1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 JAMES O’SHEA, Case No. 23-cv-03327-TLT

8 Plaintiff,

ORDER DENYING IN FORMA

9 v. PAUPERIS STATUS; DISMISSING

CASE

10 J. ROSETE, et al., Re: Dkt. No. 5 Defendants. 11

12 13 Plaintiff, a prisoner at the Maguire Correctional Facility in San Mateo County proceeding 14 pro se, filed a civil rights complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. He has requested leave to proceed in 15 forma pauperis (IFP). ECF 5. For the reasons set forth below, plaintiff’s motion for leave to 16 proceed IFP is DENIED under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). Because plaintiff fails to state a claim upon 17 which relief can be granted, plaintiff’s complaint will be dismissed. 18 DISCUSSION 19 A. Three Strikes 20 1. Legal Standard 21 This action is governed by the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1996 (“PLRA”) which was 22 enacted, and became effective, on April 26, 1996. The PLRA provides that a prisoner may not 23 bring a civil action under 28 U.S.C. § 1915, i.e., may not proceed in forma pauperis, “if the 24 prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought 25 an action . . . in a court of the United States that was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, 26 malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, unless the prisoner is under 27 imminent danger of serious physical injury.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). 1 danger” is to be assessed at the time of filing of the complaint. See Andrews v. Cervantes, 493 2 F.3d 1047, 1053 (9th Cir. 2007) (“Andrews II”). The conditions that existed at some earlier or 3 later time are not relevant. See Andrews II, 493 F.3d 1047 at 1053 & n.5 (post-filing transfer of 4 prisoner out of prison at which danger allegedly existed may have mooted request for injunctive 5 relief against alleged danger but did not affect Section 1915(g) analysis). “[T]he imminent danger 6 exception to the PLRA three-strikes provision requires a nexus between the alleged imminent 7 danger and the violations of law alleged in the complaint.” Ray v. Lara, 31 F.4th 692, 695 (9th 8 Cir. 2022). The court “should not make an overly detailed inquiry into whether the allegations 9 qualify for the [imminent danger] exception.” Andrews II, 493 F.3d at 1055. It is sufficient if the 10 complaint “makes a plausible allegation that the prisoner faced ‘imminent danger of serious 11 physical injury’ at the time of filing.” Id. 12 A district court may, at the screening stage, deny a plaintiff IFP status sua sponte. Ray v. 13 Lara, 31 F.4th 692, 697 (9th Cir. 2022). The court should “clearly identif[y] three prior 14 dismissals” in order to “place[] [the plaintiff] on notice of the three cases that constituted strikes.” 15 Id. But no additional process or opportunity to be heard is required. Id. 16 2. Plaintiff’s Strikes 17 Plaintiff is a frequent litigant. Plaintiff has filed more than twenty-five cases in the 18 Northern District of California: 19 1. O’Shea v. Bolanos, 21-cv-06008-RS; 20 2. O’Shea v. San Mateo County Jail Medical Unit, 23-cv-00015-TLT; 21 3. O’Shea v. Martinez, 23-cv-00047-TLT; 22 4. O’Shea v. Unknown, 23-cv-00848-TLT; 23 5. O’Shea v. Unknown, 23-cv-01023-TLT; 24 6. O’Shea v. Miram, 23-cv-01536-TLT; 25 7. O’Shea v. Madha, 23-cv-04022-TLT; 26 8. O’Shea v. Alcantara, 23-cv-03456-TLT; 27 9. O’Shea v. Wagstaffe, 19-cv-04563-RS; 1 11. O’Shea v. McDonald; 21-cv-10046-RS; 2 12. O’Shea v. Albanese, et al., 21-cv-10047-RS; 3 13. O’Shea v. Garrett et al., 23-cv-01901-TLT; 4 14. O’Shea v. San Mateo County, 23-cv-01940-TLT; 5 15. O’Shea v. Serrato et al., 23-cv-02262-TLT; 6 16. O’Shea v. Unknown Fish & Game Agent, 23-cv-03371-TLT; 7 17. O’Shea v. Wagstaffe, 22-cv-03250-TLT; 8 18. O’Shea v. (former)Pacifica Police Officer Grant, 22-cv-08985-TLT; 9 19. O’Shea v. Cooper, 22-cv-08986-TLT; 10 20. O’Shea v. Chau, 23-cv-01535-TLT; 11 21. O’Shea v. Tung, 23-cv-04209-TLT; 12 22. O’Shea v. Taniguchi, 23-cv-02616-TLT; 13 23. O’Shea v. Higgens, 23-cv-03697-TLT; 14 24. O’Shea v. Eagle, 23-cv-04049-TLT; 15 25. O’Shea v. Mansker, 23-cv-04208-TLT 16 26. O’Shea v. Lee, 23-cv-00690-TLT 17 27. O’Shea v. Nimau et al., 23-cv-02590-TLT. 18 Plaintiff has had at least three cases dismissed that count as “strikes.” See, e.g., O’Shea v. 19 Martinez, No. 23-cv-00047-TLT at ECF 15 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 8, 2023) (dismissing untimely filed 20 civil rights complaint); O’Shea v. Bolanos, No. 21-16886 at ECF 22 (9th Cir. Jan. 21, 2022) 21 (dismissing appeal as frivolous); O’Shea v. San Mateo County Sheriff, No. 21-cv-08239-RS at 22 ECF 19, 21 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 29 and May 18, 2022) (plaintiff did not amend after dismissal with 23 leave to amend of complaint that failed to state a claim).1 24 Because plaintiff has had at least three cases dismissed that count as “strikes,” pursuant to 25 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g), he may not proceed in forma pauperis in this action unless he demonstrates 26

