1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 THE PAYROLL RESOURCE GROUP, Case No. 23-cv-02794-TSH

8 Plaintiff,

ORDER GRANTING MOTION FOR

9 v. JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS

10 HEALTHEQUITY, INC., Re: Dkt. No. 18 11 Defendant.

12 13 I. INTRODUCTION 14 Pending before the Court is Defendant HealthEquity, Inc.’s Motion for Judgment on the 15 Pleadings pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c). ECF No. 18. Plaintiff The Payroll 16 Resource Group filed an Opposition (ECF No. 19), and Defendant filed a Reply (ECF No. 20). 17 For the reasons stated below, the Court GRANTS the motion.1 18 II. BACKGROUND 19 In April 2002, Plaintiff The Payroll Resource Group entered into a written agreement 20 (“Agreement”) with MHM Business Services (“MHM”) for a license to use payroll software. 21 ECF No. 1-2 (Complaint) ¶ 5. Under the terms of the Agreement, Plaintiff paid a one-time set-up 22 fee, and subsequently paid monthly fees “for licensing privileges and technical support.” ECF No. 23 1-2 (Agreement) at 11. MHM was acquired by WageWorks in or around 2007; MHM and/or 24 WageWorks provided services under the terms of the Agreement until 2019. Complaint ¶ 6. On 25 or about September 2019, MHM and/or WageWorks assigned the Agreement to Defendant 26 HealthEquity, Inc. Id. In June 2020, HealthEquity wrote to Plaintiff, informing Plaintiff that it 27 1 would no longer support the software. Id. ¶ 10. On August 31, 2022, HealthEquity stopped 2 providing support services for the software. Id. ¶ 11. 3 On May 2, 2023, Plaintiff filed this action in California Superior Court, alleging breach of 4 contract under Missouri law and violation of California’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”), 5 Section 17200. See Complaint. Defendant removed to federal court based on diversity. ECF No. 6 1. 7 In Defendant’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, Defendant seeks judgment on 8 Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim, its unfair competition claim, and on certain remedies in 9 Plaintiff’s Prayer for Relief. ECF No. 18. 10 III. LEGAL STANDARD 11 “After the pleadings are closed—but early enough not to delay trial—a party may move for 12 judgment on the pleadings.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). “Judgment on the pleadings is properly 13 granted when, accepting all factual allegations in the complaint as true, there is no issue of 14 material fact in dispute, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Chavez 15 v. United States, 683 F.3d 1102, 1108 (9th Cir. 2012) (brackets and internal quotation marks 16 omitted). Like a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a motion under Rule 12(c) challenges the 17 legal sufficiency of the claims asserted in the complaint. Id. Indeed, a Rule 12(c) motion is 18 “functionally identical” to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, and courts apply the “same standard.” Dworkin 19 v. Hustler Mag., Inc., 867 F.2d 1188, 1192 (9th Cir. 1989) (explaining that the “principal 20 difference” between Rule 12(b)(6) and Rule 12(c) “is the timing of filing”); Cafasso, U.S. ex rel. 21 v. Gen. Dynamics C4 Sys., Inc., 637 F.3d 1047, 1054 n.4 (9th Cir. 2011). 22 Judgment on the pleadings should thus be entered when a complaint does not plead 23 “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 24 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual 25 content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 26 misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). “The plausibility standard is 27 not akin to a probability requirement, but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant 1 12(c) motion, the Court “accept[s] factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe[s] the 2 pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & 3 Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008). 4 “If the Court determines that judgment on the pleadings is warranted, it must then decide 5 whether to grant leave to amend.” Jackson v. CEVA Logistics, No. 19-Ccv-07657-LHK, 2020 WL 6 6743915, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 17, 2020) (citing Harris v. Cty. of Orange, 682 F.3d 1126, 1135 7 (9th Cir. 2012)). “Dismissal without leave to amend is appropriate only when the Court is 8 satisfied that an amendment could not cure the deficiency.” Harris, 682 F.3d at 1135 (reversing 9 district court’s dismissal under Rule 12(c) because plaintiffs should have been given opportunity 10 to amend). Documents attached as exhibits to the complaint are considered part of the complaint 11 for purposes of a motion for judgment on the pleadings. Hal Roach Studios v. Richard Feiner & 12 Co., 896 F.2d 1542, 1555 n.19 (9th Cir. 1989); Amfac Mortg. Corp. v. Arizona Mall of Tempe, 13 Inc., 583 F.2d 426, 429–30 (9th Cir. 1978) (considering documents attached to complaint in 14 deciding motion to dismiss). 