and imposing 6 conditions of release that reasonably assure the safety of the community and Mr. Grewal’s future 7 appearances[.]” Petition at 36-37. 8 III. JURISDICTION OVER THE PETITION 9 Respondents argue that this Court lacks jurisdiction over the Petition, relying on Rumsfeld 10 v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 426 (2004), and Ninth Circuit cases citing it with approval in the immigration 11 context, see, e.g., Lopez-Marroquin v. Barr, 955 F.3d 759 (9th Cir. 2020), which they contend 12 require Petitioner to follow the “district-of-confinement” rule. Respondents’ Return at 6-9. The 13 undersigned agrees with all of the other judges in this District who have addressed the question 14 and finds that the director of the San Francisco Field Office is a proper respondent and therefore 15 that there is jurisdiction in this District even though Petitioner is detained in the Eastern District. 16 First, the Court rejects Respondents’ assertion that under Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 17 426, 443, 447 (2004) there is a bright-line rule that applies under the circumstances of this case 18 establishing that jurisdiction is proper only in the district of confinement. In Pham v. Becerra, No. 19 23-cv-01288-CRB, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 56944, at *7-10 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2023), which 20 involved a habeas immigration case brought by a petitioner who was also in ICE detention at 21 GSA, the court explained why this argument is incorrect: 22 In Padilla, the Supreme Court addressed whether the Southern District of New York had jurisdiction over a habeas petition brought 23 by an enemy combatant detained on a naval brig in South Carolina. 542 U.S. at 432. Padilla named as respondents the president, the 24 secretary of defense, and the commander of the naval brig where Padilla was being held. Id. The Court held that “in habeas challenges 25 to present physical confinement—'core challenges’—the default rule is that the proper respondent is the warden of the facility where the 26 prisoner is being held.” Id. at 435.[ ] Because “[d]istrict courts are limited to granting habeas relief ‘within their respective jurisdictions,’ 27 . . . jurisdiction over Padilla’s habeas petition lies in the Southern over Padilla’s physical custody.” Id. at 439, 442 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1 2241(a)). Because the proper respondent was in South Carolina, the Southern District of New York did not have jurisdiction over Padilla’s 2 petition. Id. at 446.

3 Critically, Padilla did not address the question, raised in this case, of which court has jurisdiction when the detainee is confined “in a 4 facility run by an entity other than the federal government,” Saravia, 280 F. Supp. 3d at 1185, and it is not at all clear that Padilla requires 5 that the default district-of-confinement rule applies. The Ninth Circuit cases citing Padilla with approval in the immigration context also do 6 not address this question. See, e.g., Lopez-Marroquin v. Barr, 955 F.3d 759, 759-60 (9th Cir. 2020) (three-paragraph opinion construing 7 an emergency motion to remand as a habeas petition and transferring it to the Southern District of California under Padilla); see also 8 Ameen, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 71843, 2022 WL 1157900, at *3 (addressing unreported Ninth Circuit cases citing Padilla in the 9 immigration context and concluding that “[n]one of those cases addresses why a particular jurisdiction was appropriate, much less a 10 situation where the habeas petitioner is being held in a private facility operated under a government contract”).[ ] Thus, there is no 11 controlling authority on the jurisdictional question presented here. 12 Pham v. Becerra, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 56944, at *8. 