27 1 See Harris v. Mangum, 863 F.3d 1133, 1141-43 (9th Cir. 2017) (dismissal with leave to amend 1 that he is in imminent danger of serious physical injury at the time he filed the complaint. 2 3. Imminent Danger 3 Plaintiff’s complaint does not allege imminent danger. He alleges that defendant Officer 4 Rosete was involved in the use of excessive force against him in May 2017 and in April 2018. 5 ECF 4 at 3, 5. Plaintiff’s complaint does not meet the imminent danger exception to the three- 6 strikes IFP filing bar. 7 B. Preliminary Screening 8 1. Legal Standard 9 Federal courts must engage in a preliminary screening of cases in which prisoners seek 10 redress from a governmental entity, or from an officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 11 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). In its review, the court must identify any cognizable claims, and dismiss any 12 claims which are frivolous, malicious, fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or 13 seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. Id. at § 1915A(b)(1), (2). 14 Further, it should be noted that pleadings submitted by pro se parties must be liberally construed. 15 Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). 16 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only “a short and plain statement of the 17 claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” While specific facts are not necessary, the 18 statement needs to give the defendant fair notice of the nature of the claim and the grounds upon 19 which it rests. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007). Although a plaintiff need not include 20 detailed factual allegations in a complaint, the complaint must do more than recite elements of a 21 cause of action and state conclusions; rather, a plaintiff must state factual allegations sufficient to 22 raise the entitlement to relief “above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 23 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). A complaint must proffer “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is 24 plausible on its face.” Id. at 570. The Supreme Court explained this standard: “[w]hile legal 25 conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual 26 allegations . . . [and] [w]hen there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their 27 veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.” Ashcroft 1 To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must allege two essential elements: 2 (1) that a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States was violated, and (2) that 3 the alleged deprivation was committed by a person acting under the color of state law. West v. 4 Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988). 5 2. Analysis 6 The basis of plaintiff’s complaint is events that took place in 2017 and 2018, more than 7 five years ago. Section 1983 does not contain its own limitations period. The appropriate period 8 is that of the forum state’s statute of limitations for personal injury torts. See Wilson v. Garcia, 9 471 U.S. 261, 276 (1985), superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in Jones v. R.R. 10 Donnelley & Sons Co., 541 U.S. 369 377-78 (2004); TwoRivers v. Lewis, 174 F.3d 987, 991 (9th 11 Cir. 1999); Elliott v. City of Union City, 25 F.3d 800, 802 (9th Cir. 1994). In the event the state 12 has multiple statutes of limitations for different torts, courts considering § 1983 claims should 13 borrow the general or residual statute for personal injury actions. See Silva v. Crain, 169 F.3d 14 608, 610 (9th Cir. 1999). In California, the general residual statute of limitations for personal 15 injury actions is the two-year period set forth at California Civil Procedure Code § 335.1 and is the 16 applicable statute in § 1983 actions. See Maldonado v. Harris, 370 F.3d 945, 954 (9th Cir. 2004); 17 see also Silva, 169 F.3d at 610 (limitations period for filing § 1983 action in California governed 18 by residual limitations period for personal injury actions in California, which was then one year 19 and was codified in Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 340(3)); Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 335.1 (current 20 codification of residual limitations period, which is now two years; enacted in 2002). 21 Although the Court relies upon the state statute of limitations to determine the time for 22 filing a claim, the Court uses federal law to determine when a claim accrues. Elliott v. City of 23 Union City, 25 F.3d 800, 801-02 (9th Cir. 1994). The Ninth Circuit has determined that a claim 24 accrues when the plaintiff knows, or should know, of the injury that is the basis of the cause of 25 action. See Kimes v. Stone, 84 F.3d 1121, 1128 (9th Cir. 1996). Plaintiff’s claim therefore 26 accrued in May 2017 or April 2018, when the excessive force was used against him. 27 California Civil Procedure Code section 352.1 recognizes imprisonment as a disability that 1 charge, or in execution under the sentence of a criminal court for a term of less than for life.” Cal. 2 || Civ. Proc. Code § 352.1(a). If plaintiff was so imprisoned for two years after the April 2018 3 incident, the statute of limitations would have run in April 2022. Plaintiff filed this case in August 4 || 2023. The claim is therefore untimely and will be dismissed with prejudice for failure to state a 5 || claim upon which relief can be granted. 6 CONCLUSION 7 For the reasons set forth above, the Court orders as follows: 8 Because plaintiff has had three or more prior dismissals and is not under imminent danger 9 || of serious physical injury, his motion to proceed IFP, (ECF No. 5), is DENIED pursuant to 10 || § 1915(g). 11 Plaintiff's complaint is DISMISSED for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be 12 || granted. 13 The Clerk shall terminate all pending motions, enter judgment for the defendant, and close 14 || the file.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

a 16 Dated: October 26, 2023

TRINA L. PSON

19 United States District Judge 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28