I. BACKGROUND

21 The plaintiffs in this case are two disabled individuals and the nonprofit California 22 Foundation for Independent Living Centers (“CFILC”), an “organization that serves and supports 23 more than twenty Independent Living Centers across the state and leads several state-wide 24 programs for Californians with disabilities.” SAC ¶¶ 3, 4. Plaintiffs initially filed this putative 25 class action lawsuit on October 7, 2021, alleging that Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. 26 (“Kaiser”), the Department of Managed Health Care (“DMHC”), and DMHC Director Mary 27 Watanabe unlawfully excluded or limited coverage for wheelchairs in the California EHB- 1 Benchmark plan (“the Plan”). 1 Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint the following month, Dkt. 2 No. 12, which state defendants moved to dismiss, Dkt. Nos. 33 and 34, and defendant Kaiser 3 moved to compel to arbitration, Dkt. No. 32. On September 27, 2022, the Court issued two 4 orders: one granting Kaiser’s motion to compel arbitration, Dkt. No. 66, and the other granting 5 state defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint on the ground that suit against DMHC and 6 Director Watanabe was barred under the doctrine of sovereign immunity. See Dkt. No. 67 (“MTD 7 I Order”). The Court granted Plaintiffs leave to amend. Id. 8 On October 25, 2022, Plaintiffs filed the SAC, dropping Director Watanabe and adding the 9 California Health and Human Services Agency (“CHHSA”) as a named defendant.2 See Dkt. No. 10 67 (“SAC”). As before, Plaintiffs allege that Defendants’ exclusion of, or unreasonable limitation 11 on, wheelchair coverage in the Plan discriminates against people with disabilities in violation of 12 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act (“ACA”). 13 1 The Court provided additional background on the benchmark approach to insurance coverage 14 under the ACA in its prior order. See Dkt. No. 67 (“MTD I Order”) at 1–2. In that order, the Court did not have occasion to rule on Defendants’ request, Dkt. No. 34-1, for judicial notice of 15 (1) the California EHB-Benchmark plan document and (2) the letter from the Secretary of the California Health and Human Service Agency transmitting that plan to the agency’s national 16 counterpart upon selection. However, because Defendants’ second Motion to Dismiss appears to renew this request, the Court now rules on it. See Dkt. No. 77 at 8 (“The motion will be and is 17 based on . . . the previously filed . . . Request for Judicial Notice (ECF 34-1)”). Judicial notice “permits a court to notice an adjudicative fact if it is ‘not subject to reasonable dispute,’” which 18 means the fact is “‘generally known,’ or ‘can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.’” Khoja v. Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc., 899 19 F.3d 988, 999 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)). Additionally, where a plaintiff’s claim “necessarily relies” on a document of unchallenged authenticity that was not physically 20 attached to the complaint, a court may construe the document as part of the complaint on a motion to dismiss. Marder v. Lopez, 450 F.3d 445, 448 (9th Cir. 2006). The cover letter and Plan 21 document proffered by Defendants are foundational to Plaintiffs’ claims and were part of a public agency’s governmental communications, and not reasonably susceptible to dispute about accuracy 22 or authenticity. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ request for judicial notice of the agency cover letter and Plan document, Dkt. No. 34-1, to the extent that these documents contain 23 undisputed facts about the existence and terms of Plan coverage. 2 The Complaint and First Amended Complaint also included allegations against Kaiser 24 Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (“Kaiser”), see Dkt. Nos. 1, 12, but the SAC did not. Defendants query whether this omission indicates that Kaiser has been dropped from the case, but Plaintiffs 25 confirm that claims against Kaiser are omitted “only because the claims against them cannot be litigated in this forum now during the pendency of the stay.” Dkt. No. 80 at 1, n.1. Though for 26 simplicity the Court refers throughout this order to CHHSA and DMHC as “Defendants,” the Court recognizes that Kaiser remains a defendant in this case, and from the most recent arbitration 27 status report, the Court understands that Plaintiffs and Kaiser commenced arbitration on March 26, 1 SAC ¶¶ 68–82. Defendants then filed this motion arguing that Plaintiffs’ SAC should be 2 dismissed because i) sovereign immunity bars suit against both Defendants; ii) Plaintiffs lack 3 standing; iii) Plaintiffs’ claims are time-barred; and iv) Plaintiffs fail to state a claim for disability 4 discrimination. Dkt. No. 77 (“Mot.”). 5 II. LEGAL STANDARD 6 A. Rule 12(b)(1) 7 A motion to dismiss filed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) is a challenge to the court’s subject 8 matter jurisdiction. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). “Federal courts are courts of limited 9 jurisdiction[,]” and it is “presumed that a cause lies outside this limited jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v. 10 Guardian Life Ins. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). The party invoking the jurisdiction of the 11 federal court bears the burden of establishing that the court has subject matter jurisdiction to grant 12 the relief requested. Id. The issue of Article III standing is jurisdictional and is therefore 13 “properly raised in a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1)[.]” White 14 v. Lee, 227 F.3d 1214, 1242 (9th Cir. 2000). 15 Rule 12(b)(1) motions to dismiss based on an asserted lack of subject matter jurisdiction 16 may be “facial” or “factual.” See White, 227 F.3d at 1242. In a facial attack, the jurisdictional 17 challenge is confined to the allegations pled in the complaint. See Wolfe v. Strankman, 392 F.3d 18 358, 362 (9th Cir. 2004). The challenger asserts that the complaint’s allegations are insufficient 19 “on their face” to invoke federal jurisdiction. Safe Air Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 20 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2004). To resolve this challenge, the court assumes that those allegations are 21 true and draws all reasonable inference in favor of the party opposing dismissal. See Wolfe, 392 22 F.3d at 362. 