15 IV. DISCUSSION 16 A. Plaintiff’s Breach of Contract Claim 17 Defendant HealthEquity argues that Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim fails because the 18 Agreement does not impose a perpetual obligation on HealthEquity. Motion at 6. Plaintiff alleges 19 that the Agreement required HealthEquity to provide and maintain the Software in perpetuity. 20 Plaintiff contends that the Agreement requires HealthEquity to provide both a license and support 21 services to Plaintiff in perpetuity, and that HealthEquity breached the Agreement when it stopped 22 providing support for the Software. Complaint ¶ 11; Opp’n at 3, 6–8. Missouri substantive law 23 governs Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim. See Agreement ¶ 9. 24 “Missouri courts will construe a contract to impose an obligation or right in perpetuity only 25 when the language of the agreement compels that construction.” Superior Concrete Accessories v. 26 Kemper, 284 S.W.2d 482, 490 (Mo. 1955) (emphasis in original) (citing Paisley v. Lucas, 143 27 S.W.2d 262, 271 (Mo. 1940), overruled on other grounds by Novak v. Baumann, 329 S.W.2d 732 1 expressed.” Paisley, 143 S.W.2d at 270–71. 2 In lieu of an unequivocal perpetual term, “[i]t is the general rule in . . . Missouri . . . that 3 contracts for an indefinite period of time may be terminated at the will of either party.” Superior 4 Concrete Accessories, 284 S.W.2d at 490 (provision making exclusive sales and distribution 5 contract agreement one of indefinite duration authorized either party to terminate contract at will); 6 Paisley, 143 S.W.2d at 271 (employment contract for an indefinite term could be cancelled by 7 either party upon reasonable notice to the other). 8 Plaintiff contends that Paragraph 1 of the Agreement “unequivocally granted” Plaintiff a 9 perpetual license to use the Software “and to receive certain training, support services, 10 maintenance and updates to the Software.” Opp’n at 3, 6. Plaintiff contends that “[u]nder 11 Paragraph 1 of the Contract, the parties agreed that MHM would maintain and update the Software 12 for a perpetual term.” Id. at 3. The Court finds that Paragraph 1 of the Agreement, under which 13 Defendant grants a “perpetual . . . license to use . . . the System” (referring to the WinFlex125 14 payroll software, related documentation, and third-party proprietary software products used in 15 conjunction with the software), unequivocally imposes a right in perpetuity. However, the Court 16 finds the Agreement does not unambiguously impose such a right as to support services, including 17 technical support and software updates. 18 On its face, Paragraph 1 only grants a perpetual “license to use” the System. Agreement ¶ 19 1 (emphasis added). Paragraph 1 does not explicitly mention maintenance, updates, training or 20 support services. Id. Plaintiff contends the perpetual term described in Paragraph 1 nonetheless 21 applies to support services because the paragraph states that Defendant grants the license “in 22 accordance with this Agreement” and “as the System may be modified, revised, and updated in 23 accordance with this Agreement.” Id.; Opp’n at 7. But the language to which Plaintiff points is 24 far from an unequivocal expression of intent to impose a perpetual obligation as to modify, revise 25 or update the System. “In accordance with this Agreement” could just as readily be interpreted to 26 direct the reader to other provisions of the agreement that govern modifications, revisions, and 27 updates to the System. Indeed, Paragraph 3 of the Agreement details the support services 1 Paragraph 3 reads as follows:

2 3. Support Services. During the warranty period specified in Section 5, and thereafter subject to Licensee’s payment of monthly fees, 3 MHM will provide to Licensee the following support services: (a) modifications to the System which MHM may from time to time 4 distribute to its customers at no additional charge, which modifications may reflect changes in federal law relating to 5 administration of Section 125 plans and/or enhance the performance of the System; (b) reasonable telephone access, during MHM’s 6 normal business hours, to technical staff or efforts as the developer of the Software and as the distributor or licensor of the Third Party 7 Software in solving production problems that arise in connection with Licensee’s proper and authorized use of the latest release or the latest 