13 In fact, as the Pham court recognized, determining who is the “warden” under Padilla 14 where the petitioner is detained in a private detention facility located in the Eastern District is “not 15 a straightforward ‘district-of-confinement’ question, unless the correct respondent is also located 16 in the Eastern District.” Id. Courts in this District have concluded that the person with primary 17 authority over a petitioner detained by ICE at GEO’s private detention centers in the Eastern 18 District, including GSA, is the San Francisco Field Office Director (“FOD”), who is a proper 19 respondent in an immigration habeas case challenging the petitioner’s detention. See, e.g., See, 20 e.g. J.P. v. Garland, No. 23-CV-00612-AMO, 2023 WL 5059524 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 7, 2023) 21 (holding in immigration habeas case the director of the San Francisco Field Office was the proper 22 respondent and therefore that there was jurisdiction in this district even though the petitioner was 23 detained in private detention facility in the Eastern District); Diaz v. Becerra, No. 22-CV-09126- 24 DMR, 2023 WL 3237421, at *3 (N.D. Cal. May 2, 2023) (same); Pham v. Becerra, No. 23-cv- 25 01288-CRB, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 56944, at *7-10 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2023) (same); Salesh P. 26 v. Kaiser, No. 22-cv-03018-DMR, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 210104, at *12 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 18, 27 2022) (same); Henriquez v. Garland, No. 5:22-CV-00869-EJD, 2022 WL 2132919, at *3 (N.D. 1 (same); Ameen v. Jennings, No. 22-CV-00140-WHO, 2022 WL 1157900, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 2 19, 2022) (same); Meneses v. Jennings, No. 21-cv-07193-JD, 2021 WL 4804293, at *2 (N.D. Cal. 3 Oct. 14, 2021) (same); Perera v. Jennings, No. 21-xc-04136-BLF, 2021 WL 2400981, at *2 (N.D. 4 Cal. June 11, 2021) (same); Domingo v. Barr, No. 20-CV-06089-YGR, 2020 WL 5798238, at *2 5 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 29, 2020) (same); Singh v. Barr, No. 20-CV-02346-VKD, 2020 WL 2512410, at 6 *3–4 (N.D. Cal. May 15, 2020) (same); Zepeda Rivas v. Jennings, 445 F. Supp. 3d 36, 39 & 39 7 n.4 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (Chhabria, J.) (same); Ortuno v. Jennings, No. 20-CV-02064-MMC, 2020 8 WL 2218965, at *2 (N.D. Cal. May 7, 2020) (same); Doe v. Barr, No. 20-CV-02263-RMI, 2020 9 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 74650, 2020 WL 1984266 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 27, 2020) (same); Hilario Pankim v. 10 Barr, No. 20-CV-02941-JSC, 2020 WL 2542022, at *5 (N.D. Cal. May 19, 2020) (same); 11 Ramirez v. Sessions, No. 18-CV-05188-SVK, 2019 WL 11005487, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 30, 2019) 12 (same). 13 Here, as in the many other cases in which this Court has addressed the question, there is no 14 dispute that the San Francisco FOD is the person with primary authority over Petitioner’s arrest 15 and detention. See Gonzalez Decl. ¶ 7 (“In his capacity as FOD, FOD Becerra is responsible for, 16 but not limited to, the management and direction of all ERO activities and law enforcement 17 operations located within the geographic boundaries of the San Francisco Area of Responsibility 18 (‘AOR’)[,]” including Bakersfield). On the other hand, the evidence Respondents have presented 19 as to the Deportation Officer (“DO”), Acting Assistant Field Office Director (“AFOD”) Nancy 20 Gonzalez and her immediate supervisor, Orestes Cruz, is insufficient to establish that any of these 21 individuals can be considered Petitioner’s “warden” under Padilla. In particular, none of these 22 individuals has the authority to release Petitioner. The DO, for example, states that he works in the 23 Detained Unit at GSA, where his responsibilities include tracking detainees’ removal proceedings, 24 obtaining travel documents and effectuating removal of non-citizens who have been ordered 25 removed. Contreras Decl. ¶ 2; see also Pham, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 56944, at *8 (rejecting 26 argument that Gonzalez and Cruz are “wardens” under Padilla because “Becerra, and not 27 Gonzalez or Cruz, exercises control over Pham’s physical custody.”). In addition, as to Gonzalez 1 Office and thus “any habeas relief ordered by the Court would necessarily be directed to the San 2 Francisco office, which is within the Northern District.” Meneses v. Jennings, 2021 WL 4804293, 3 at *2. 4 In sum, because Becerra, as San Francisco FOD, is a proper respondent, jurisdiction in this 5 District is proper. 6 IV. MERITS OF THE PETITION 7 A. Legal Standards Governing Entitlement to a Bond Hearing 8 The INA authorizes the civil immigration detention of individuals pending removal 9 proceedings. Section 1226(a) is the general detention provision, authorizing ICE to detain a 10 noncitizen “pending a decision on whether [he] is to be removed from the United States,” while 11 allowing the government to release on bond of at least $1,500 or on conditional parole. 