23 On the other hand, where the jurisdictional attack is factual, “‘the challenger disputes the 24 truth of the allegations that, by themselves, would otherwise invoke federal jurisdiction.’” Wood 25 v. City of San Diego, 678 F.3d 1075, 1083 n.8 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Safe Air, 373 F.3d at 26 1039). Once challenged, the plaintiff must support her jurisdictional allegations with “competent 27 proof.” Hertz Corp. v. Friend, 559 U.S. 77, 96–97 (2010). To resolve a factual attack, the court 1 review evidence beyond the complaint without converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for 2 summary judgment.’” Wood, 678 F.3d at 1083 n.8 (quoting Safe Air, 373 F.3d at 1039); see also 3 Land v. Dollar, 330 U.S. 731, 735 n.4 (1947) (“[W]hen a question of the District Court’s 4 jurisdiction is raised . . . the court may inquire by affidavits or otherwise, into the facts as they 5 exist.”). However, where ‘“the jurisdictional issue and substantive claims are so intertwined that 6 resolution of the jurisdictional question is dependent on factual issues going to the merits, the 7 district court should employ the standard applicable to a motion for summary judgment.’” Autery 8 v. United States, 424 F.3d 944, 956 (9th Cir. 2005) (quoting Rosales v. United States, 824 F.2d 9 799, 803 (9th Cir.1987)). 10 B. Rule 12(b)(6) 11 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a) requires that a complaint contain “a short and plain 12 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). 13 A defendant may move to dismiss a complaint for failing to state a claim upon which relief can be 14 granted under Rule 12(b)(6). “Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is appropriate only where the 15 complaint lacks a cognizable legal theory or sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory.” 16 Mendiondo v. Centinela Hosp. Med. Ctr., 521 F.3d 1097, 1104 (9th Cir. 2008). To survive a Rule 17 12(b)(6) motion, a plaintiff need only plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible 18 on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is facially plausible 19 when a plaintiff pleads “factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that 20 the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 21 In reviewing the plausibility of a complaint, courts “accept factual allegations in the 22 complaint as true and construe the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” 23 Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008). Nevertheless, 24 courts do not “accept as true allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of 25 fact, or unreasonable inferences.” In re Gilead Scis. Secs. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 26 2008) (quoting Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001)). 27 Even if the Court concludes that a 12(b)(6) motion should be granted, the “court should 1 the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 2 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (quotation omitted). 3 III. DISCUSSION 4 C. Sovereign Immunity 5 i. Factual Background 6 In its prior ruling, the Court held that DMHC did not waive its sovereign immunity 7 because Plaintiffs did not adequately allege that 1) DMHC was currently receiving any direct 8 federal funding that could subject it to suit, and 2) the receipt of federal funding by a sister 9 department within CHHSA could be imputed to DMHC so as to abrogate its immunity. MTD I 10 Order at 5–9.3 However, the Court permitted Plaintiffs to amend their complaint. 11 When they did so, Plaintiffs kept DMHC and added CHHSA as a defendant to the suit. 12 See generally SAC. But Defendants argue in their motion that Plaintiffs’ amended pleadings still 13 do not demonstrate CHHSA’s present receipt of federal funds – let alone the imputation of any 14 associated waiver from CHHSA to DMHC – sufficient to now allow Plaintiffs’ claims to 15 overcome the Eleventh Amendment bar. Mot. at 18–22. Plaintiffs contend that CHHSA has 16 waived its sovereign immunity by its recent receipt of federal assistance, and that CHHSA’s 17 waiver is imputable to DMHC under Sharer v. Oregon, 581 F.3d 1176, 1180 (9th Cir. 2009). Dkt. 18 No. 80 (“Opp.”) at 8–14. While it is a close question, the Court ultimately finds, after considering 19 both parties’ factual contentions, that Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that CHHSA’s receipt of 20 federal funds waives its sovereign immunity, and that CHHSA’s waiver is imputable to DMHC. 4 21 ii. Legal Framework 22 The Eleventh Amendment to the U.S. Constitution embodies the principle of “sovereign 23 immunity” and bars a federal court from hearing claims by private citizens against state 24 governments, their agencies, or the officials of those agencies unless the state consents to suit, or 25 3 For ease of reference, the Court refers to the PDF pages rather than the document’s internal 26 pagination unless otherwise noted. 4 Plaintiffs also continue to argue that Defendant DMHC is independently covered by Section 504 27 and Section 1557. Opp. at 14. The Court already rejected this argument in its prior order on 1 Congress has expressly abrogated the state’s immunity. See Seminole Tribe v. Florida, 517 U.S. 2 44, 54–57 (1996); Coll. Sav. Bank v. Fla. Prepaid Postsecondary Educ. Expense Bd., 527 U.S. 3 666, 669–70 (1999). 4 As the Court previously explained, one way for an otherwise immune sovereign entity to 5 consent to suit is by accepting federal funding that was conditioned on a waiver of that immunity. 6 MTD I Order at 5; see Holley v. California Dep’t of Corr., 599 F.3d 1108, 1111-12 (9th Cir. 7 2010). To constitute a valid waiver of sovereign immunity, a state’s consent to suit must be 8 “unequivocally expressed in the statutory text.” Id. (citations omitted). But even a valid waiver 9 based on the acceptance of federal funds “encompasses a department or agency receiving federal 10 funds in only those periods during which the funds are accepted.” Sharer, 581 F.3d at 1180 11 (emphasis added); MTD Order I at 6–7. 5 12 Both Sections 504 and 1557 express this clear waiver. See Opp. at 8–9; see also Douglas 13 v. California Dep’t of Youth Auth., 271 F.3d 812, 820–21 (9th Cir.) (discussing waiver under 14 Section 504), amended, 271 F.3d 910 (9th Cir. 2001); Espino v. Regents of the Univ. of California, 15 No. 222CV05880SPGJPR, 2023 WL 3549464 at *12 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2023) (discussing 16 waiver under Section 1557). Specifically, the statutes subject to suit “any program or activity” 17 any part of which is extended federal funds. 