8 release of the System to perform in accordance with the Documentation in all material respects. Licensee shall provide to 9 MHM reasonably detailed documentation and explanation, together with underlying data, to substantiate any such problem or failure and 10 to assist MHM in its efforts to diagnose and correct the problem or failure. The initial support period shall be for a term of one year 11 beginning at the expiration of the warranty period and shall be automatically renewed for subsequent terms of twelve (12) months 12 each unless terminated in writing by Licensee providing sixty (60) days notice at any time after the initial twelve (12) months. MHM 13 may, subject to the restrictions set out in the Exhibit A, increase the monthly support fees by giving at least sixty days prior written notice 14 to Licensee. 15 Agreement ¶ 3. 16 Paragraph 3 describes a one-year “initial support period” to begin after the expiration of 17 the warranty period set forth in Paragraph 5 of the Agreement. Following the initial support 18 period, the support period “shall be automatically renewed for subsequent terms of twelve (12) 19 months each unless terminated in writing by Licensee providing sixty (60) days notice at any time 20 after the initial twelve (12) months.” Id. Unlike the license to use the System set forth in 21 Paragraph 1 of the Agreement, the support services term described in Paragraph 3 does not 22 expressly state that the support services renewal term is perpetual. 23 Plaintiff has pointed to just one case—and this Court has not found any others—in which 24 Missouri’s highest court held that an automatic renewal provision was perpetual. See Blackmore 25 v. Boardman, 28 Mo. 420, 426 (Mo. 1859) (“As the law discourages perpetuities, it does not favor 26 covenants for continued renewals; but, when they are clearly made, their binding obligation is 27 recognized and will be enforced.”). Unlike in Blackmore, where a covenant for perpetual renewal 1 express language indicating that the parties agreed to perpetual renewals of support services. 2 Plaintiff argues that because the Agreement only provides for renewal at the election of 3 Plaintiff, rather than of either party, renewal must be perpetual. Opp’n at 6, 8. The limited case 4 law on this point indicates otherwise. Missouri courts have held that a “clause providing for 5 automatic renewal contradicts an intention that the contract would last forever,” Armstrong Bus. 6 Servs., Inc. v. H & R Block, 96 S.W.3d 867, 877 (Mo. Ct. App. 2002), because “[a] contract that 7 runs forever has no need for renewal.” Preferred Physicians Mut. Mgmt. Grp., Inc. v. Preferred 8 Physicians Mut. Risk Retention Grp., Inc., 961 S.W.2d 100, 104 (Mo. Ct. App. 1998). Applying 9 Missouri law, the Eighth Circuit has thus held that an automatically renewable contract that is 10 terminable at will by only one party is not perpetual. See H & R Block Tax Servs. LLC v. 11 Franklin, 691 F.3d 941, 944-45 (8th Cir. 2012) (holding that duration provision indicating that 12 contract would renew “automatically” for successive five-year terms unless one party terminated 13 the agreement before automatic renewal did not impose an obligation in perpetuity). Although the 14 practical effect of an automatic renewal provision may be a contract of perpetual duration, the 15 relevant question is whether the language of the contract “unequivocally expresses the parties’ 16 intent that the agreements be perpetually enforceable.” Id. at 944 (emphasis in original). Plaintiff 17 argues that Franklin does not apply because, in contrast to Plaintiff’s contract with HealthEquity, 18 the contract at issue in Franklin did not include “clear language . . . providing for a perpetual 19 term.” Plaintiff ignores that the support services provision doesn’t include any such language, 20 however. Plaintiff offers no case law to support its conclusion that the perpetual licensing term in 21 Paragraph 1 means the parties “clearly and unequivocally agreed to a perpetual term” as to 22 technical support and software updates. Opp’n at 6. 23 Plaintiff further contends the parties intended for the support services to remain in place in 24 perpetuity because Plaintiff paid one monthly fee that covered both licensing and software 25 services. Opp’n at 8; Agreement ¶ 3 (“During the warranty period specified in Section 5, and 26 thereafter subject to Licensee’s payment of monthly fees, MHM will provide to Licensee the 27 following support services . . . ”). A closer look at the Paragraph 3, however, indicates that 1 services for an indefinite period, rather than perpetually. 