8 U.S.C. § 12 1226(a). Section 1226(c) contains an exception to the general provision, making detention 13 mandatory for noncitizens who are deportable for certain criminal convictions, without the 14 opportunity for a bond hearing before an IJ. 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c). A noncitizen subject to 15 mandatory detention under §1226(c) can only be released for witness protection purposes and if 16 the noncitizen “will not pose a danger to the safety of other persons or of property and is likely to 17 appear for any scheduled proceeding.” 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c)(2). 18 In Demore v. Kim, the Supreme Court held that § 1226(c) is constitutional on its face. 538 19 U.S. 510, 530 (2003); but see id. at 532-33 (Kennedy, J., concurring) (“Were there to be an 20 unreasonable delay by the INS in pursuing and completing deportation proceedings, it could 21 become necessary then to inquire whether the detention is not to facilitate deportation, or to 22 protect against risk of flight or dangerousness, but to incarcerate for other reasons.”). However, 23 the Court in Demore did not foreclose as-applied challenges and since that case was decided, the 24 Supreme Court has explicitly declined to decide whether detention under § 1226(c) is 25 constitutional in particular circumstances. See Jennings v. Rodriguez, 138 S. Ct. 830, 851 (2018); 26 Nielsen v. Preap, 139 S. Ct. 954, 972 (2019) (“Our decision today on the meaning of [§ 1226(c)] 27 does not foreclose as-applied challenges”). 1 non-punitive and merely preventative, detention in the immigration context” in which it 2 considered the procedural protections available to noncitizens detained under 8 U.S.C. §§ 1225(b) 3 and 1226(c). See Rodriguez v. Robbins (“Rodriguez III”), 804 F.3d 1060 (9th Cir. 2015), reversed 4 by Jennings v. Rodriguez, 583 U.S. ––––, 138 S.Ct. 830, 200 (2018). In Rodriguez III, a certified 5 class of noncitizens challenged their prolonged detentions pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §§ 1225(b), 6 1226(a), 1226(c), and 1231(a) without the provision of individualized bond hearings. 804 F.3d at 7 1065. Following the entry of a preliminary injunction, which was affirmed on appeal, see 8 Rodriguez v. Robbins (“Rodriguez II”), 715 F.3d 1127 (9th Cir. 2013), the district court granted 9 summary judgment to the class and entered a permanent injunction requiring the government to 10 provide a bond hearing to any class member subject to detention for more than six months. 804 11 F.3d at 1065. The district court also required the government to prove by clear and convincing 12 evidence that the detainee was a flight risk or a danger to the community in order to justify the 13 denial of bond. Id. at 1071. On appeal, the Ninth Circuit affirmed summary judgment and the 14 entry of the permanent injunction as to the section 1226(c), 1225(b), and 1226(a) subclasses, 15 applying the canon of constitutional avoidance and construing sections 1225(b) and 1226(c) as 16 imposing a six-month time limit on detention; after the six-month time limit passed, the court 17 held, the government could continue detention only under the authority of section 1226(a). Id. at 18 1079, 1082. 19 In Jennings, the Supreme Court reversed Rodriguez III, concluding that the Ninth Circuit 20 had misapplied the canon of constitutional avoidance as to sections 1225(b), 1226(c), and 1226(a), 21 and finding that its interpretations of those provisions to be “implausible.” 138 S.Ct. at 842. As 22 relevant here, the Court rejected the argument that those provisions contain an implicit six-month 23 limit on the length of detention, observing that “nothing in the statutory text imposes any limit on 24 the length of detention” or “even hints that those provisions restrict detention after six months.” Id. 25 at 842, 843. The Court in Jennings only addressed statutory challenges to the INA’s detention 26 scheme, however, remanding the question of whether prolonged detention without an 27 individualized bond hearing violates the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment. 138 S. Ct. at 1 Upon remand, the Ninth Circuit stated its “grave doubts that any statute that allows for 2 arbitrary prolonged detention without any process is constitutional” and remanded the issue to the 3 district court to consider it in the first instance. Rodriguez v. Marin (“Rodriguez IV”), 909 F.3d 4 252, 256 (9th Cir. 2018). 