29 U.S.C. § 794(b) (Rehabilitation Act); 42 U.S.C. § 18 18116(a) (ACA). Significantly, the Rehabilitation Act defines “program or activity” to mean “all 19 the operations of” a given covered entity. 29 U.S.C. § 794(b). 20 iii. Application to CHHSA 21 Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have not “establish[ed] that . . . CHHSA has waived its 22 Eleventh Amendment immunity through receipt of federal funding” because they “fail to allege 23 any facts actually showing that” CHHSA receives federal funds. Mot. at 21. Even though they 24 did not submit additional evidence with their motion, the Court construes Defendants’ argument as 25 5 This aspect of the Sharer court’s discussion was limited to Section 504, as it did not have section 26 1557 claims in front of it (nor could it have, since the case predated the ACA). However, this Court sees no reason that Sharer’s holding should not apply to Section 1557 claims, and the 27 parties do not furnish any. As such, the Court finds that like Section 504 claims, Section 1557 1 a factual Rule 12(b)(1) challenge to Plaintiffs’ jurisdictional allegations. See Wood, 678 F.3d at 2 1083. Plaintiffs therefore bear the burden of showing “competent proof” that the Court properly 3 has jurisdiction over CHHSA. Hertz Corp., 559 U.S. at 96–97. 4 Plaintiffs aver in their complaint that CHHSA “receives billions of dollars of federal 5 financial assistance each year.” SAC ¶ 29. To support this allegation once challenged, Plaintiffs 6 submit state budget documents along with their opposition. Of most relevance, they provide a 7 2021-2022 CHHSA Budget Report (Dkt. No. 81-1, Ex. 1) and an excerpt from a California 8 Manual of State Funds (Dkt. No. 81-2, Ex. 2).6 The 2021-2022 budget document prominently 9 states “Health and Human Services” on its first title page and in the upper margin on every page 10 after that, and details the budgets and funding sources for CHHSA’s subsidiary departments and 11 entities. Notably, each line item in the budget is associated with a specific funding code. To 12 orient the Court to the most relevant funding code, Plaintiffs use the Manual of State Funds to 13 show that code “0890 Federal Trust Fund” refers to the state account “for the deposit of all 14 moneys received by the state from the federal government where the expenditure is administered 15 through or under the direction of any state agency.” Dkt. No. 81-2, Ex. 2 at 2. Plaintiffs request, 16 and the Court grants, judicial notice of these two documents. 7 Dkt. No. 81. It further uses these 17 6 The Court notes that Plaintiffs label these two exhibits inconsistently. In their request for 18 judicial notice, Plaintiffs discuss Exhibit 1 and 2, see Dkt. No. 81, but the cover pages of Dkt. Nos. 81-1 and 81-2 identify the documents as “Exhibit 10” and “Exhibit 11,” respectively. For clarity, 19 the Court will refer to them as Exhibits 1 and 2, as Plaintiffs do in their discussion. 7 The two documents at issue (Dkt. Nos. 81-1, Ex. 1 (CHHSA budget); 81-2, Ex. 2 (manual 20 excerpt)) are public records, the authenticity of which Defendants do not challenge. Accordingly, the Court finds it appropriate to take judicial notice of undisputed facts within those documents 21 under Khoja, and GRANTS Plaintiffs’ request as to these documents. Khoja, 899 F.3d at 999. However, to resolve the factual dispute at hand, the Court must grapple not only with the 22 undisputed facts (e.g. that DHCS’s budget has a line item of $84,094,146 [in thousands] from funding account “0890 Federal Trust Fund,” see Dkt. No. 81-1, Ex. 1 at 57), but also inferences 23 arising out of those facts (e.g. that DHCS received more than $84 billion in federal funds during the 2021-22 budget cycle). In the absence of declarations from either side spelling out these 24 inferences, the Court looks to the parties’ own treatment of the budget documents. For example, Defendants, based on the funding accounts represented in the budget, observe that “DMHC’s 25 funding appears to come from the Managed Care Fund.” Reply at 8. And Plaintiffs, in their Request for Judicial Notice, observe that the budget documents show that “several health 26 programs and activities operated by HHSA and DHCS are funded from the state’s Federal Trust Fund.” Dkt. No. 81 at 3. These and other instances demonstrate the parties’ shared assumption 27 that it is reasonable to read the budget documents as reliably representing (1) the flow of actual 1 documents to resolve the factual dispute raised by Defendants. See Land, 330 U.S. at 731 n.4. 2 In reviewing the budget documents, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have provided 3 “competent proof” to support their allegation that CHHSA “receives billions of dollars of federal 4 financial assistance each year.” SAC ¶ 29. Of the 20 entities accounted for in the budget 5 document (which, again, is identified with CHHSA by its coversheet and on the top margin of 6 every page), the Court identifies twelve CHHSA entities that received funds from “0890 Federal 7 Trust Fund.”8 See generally Dkt. No. 81-1, Ex. 1. By the Court’s math, those federal funds – 8 which, per the Manual of Funds, are “administered through or under the direction of any state 9 agency” – totaled over $97.5 billion dollars in the 2021-2022 budget cycle. Dkt. No. 81-2, Ex. 2 10 at 2 (emphasis added). While the federal money might ultimately flow to CHHSA departmental 11 subsidiaries, the definition of the “0890” funding account in the Manual of Funds tethers funding 12 flowing from that account to the agency, which in this case is CHHSA. The Court is of the view 13 that taken together, these facts are sufficient to support Plaintiffs’ allegations regarding CHHSA’s 14 receipt of federal funds. But should any doubt linger, the Court further observes that the budget 15 document provided by Defendants (and judicially noticed by the Court, see n.10) shows that 16 CHHSA itself (i.e. for its specific agency functions) received federal funds in the 2021-2022 17 budget cycle. See Dkt. No. 83 at 4. According to this document, CHHSA received more than $13 18

19 reasonable, it will rely on them in resolving the jurisdictional challenge. If Defendants substantively dispute any inferences made by the Court in reviewing the budget documents 20 presented (namely, that they accurately represent the flow, source, and departmental recipient of funds, including federal funds demarcated by the “0890 Federal Trust Fund” funding account 21 code), they can raise that argument on summary judgment. 8 Based on the Court’s review of the budget document Plaintiffs provided, it infers that the 22 following CHHSA entities received federal funding from the “0890 Federal Trust Fund” account during the 2021-22 budget cycle: State Council on Developmental Disabilities (Dkt. 81-1, Ex. 1 at 23 4), Emergency Medical Services Authority (id. at 7), Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (id. at 15), Department of Aging (id. at 32), Commission on Aging (id. at 43), 24 Department of Health Care Services (id. at 58), Department of Public Health (id. at 95), Department of Developmental Services (id. at 141), Department of Community Services and 25 Development (id. at 170), Department of Rehabilitation (id. at 178), Department of Child Support Services (id. at 188), and Department of Social Services (id. at 194). The Court further infers that 26 the following entities did not receive federal funding from the “0890 Federal Trust Fund” during that budget cycle: Department of Managed Health Care, California Senior Legislature, California 27 Children and Families Commission, Department of State Hospitals, Mental Health Services 1 million dollars that funding cycle from “0890 Federal Trust Fund,” which was applied to the 2 “0280 Secretary of California Health and Human Services” program code. Id. at 4, 7. 3 Since the CHHSA budget documents appear to show that CHHSA receives federal funds 4 not only for the functions of at least a dozen of its subsidiary entities but also for its specific 5 agency functions, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs’ allegations concerning CHHSA’s receipt of 6 federal funds have evidentiary support. At this stage and on these facts, the Court finds that 7 CHHSA receives federal funds sufficient to waive its sovereign immunity, such that the Court has 8 jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claims against CHHSA. 9 iv. Application to DMHC 10 Since Plaintiffs’ suit involves not just CHHSA but also DMHC – a department the Court 11 previously ruled does not itself currently receive federal funds, see MTD Order I at 8–9 – 12 Plaintiffs must show that imputing CHHSA’s waiver of sovereign immunity to DMHC is proper. 13 Plaintiffs contend that because DMHC is a part of an agency that receives federal funds, Sections 14 504 and 1557 apply based on the statutory definitions. The Rehabilitation Act covers “programs 15 or activities receiving federal financial assistance,” and defines “programs or activities” to mean 16 “all the operations of” a department or agency, “any part of which” receives federal funds. 29 17 U.S.C. § 794 (emphasis added). Similarly, the ACA extends to “any health program or activity, 18 any part of which is receiving federal financial assistance.” 42 U.S.C. § 18116 (emphasis added). 19 Since by virtue of being a subsidiary department, DMHC is a part of the operations of CHHSA – 20 an agency that receives federal funds – Plaintiffs reason that DMHC has plainly waived immunity 21 based on the statutory text. Opp. at 9–10, 12–13. 22 Defendants disagree. Relying on Sharer, they argue that Plaintiffs’ read of “program and 23 activity” is overbroad. Mot. at 19–20; Dkt. No. 82 (“Reply”) at 6–9. 24 The Court, based on Sharer’s instruction to “interpret ‘program or activity’ broadly,” 581 25 F.3d at 1178, finds Plaintiffs’ statutory argument persuasive, but turns to Sharer to assess the 26 ultimate soundness of imputing CHHSA’s waiver to DMHC. In that case, Lois Sharer, a former 27 employee of Oregon’s Office of Public Defense Services (“OPDS”), brought a disability 1 provisions. Id. at 1176. Defendant argued at the summary judgment stage that even though the 2 judicial branch within which OPDS was located received federal funds, Sharer had not established 3 that OPDS itself was a “program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” The district 4 court agreed, and the Ninth Circuit affirmed. In reaching that decision, the Ninth Circuit first 5 analyzed whether Oregon’s judicial branch could be considered a “unitary ‘department’ or 6 ‘agency’ for section 504 purposes.” Id. at 1179. It found it could not, observing that Oregon 7 statutes referred to the “judicial department” (meaning “the judicial branch of government in its 8 entirety”) separately from two entities organized within it – the “Judicial Department” and the 9 “Public Defense Services Commission” (of which OPDS was a subunit) – and that those two 10 entities were themselves administratively “distinct.” Id. Having determined that the “judicial 11 department” was not “unitary,” the Court next weighed whether the “Judicial Department” (which 12 did receive federal funding) and the Commission (which did not) were “sufficiently independent 13 from one another to constitute separate ‘department[s]’ or ‘agenc[ies]’ under section 504.” Id. at 14 1180. It reasoned that because they had different funding sources and a separate leadership 15 structure without overlapping supervision, they were separate entities for Section 504 purposes. 16 Id. Accordingly, neither imputation of waiver from the “judicial department” to OPDS nor 17 imputation from the “Judicial Department” to OPDS was permissible, and OPDS was immune 18 from suit. Id. 19 Naturally, Defendants argue that the facts here are sufficiently analogous to Sharer to 20 warrant the same conclusion. They contend that Plaintiffs have not “alleged a sufficient 21 connection between DMHC and CHHSA that would permit them to be considered a single entity,” 22 and that DMHC and CHHSA are “are organized under different statues,” “have different 23 directors,” and “have different sources of funding,” such that waiver cannot be imputed from one 24 entity to the other. Mot. at 20; see also Reply at 7–9. Plaintiffs, on the other hand, maintain that 25 they have done enough to show this connection: in their SAC, they allege that CHHSA receives 26 “federal financial assistance each year” such that its “programs and activities” – of which DMHC 27 is one – “are subject to [] inclusion and anti-discrimination requirements.” SAC ¶ 29. Plaintiffs 1 “oversees . . . all programs, services, and activities of [DMHC]” and “must approve DMHC’s 2 budget and seek to improve its organizational structure, operating policies, and management 3 information systems.” SAC ¶ 17 (citing Cal. Gov’t Code § 12803(a); Cal. Health & Safety Code § 4 1341(a)). CHHSA’s secretary, Plaintiffs argue, is bound to “hold responsible the head of DMHC 5 for its administrative, fiscal, and program performance, and must periodically review DMHC’s 6 operations and evaluate its performance.” Id. (citing Cal. Gov’t Code § 12800(b)). Based on 7 these allegations, Plaintiffs argue that it is proper to conclude that “Defendant DMHC is not an 8 independent Commission that acts outside of [C]HHSA direction and authority,” but is rather “a 9 component of [CHHSA] and is under the agency’s authority, jurisdiction, and supervision.” Opp. 10 at 11. 