5 B. Discussion 6 “[T]he Due Process Clause applies to all ‘persons’ within the United States, including 7 aliens, whether their presence here is lawful, unlawful, temporary, or permanent.” Zadvydas v. 8 Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 693 (2001). Although Respondents rely on Demore in support of their 9 assertion that Petitioner’s detention is constitutional, that case provides little guidance because the 10 Court found only that Section 1226(c) was constitutionally permissible as to detention for the 11 “brief period necessary” to complete removal proceedings, which in that case was six months. 12 538 U.S. at 513, 530-531. However, the Court’s holding was premised on the fact that detention 13 pending removal hearings has “a definite termination point” and its finding that at that time, 14 detention pending removal typically “last[ed] roughly a month and a half in the vast majority of 15 cases in which it is invoked, and about five months in the minority of cases in which the alien 16 chooses to appeal.” Id. at 529-30. 17 Here, in contrast, Petitioner’s detention pending removal has been over seventeen months, 18 that is, almost three times the length of the detention that was at issue in Demore. See, e.g., 19 Gonzalez v. Bonnar, No. 18-CV-05321-JSC, 2019 WL 330906, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 25, 2019) 20 (noting that “[i]n contrast to the situation at the time Demore was decided, case processing times 21 today are considerably longer” and concluding that petitioner’s detention for over one year 22 without a bond hearing violated his due process rights). Moreover, according to the Ninth Circuit 23 docket, the PFR that is pending before it is being considered for oral argument in January 2024 24 and a decision may not issue for many months after that. 25 Still, “there remains ‘a dearth of guidance regarding the point at which an individual’s 26 continued mandatory detention under Section 1226(c) becomes unconstitutional.’” Bent v. Barr, 27 No. 19-CV-06123-DMR, 2020 WL 1677332, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 6, 2020) (quoting Gonzalez, 1 rule for a due process right to receive periodic bond hearings, the Court finds that it is appropriate 2 to conduct an individualized due process analysis under Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333 3 (1976). See Salesh P. v. Kaiser, No. 22-CV-03018-DMR, 2022 WL 17082375, at *8 (N.D. Cal. 4 Nov. 18, 2022) (applying Mathews to decide whether detention of noncitizen under § 1226(c) was 5 unconstitutional and collecting cases in which other courts have done the same). 6 In Mathews, the Supreme Court held that “[t]he fundamental requirement of due process is 7 the opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.” 424 U.S. at 333. 8 The Court established a three-part test that requires courts to consider “(1) the private interest 9 affected, (2) the government’s interest, and (3) the value added by alternative procedural 10 safeguards to what has already been provided in the particular situation before the court.” Soto v. 11 Sessions, No. 18-cv-02891-EMC, 2018 WL 3619727, at *3 (N.D. Cal. July 30, 2018) (citing 12 Mathews, 424 U.S. at 334-35). 13 The first factor is Petitioner’s interest. Courts have held that there is a strong private 14 interest based on the duration of the detention. De Paz Sales v. Barr, No. 19-cv-04148-KAW, 15 2019 WL 4751894, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 30, 2019) (finding a strong private interest where the 16 petitioner “risks continued detention absent a bond hearing”). “[L]iberty is the norm, and detention 17 prior to trial or without trial is the carefully limited exception.” Rodriguez IV, 909 F.3d at 256-57 18 (quoting United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 755 (1987)). In this case, Petitioner has been 19 detained for seventeen months without a bond hearing, and there is no reasonably certain end to 20 his detention. This period of detention leans heavily toward finding a strong private interest at 21 stake. Lopez Reyes v. Bonnar, 362 F. Supp. 3d 762, 776 (N.D. Cal. 2019) (finding a strong private 22 interest where the petitioner had been detained 22 months and received his last bond hearing 16 23 months prior); Jimenez v. Wolf, No. 19-cv-07996-NC, 2020 WL 510347, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 30, 24 2020) (finding petitioner “undoubtedly has a strong liberty interest to be free from arbitrary or 25 unreasonable imprisonment” where he had been detained for one year without a bond hearing). 26 The Court rejects Respondents’ assertion that Petitioner’s interest is diminished because he 27 has already “received significant process before the Agency, as well as the Ninth Circuit.” 