11 At this stage (notably an earlier one than was at issue in Sharer), the Court agrees with 12 Plaintiffs. This case concerns the connections between a state agency (CHHSA) that receives 13 federal assistance and a subordinate department (DMHC) that does not. While Sharer stands for 14 the proposition that one agency’s hierarchical subordination to another does not alone justify 15 imputing waiver, Plaintiffs have pointed to the statutes just recited to suggest that DMHC and 16 CHHSA are connected by more than their “nominal” positions on an organizational chart. SAC ¶¶ 17 17, 29, 53; Reply at 7. 18 Given that a key part of the Sharer analysis involved examining the supervisorial structure 19 of the subunit, it is significant in the Court’s view that the CHHSA secretary is “responsible for 20 the sound fiscal management of each department . . . within [CHHSA],” including DMHC. Cal. 21 Gov. Code § 12800(b). To carry out that responsibility, the secretary must “review and approve 22 the proposed budget of each department,” “hold the head of each department . . . responsible for 23 management control over the [department’s] administrative, fiscal, and program performance,” 24 “review the operations and evaluate the performance at appropriate intervals of each department,” 25 and “seek continually to improve the organization structure, the operating policies, and the 26 management information systems of each department.” Id. Though the Court recognizes that 27 department directors are also endowed by statute with significant responsibilities – namely “the 1 discharge of all responsibilities vested by law in the department” – that does not displace, at least 2 for purposes of the assessing this Rule 12(b) challenge, the CHHSA secretary’s statutory 3 obligations to carry out administrative and programmatic oversight of DMHC departmental 4 activities. Cal. Health & Safety Code § 1341(c). This dynamic differs appreciably from Sharer, 5 where, in part because the Commission “was not subject to the exercise of administrative authority 6 and supervision by the Chief Justice,” the entities were deemed independent. Sharer, 581 F.3d at 7 1180.9 8 In the absence of argument from Defendants as to how the entities’ codification in different 9 California codes and funding from different sources demonstrates functional (rather than on- 10 paper) independence, the Court is not persuaded at this stage and as a matter of law that DMHC is 11 independent enough from CHHSA to constitute a separate “department” or “agency” under 12 Section 504 considering the secretary’s statutory programmatic and administrative oversight role. 13 10 In reaching this conclusion, the Court finds relevant that the state agency at issue here is not 14 coextensive with an entire multi-purpose branch of government, as it was in Sharer. Rather, 15 CHHSA is a discrete agency within the executive branch focused on advancing health and human 16 services through the functions of the departments (like DMHC) under its purview, such that 17 DMHC is arguably a part of this agency’s “program[s] or activit[ies].” 29 U.S.C. § 794(b) 18 (defining “program or activity”). So while the Court appreciates that sovereign immunity must 19

20 9 To reach this conclusion, the Court did not need to rely on Exhibits 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 in Plaintiffs’ Request for Judicial Notice. See Dkt. No. 81 and Dkt. No. 81-3, Ex. 3; 81-4, Ex. 4; 81- 21 5, Ex. 5; 81-6, Ex. 6; 81-7, Ex. 7; 81-8, Ex. 8. As such, the Court DENIES Plaintiffs’ Requests for Judicial Notice as to these documents. 22 10 Defendants argue that CHHSA and DMHC are funded by different sources, and request that the Court take judicial notice of CHHSA’s 21-22 State Budget to show that the “Managed Care Fund” 23 is not among the listed funding source accounts for CHHSA. Dkt. No. 83 at 3, Ex. A. Like the documents discussed above at footnote 7, this is a public record of uncontested authenticity, so the 24 Court GRANTS Defendants’ request for judicial notice of certain undisputed facts in it. Khoja, 899 F.3d at 999. Specifically, the Court notes that the Managed Care Fund is not listed in the 25 “Funding” section on page 4 of Dkt. No. 83. Defendants additionally observe that a document urged as judicially noticeable by Plaintiffs – the CHHSA 2021-22 Budget Report discussed above 26 – shows that the “bulk of DMHC’s funding appears to come from the Managed Care Fund.” Reply at 8 (citing Dkt. No. 81-1). The Court takes notice of that fact. Dkt. No. 81-1, Ex. 1 at 28. 27 Finally, as also discussed above, the Court takes notice of the fact that CHHSA was budgeted to 1 not be imputed too readily, it does not find for purposes of this motion to dismiss that imputation 2 in this instance offends that principle, especially where Sharer counsels that the Ninth Circuit 3 “interpret[s] ‘program or activity’ broadly.” Sharer, 581 F.3d at 1178. Here, the imputation of 4 CHHSA’s receipt of federal funds to a department under its supervision that advances the same 5 substantive mandate “leaves unaffected both other state agencies and the State as a whole[,]” and 6 does not contravene a state’s prerogative to “avoid Section 504’s waiver requirement on a 7 piecemeal basis.” Jim C. v. United States, 235 F.3d 1079, 1081 (8th Cir. 2000). 8 The Court accordingly DENIES Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ complaint on 9 sovereign immunity grounds. 10 D. Standing 11 Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ allegations do not support standing because they have not 12 established traceability and redressability. Mot. at 22–25. Plaintiffs counter that standing is 13 proper, Opp. at 17–24, and the Court agrees. 