1 Petitioner was first taken into ICE custody, but Fraihat custody hearings do not provide for a 2 neutral arbiter or for the submission of evidence by the detained noncitizen and there is no 3 evidence in the record as to the type of review ICE conducted as to Petitioner’s detention in this 4 case or the procedural protections – if any – he received. 5 Likewise, Respondents’ reliance on the extensions of briefing deadlines that were 6 requested by Petitioner and granted by the BIA and the Ninth Circuit, see id. at 17-18, is 7 misplaced. Respondents’ own evidence indicates Petitioner made these requests because he was 8 looking for counsel or because of scheduling conflicts on the part of his attorney once he found 9 counsel. Contreras Decl. ¶ 14. The Court finds no authority suggesting that affording a petitioner 10 the opportunity to find counsel who can represent him in removal proceedings in any way 11 diminishes his due process interest in connection with prolonged detention. 12 The Court also rejects Respondents’ assertion that Petitioner’s interest is diminished 13 because the length of his detention is a result of his “litigation choices.” Respondents’ Return at 14 18. The “choices” Respondents cite are nothing less than asserting Petitioner’s legal rights with 15 respect to remaining in the United States, where he has lived since he was fourteen years old 16 having entered the country lawfully with his family. As Judge Donato has observed in the face of 17 a similar scenario where the government argued a noncitizen’s detention could have been 18 shortened if the detainee had only abandoned his asylum application, “it ill suits the United States 19 to suggest that he could shorten his detention by giving up these rights.” Masood v. Barr, No. 19- 20 CV-07623-JD, 2020 WL 95633, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 8, 2020); see Romero Romero v. Wolf, No. 21 20-CV-08031-TSH, 2021 WL 254435, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 26, 2021), appeal dismissed sub nom. 22 Romero Romero v. Garland, No. 21-15565, 2021 WL 2660662 (9th Cir. June 8, 2021) (chastising 23 the government for making the same argument as to petitioner’s BIA appeal and observing, 24 “Petitioner’s BIA appeal (and his appeal to the Ninth Circuit, should he pursue it) is perfectly 25 legitimate; if his removal becomes final, he loses the right to live in the country he’s lived in since 26 he was an infant (he’s over 40 now), ‘and it ill suits the United States to suggest that he could 27 shorten his detention by giving up these rights and abandoning his [appeal].’”) (quoting Masood, 1 The second factor addresses the government’s interest. Respondents argue that detention 2 serves the government’s interest because of the government’s strong interest in immigration 3 enforcement generally, and because Petitioner is subject to a final administrative order of removal 4 and the government has devoted significant resources to securing his removal. Respondents’ 5 Return at 19-20. However, the governmental interest at stake with respect to the instant habeas 6 petition “is the ability to detain Petitioner without providing him with [a] bond hearing, not 7 whether the government may continue to detain him.” Lopez Reyes v. Bonnar, 362 F. Supp. 3d 8 762, 777 (N.D. Cal. 2019) (emphasis in original). Respondents do not explain how providing 9 Petitioner with a bond hearing after 17 months of detention would undermine its interest in 10 securing his removal, given that the stay of removal will remain in place pending the Ninth 11 Circuit’s decision regardless of whether or not a bond hearing is held and Respondents will be 12 able to continue to detain Petitioner upon a proper showing of flight risk and/or danger to the 13 community. “After all, the purpose of a bond hearing is to inquire whether the [noncitizen] 14 represents a flight risk or danger to the community.” Jimenez v. Wolf, No. 19-CV-07996-NC, 2020 15 WL 510347, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 30, 2020). The Court therefore concludes that requiring the 16 Respondents to provide Petitioner with a bond hearing does not meaningfully undermine the 17 government’s interest. 18 The final factor looks at the value of additional safeguards. See Soto, 2018 WL 3619727, at 19 *3. In this case, Petitioner has not received any bond hearing during his seventeen-month 20 detention. Accordingly, the value of additional procedural safeguards—i.e., a bond hearing—is 21 high, because “Respondents have provided virtually no procedural safeguards at all.” Jimenez, 22 2020 WL 510347, at *3. 