14 To establish standing, a plaintiff must “present an injury that is concrete, particularized, 15 and actual or imminent; fairly traceable to the defendant’s challenged behavior; and likely to be 16 redressed by a favorable ruling.” Davis v. Federal Election Comm’n, 554 U.S. 724, 733 (2008). 17 Though courts generally decline to “endorse standing theories that rest on speculation about the 18 decisions of independent actors,” where an injury is alleged to arise out of the “predicable actions 19 of third parties who are responding to actions of government defendants,” traceability as to those 20 government defendants is not defeated. Dep’t of Com. v. New York, 139 S. Ct. 2551, 2565–66 21 (2019). And redressability – a “relatively modest” requirement – can be shown where a favorable 22 ruling would result in a “change in legal status,” and where a “practical consequence of that 23 change would amount to a significant increase in the likelihood that the plaintiff would obtain 24 relief that directly redresses the injury suffered.” Renee v. Duncan, 623 F.3d 787, 797–98 (9th 25 Cir. 2010) (citations omitted), opinion supplemented on reh’g, 686 F.3d 1002 (9th Cir. 2012). In 26 other words, a plaintiff need not “guarantee” that redressability would follow. Id. 27 Here, Plaintiffs have put forward a non-speculative causal chain for their injuries: 1 excluding or imposing limits on wheelchair coverage, which caused Kaiser’s denial of Plaintiffs’ 2 wheelchair benefits, which injured Plaintiffs. While Defendants argue that there is “no nexus” 3 between Defendants’ conduct and Plaintiffs’ harm, Mot. at 23, Plaintiffs adequately allege that the 4 promulgated regulations are that nexus, and that CHHSA acted through DMHC in taking this 5 challenged action.11 SAC ¶¶ 31, 53. The fact that Defendants codified and implemented these 6 regulations at the direction of the legislature does not remove them from the causal chain, as 7 Defendants seem to suggest. Id. 8 It also does not immunize them from challenge to their actions. Defendants reason that 9 their role in merely “codifying” the legislature’s benchmark plan defeats redressability. Mot. at 10 24–25. They argue that this Court cannot issue an order directing them to cover benefits the 11 legislature declined to cover. Id. But in support of that position, they cite only to cases standing 12 for the unremarkable propositions that federal courts cannot modify statutory terms while 13 interpreting the plain text of a statute, or unilaterally amend state statutes. Id. (citing Bostock v. 14 Clayton Cty., Ga., 140 S. Ct. 1731, 1738 (2020); Preskar v. U.S., 248 F.R.D. 576, 584 (E.D. Cal. 15 2008)). Plaintiffs ask this Court to do neither. Plaintiffs instead ask the Court to redress the 16 alleged disability discrimination by ordering Defendants to come into compliance with their 17 responsibilities under the Rehabilitation Act and ACA. As Crower v. Kitagawa, 81 F.3d 1480 18 (9th Cir. 1996), and other cases demonstrate, this Court can issue such an order. See Opp. at 21– 19 22. Finding no support for Defendants’ suggestion that agency regulation should be shielded from 20 challenge if implemented at the direction of the legislature, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have 21 satisfied the “relatively modest” requirement of showing redressability. Renee, 623 F.3d at 797. 22 Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendants’ motion to dismiss on standing grounds. 23 24 11 The Court understands Defendants’ position that Plaintiffs’ allegations about the relationship 25 between CHHSA and DMHC are conclusory since they are based almost exclusively on statutory language, see Reply at 11, but finds that at this early stage of litigation, Plaintiffs have little else 26 on which to rely and have sufficiently alleged that at least formally, CHHSA acts through its departments. Just as the Sharer court did, the Court finds it appropriate at this stage to draw 27 preliminary conclusions about real-world facts from the face of statutes defining agency E. Statute of Limitations 1 Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ claims are foreclosed by a four-year statute of limitations 2 because Defendants did not take any action since promulgating the Plan in 2016 that could 3 conceivably give rise to Plaintiffs’ claim. Mot. at 31. Plaintiffs disagree and maintain that the 4 time to bring their discrimination claims has not lapsed given that Defendants’ allegedly 5 discriminatory regulation is still in place. Opp. at 15–17. At this point in the proceedings, the 6 Court finds dismissal on this basis unwarranted. 7 At the motion to dismiss stage, any statute of limitations bar must be “apparent on the face 8 of the complaint.” Rivera v. Peri & Sons Farms, Inc., 735 F.3d 892, 902 (9th Cir. 2013). A 9 motion to dismiss based on a statute of limitations affirmative defense “may be granted only if the 10 assertions in the complaint, read with the required liberality, would not permit the plaintiff[s] to 11 prove” that their claims are not time-barred. Pisciotta v. Teledyne Indus., Inc., 91 F.3d 1326, 1131 12 (9th Cir. 1996). 13 In arguing that Plaintiffs’ claims are time-barred, Defendants assert that “the right to bring 14 a civil suit challenging the adoption of a regulation ‘accrues upon the completion of the 15 administrative proceedings[,]’” such that Plaintiffs needed to bring their claim within four years of 16 the Plan’s promulgation on November 28, 2016. Reply at 12 (quoting Wind River Min. Corp. v. 17 United States, 946 F.2d 710, 716 (9th Cir. 1991)). Defendants cite numerous cases brought under 18 the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) to support this contention, without ever explaining 19 why the Court should apply the holdings from APA regulatory challenges to this disability 20 discrimination case. See Reply at 12–13. In fact, Defendants not only characterize these APA 21 cases as “the governing law[,]” but dismiss the relevance of Plaintiffs’ proffered disability 22 discrimination caselaw on the basis of it involving “physical barriers or denials of employment or 23 disability services.” Id. at 12. 24 The inapplicability of Plaintiffs’ cases – the holdings of which set out a different 25 conception of claim accrual for statute of limitations purposes in the context of disability 26 discrimination claims – is not obvious to the Court. In their complaint, Plaintiffs allege that 27 Defendants “codifi[y] and enforce[]” the Plan, which “deni[es] meaningful access to durable 1 medical equipment including wheelchairs” on an ongoing basis. SAC ¶ 76. Based on Pickern v. 2 Holiday Quality Foods, 293 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 2002), and other authorities, Plaintiffs argue that 3 their allegations support the notion that they face a “continuing violation” into the present, such 4 that their legal challenge is not stale. Opp. at 16. The Court need not definitively decide what 5 framework applies at this juncture, because Defendants have not met their burden of showing that, 6 construed “liberally,” the face of Plaintiffs’ complaint forecloses any possibility that their claims 7 are timely. 8 For this reason, the Court DENIES Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ complaint as 9 time-barred. 10 F. Discrimination Claim 11 Lastly, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have not stated a claim for disability 12 discrimination. Mot. at 26–31. While the Court has some skepticism that Plaintiffs ultimately 13 will be able to prove their claims, they have done enough to proceed for now. 14 To establish a violation under the ACA, a plaintiff must meet the elements of a 15 Rehabilitation Act claim. Doe v. CVS Pharmacy, Inc., 982 F.3d 1204, 1210 (9th Cir. 2020), cert. 16 dismissed, 142 S. Ct. 480 (2021). And under the Rehabilitation Act, a plaintiff must show that: (1) 17 he or she is a “qualified individual with a disability,” (2) he or she was “either excluded from 18 participation in or denied the benefits of” the “services, programs, or activities” of an entity, “or 19 was otherwise discriminated against by the [. . .] entity,” (3) the entity that denied him or her the 20 services received federal financial assistance, and (4) “such exclusion, denial of benefits, or 21 discrimination was by reason of his [or her] disability.” Payan v. L.A. Cmty. Coll. Dist., 11 F.4th 22 729, 737–38 (9th Cir. 2021). “Rather than try to classify particular instances of discrimination as 23 intentional or disparate-impact, [courts] focus[] on whether disabled persons had been denied 24 ‘meaningful access’ to state-provided services” and look to “the standard articulated in [Alexander 25 v.] Choate” to do so. CVS Pharmacy, 982 F.3d at 1210 (citing Mark H. v. Lemahieu, 513 F.3d 26 922, 937 (9th Cir. 2008)). Under the test set forth in Choate, courts first consider “the nature of 27 the benefit [plaintiffs] were allegedly denied” and then “whether the plan provided meaningful 1 Construing the pleadings in the light most favorable to the Plaintiffs, as it must, the Court 2 finds that Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that they were denied meaningful access to a benefit 3 (i.e. wheelchair coverage) needed to address a condition that is a proxy for their mobility 4 disability. Plaintiffs allege that the Plan adopted by Defendants excludes wheelchairs as a listed 5 essential health benefit in the durable medical equipment (DME) subcategory, while recognizing 6 that the Plan provides coverage for wheelchairs of up to $2,000 annually, subject to a “home use” 7 rule.12 SAC ¶ 7. Plaintiffs allege that an appropriate, medically necessary wheelchair (defined as 8 one that “meets the user’s needs and environmental conditions, provides a proper fit and postural 9 support, has properly configured technology, and is safe and durable”) is the “standard of care for 10 people with mobility disabilities who cannot walk or have difficulty walking.” Id. ¶ 42. Plaintiffs 11 allege that access to such a wheelchair benefits people with mobility disabilities in countless ways, 12 such as by enabling them to “participate fully in community life,” “access education, employment, 13 [and] family life,” “reduce the risk” of institutionalization, and enjoy greater independence and 14 improved health. Id. ¶¶ 43, 44. However, Plaintiffs allege that an appropriate wheelchair (and its 15 attendant benefits) is largely out of reach for them and others similarly situated because one costs 16 “far more than what many insured individuals in California can pay out of pocket.” Id. ¶ 45. 17 Plaintiffs estimate that manual wheelchairs intended for daily use cost between $3,000 and $5,000, 18 and that “most power wheelchairs cost a few thousand dollars,” but can reach as high as $50,000. 19 Id. Considering these costs, Plaintiffs maintain that the $2,000 coverage limitation on wheelchairs 20 is an insurance benefit design that prevents people with disabilities from “meaningfully accessing” 21 medically necessary durable medical equipment. Id. ¶¶ 71, 73. Because the fit between the 22 denied benefit (wheelchairs) and the disability (limited mobility) is so close, they argue that the 23 Plan discriminates by proxy. Id. ¶ 72. 24

25 12 The Court notes that the parties disagree on the definition of “home use” and the resulting import of this rule. Plaintiffs allege that the home use rule disallows coverage for any wheelchairs 26 used outside the home. SAC ¶ 7 n.2. Defendants contend that a more reasonable inference is that the qualifier “home use” stands in contrast to clinical or hospital use, and does not proscribe a 27 wheelchair’s operation outside the home. Mot. at 13 n.2. The Court declines to decide at this 1 Defendants, unsurprisingly, have a different view. They argue that wheelchairs are not a 2 covered benefit under the ACA, such that denial of their coverage is not actionable. Mot. at 26– 3 28. While it is true that wheelchairs do not appear as an enumerated type of DME covered under 4 ACA regulations or the Plan in the “rehabilitative and habilitative services and devices” category, 5 compliance with a state’s EHB-benchmark plan does not necessarily guarantee compliance with 6 Section 1557. Schmitt v. Kaiser Found. Health Plan of Washington, 965 F.3d 945, 955–56 (9th 7 Cir. 2020). This is because the ACA requires that to quality as EHB-benchmark plan, a state- 8 selected benchmark plan must not only include the ten specified categories of benefits – of which 9 rehabilitative and habilitative services and devices are one – but also must “not include 10 discriminatory benefit designs that contravene the non-discrimination standards[.]” Id. at 956. In 11 other words, inclusion of the ten specified categories of essential health benefits is a “minimum 12 requirement,” but not a safe harbor. Id. at 955. Benchmark plans can be challenged for failing to 13 provide the essential health benefits guaranteed under the ACA if their benefit design, or the 14 implementation of their benefit design, discriminates on the basis of disability. Id. And benefit 15 designs extend to “covered benefits, benefits limitations or restrictions, and cost-sharing 16 mechanisms, such as coinsurance, copayments, and deductibles.” Id. (emphasis in original). 