23 Based on its consideration of the Mathews factors, the Court concludes that Petitioner's 24 continued detention without a bond hearing violates his due process rights under the Fifth 25 Amendment. 26 The Court further finds that under Singh v. Holder, 638 F.3d 1196, 1203 (9th Cir. 2011), 27 the government must justify Petitioner’s continued detention by establishing by clear and 1 Kaiser, No. 22-CV-03018-DMR, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 210104, *24 (Nov. 18, 2022) (holding 2 that due process required bond hearing for petitioner detained under Section 1226(c) and that at 3 the bond hearing the government was required to justify the petitioner’s continued detention “by 4 establishing by clear and convincing evidence that he is a flight risk or a danger to the community 5 pursuant to Singh v. Holder, 638 F.3d at 1203.”); see also, J.P., 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 137192, 6 at *13-14 (same); Pham, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 56944, at *7 (same). In Singh, the Ninth Circuit 7 held that “the government must prove by clear and convincing evidence that an alien is a flight 8 risk or a danger to the community to justify denial of bond,” because “civil commitment for any 9 purpose constitutes a significant deprivation of liberty.” 638 F.3d at 1203-04 (emphasis in 10 original) (citation omitted). That holding applies to Petitioner’s prolonged detention in this case. 2 11 Finally, the Court declines to conduct a bond hearing in the first instance and instead 12 orders that a bond hearing be held by an IJ within 14 days of this Order. The undersigned agrees 13 with the reasoning of Judge Freemen in the face of a similar request: 14 Even if [Petitioner] is correct that the Court has the authority to hold a bond hearing, the more prudent course is to allow an IJ to make 15 determinations about [Petitioner’s] risk of flight or danger to the community and eligibility for [GSA’s Intensive Supervision 16 Appearance Program]. See Mansoor v. Figueroa, No. 317CV01695GPCNLS, 2018 WL 840253, at *4 (S.D. Cal. Feb. 13, 17 2018) (“The Court finds the IJ is uniquely qualified and situated to make neutral administrative determinations about Petitioner’s 18 eligibility for release on bond and/or placement in a supervised release program such as ISAP.”); Lopez, 631 F.Supp.3d at 882 19 (declining to order immediate release and instead ordering a bond hearing before an IJ). 20 21

22 2 Respondents suggest that the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Rodriguez-Diaz v. Garland, 53 F.4th 1189 (9th Cir. 2022) has called Singh’s holding on this point into question. Respondents’ Return 23 at 22. The undersigned, like all of the judges in this District who have addressed this argument, concludes that “the reasoning of Singh and its holding remains applicable to § 1226(c) cases, like 24 this one, where there is a ‘substantial liberty interest at stake[ ]’ [because] Rodriguez-Diaz considered [only] whether a second bond hearing was constitutionally required in the § 1226(a) 25 context, and specifically declined to opine on whether Singh remains good law in § 1226(c) cases.” Pham, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 56944, *20-21 (citing Singh, 638 F.3d at 1204; Perera, 26 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 110194, 2021 WL 2400981, at *6; Doe v. Garland, No. 3:22-CV-03759- JD, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4312, 2023 WL 1934509, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 10, 2023) (holding that 27 the government shall bear the burden in a constitutionally required bond hearing in the § 1226(c) 1 LE.S. vy. Becerra, Case No. 23-cv-3783, United States District Court for the Northern District of 2 || California, docket no. 20 (Sept. 27, 2023) at pp. 14-15. 3 | V. CONCLUSION 4 For the foregoing reasons, the Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 5 2241 is GRANTED. Petitioner must be provided with a bond hearing before an immigration judge 6 || within 14 days of the date of this Order. At that hearing, DHS must establish by clear and 7 || convincing evidence that Petitioner is a flight risk or a danger to the community in order to 8 continue his detention. 9 IT IS SO ORDERED. 10 11 Dated: October 4, 2023 qa €

JQSEPH C. SPERO

13 nited States Magistrate Judge

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