17 Under Schmitt, then, Plaintiffs can challenge the Plan’s exclusion or limitation of 18 wheelchair benefits. Defendants suggest that here, however, Plaintiffs seek to define the relevant 19 benefit as an unfounded entitlement to “unlimited wheelchair coverage.” Mot. at 30. But the 20 Court does read the complaint to argue for an “unlimited” wheelchair coverage benefit under the 21 Plan. Instead, construing their pleadings in the light most favorable to them, Plaintiffs allege that 22 given the annual coverage limitations imposed by the Plan on wheelchairs, and the alleged cost of 23 wheelchair purchase and maintenance, they are effectively denied any wheelchair benefit. See 24 SAC ¶¶ 7, 45, 76, 81. They also allege that wheelchair coverage falls under the scope of DME 25 benefits, which is a subcategory within the rehabilitative and habilitative service and device 26 category. Id. ¶ 40. Like the prescription drug benefits at issue in Doe v. CVS Pharmacy, 27 rehabilitative and habilitative services and devices are essential benefits that must be covered 1 that Plaintiffs have pled entitlement to a benefit. 2 Defendants argue that even assuming that Plaintiffs are entitled to DME such as 3 wheelchairs, they cannot properly show they were denied meaningful access to that benefit. 4 Defendants contend that the fact that the Plan does not cover wheelchairs to the extent that 5 Plaintiffs would like does not mean that they are excluded, or that the imposition of a $2,000 6 annual cap is discriminatory, especially since there are non-discriminatory reasons why 7 wheelchairs might not be covered as DME. Mot. at 29; Reply at 15. Defendants additionally 8 contend that any discrimination by proxy theory fails because, based on Schmitt, Plaintiffs “allege 9 no facts giving rise to an inference of intentional discrimination by the exclusion itself.” Mot. at 10 30 (quoting Schmitt, 965 F.3d at 959). 11 However, Defendants misquote Schmitt. In Schmitt, the court observed that the plaintiff 12 “allege[d] no facts giving rise to an inference of intentional discrimination besides the exclusion 13 itself.” Schmitt, 965 F.3d at 959 (emphasis added). Because the proxy’s “fit” in that case was not 14 “sufficiently close” to make a discriminatory inference plausible, the plaintiff’s claims did not 15 survive. Id. at 960. However, the Schmitt court did not require, as Defendants seem to suggest, 16 that a plaintiff allege facts to show anything other than a close fit between the benefit exclusion or 17 limitation and the disability. A properly pled exclusion is the circumstance that gives rise to an 18 inference of disability discrimination; a plaintiff need not allege additional facts showing 19 intentional discrimination. Id. 20 Here, Plaintiffs have alleged that they are denied meaningful access to wheelchairs, a type 21 of rehabilitative device, because the Plan promulgated by Defendants allegedly limits wheelchair 22 coverage to an extent that means virtually no wheelchairs are fully covered. They argue that this 23 is discriminatory because the coverage limitation denies a benefit (the ability to obtain an 24 appropriate wheelchair) needed to address a condition that is a proxy for their mobility disability. 25 SAC ¶ 72. Unlike in Schmitt, the denial of coverage of appropriate wheelchairs is neither an 26 overinclusive proxy for mobility disability (because nondisabled people do not need wheelchairs 27 on an ongoing basis) nor an underinclusive one (because for people with mobility disabilities, 1 therefore satisfied that Plaintiffs have alleged a sufficiently close proxy to give rise to an inference 2 of discrimination. The Court reiterates that whether Plaintiffs can adduce sufficient facts to 3 actually prove their allegations about fit – for example, by showing that wheelchairs are on the 4 main prohibitively expensive in light of the $2,000 cap – is an entirely separate question for a later 5 stage of the case. 6 Finally, the Court comments briefly on Defendants’ warning that finding for Plaintiffs will 7 mean that, moving forward, “any service or device that has not been designated by the State as an 8 essential health benefit, and that is needed by a disabled person, must be covered in order to avoid 9 discrimination.” Id. While the Court is not persuaded that so drastic a result must follow even if 10 Plaintiffs ultimately win this case, it certainly views Defendants’ prediction as overstated at this 11 stage. As the Court has repeatedly emphasized, the allegations credited in this order are ones that 12 Plaintiffs must ultimately substantiate in order to prevail. If they fail to do so, Defendants can 13 raise any appropriate arguments based on a more developed record. 14 IV. CONCLUSION 15 The Court DENIES Defendants’ motion to dismiss, Dkt. No. 77. It also GRANTS in part 16 and DENIES in part Plaintiffs’ request for judicial notice, Dkt. No. 81, and GRANTS 17 Defendants’ requests for judicial notice, Dkt. Nos. 34-1, 83. 18 The Court further SETS a telephonic case management conference on December 19, 2023, 19 at 2:00 p.m. All counsel shall use the following dial-in information to access the call: 20 Dial-In: 888-808-6929 21 Passcode: 6064255 22 All attorneys and pro se litigants appearing for a telephonic case management conference 23 are required to dial in at least 15 minutes before the hearing to check in with the courtroom 24 deputy. For call clarity, parties shall NOT use speaker phone or earpieces for these calls, and 25 where at all possible, parties shall use landlines.

26 // 27 // 1 The Court DIRECTS the parties to meet and confer and submit a joint case management 2 statement by December 12, 2023. At the case management conference, the parties should be 3 prepared to discuss how to move this case forward efficiently. 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. 5 Dated: 11/22/2023 6 Absipured 5

HAYWOOD S. GILLIAM, JR.

7 United States District Judge 8 9 10 11 12

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