2 Plaintiff contends that HealthEquity’s interpretation of the Agreement would constitute an 3 unauthorized amendment to the contract because the Agreement describes the totality of grounds 4 for which Defendant could terminate the contract, including if Plaintiff a) failed to pay the license 5 fee within thirty days’ notice that it was in default, b) materially violated any of the terms of 6 Paragraphs 1 or 7, or c) materially violated any other term of the Agreement and failed to correct 7 the violation within thirty days’ notice; or if a third party initiated or was likely to initiate an 8 infringement claim claiming rights to the software. Opp’n at 10–11; Agreement ¶¶ 5, 8. None of 9 these conditions came to pass. However, Missouri courts have held that contracts for an indefinite 10 period of time are terminable at will by either party with reasonable notice, even if the contract 11 sets out specific grounds for termination. See, e.g., Haith v. Model Cities Health Corp. of Kansas 12 City, 704 S.W.2d 684, 686 (Mo. Ct. App. 1986) (holding that written employment contract for an 13 indefinite period was terminable at will by either party where grounds for termination were 14 enumerated in contract). 15 Finally, Plaintiff argues that a finding that the license and support services provisions are 16 governed by different terms would lead to an absurd result by “leav[ing] Plaintiff with a license 17 for software that is unusable and of no value to Plaintiff.” Opp’n at 7. But the implications of a 18 support services term for software that runs forever, regardless of whether the licensor plans to 19 phase out the software, are far more absurd. If HealthEquity were required to provide support 20 services in perpetuity, it would never be able to discontinue the software, no matter how outdated. 21 Defendant would have to invest resources in perpetuity to maintain compatibility with new 22 computer systems. Plaintiff argues that HealthEquity’s alleged breach of contract forces Plaintiff 23 to incur “extensive staff retraining costs.” Id. at 5. Plaintiff ignores that its interpretation means 24 Defendant would have to keep training technical staff on a software system from 2002 forever, for 25 the sole purpose of providing Plaintiff with access to technical support for consultation, no matter 26 how long it has been since it stopped licensing the software itself. See Agreement ¶ 3. 27 Accordingly, the Court finds that while the license to use the software is perpetual, the 1 Plaintiff alleges that HealthEquity informed Plaintiff in June 2020 that it would no longer support 2 the software (Complaint ¶ 10), and that HealthEquity stopped providing support for the software 3 more than two years later, in August 2022 (Complaint ¶ 11). Thus, the Court finds Defendant 4 provided adequate notice that it would stop providing support services to Plaintiff. 5 For these reasons, Plaintiff has not plausibly alleged a claim for breach of contract. 6 Because Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim is foreclosed by Missouri law, leave to amend would 7 be futile. Accordingly, the Court grants Defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings as to 8 Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim without leave to amend. 9 B. Plaintiff’s Unfair Competition Claim 10 Under the UCL, any person or entity that has engaged, is engaging, or threatens to engage 11 “in unfair competition may be enjoined in any court of competent jurisdiction.” Cal. Bus. & Prof. 12 Code § 17203. 13 The UCL’s “purpose is to protect both consumers and competitors by promoting fair 14 competition in commercial markets for goods and services.” Kwikset Corp. v. Superior Ct., 51 15 Cal. 4th 310, 320 (2011). “Unfair competition” includes “any unlawful, unfair or fraudulent 16 business act or practice and unfair, deceptive, untrue or misleading advertising,” Cal. Bus. & Prof. 17 Code § 17200. The UCL’s coverage is “sweeping, embracing anything that can properly be called 18 a business practice and that at the same time is forbidden by law.” Cel-Tech Commc'ns, Inc. v. 19 L.A. Cellular Tel. Co., 20 Cal. 4th 163, 180 (1999) (internal quotations and citation omitted). 20 Plaintiff brings its cause of action under all three prongs – based on unlawful, unfair, and 21 fraudulent or deceptive and misleading action. Complaint ¶ 21. Plaintiff alleges “that Defendants 22 have committed unfair, unlawful, or deceptive practices including (1) intentionally terminating 23 Plaintiff’s license to use the Software without cause; (2) asserting that the Software was no longer 24 being maintained for purposes of Plaintiff’s use but maintaining the same or similar software for 25 HE’s own use; and (3) denying Plaintiff its contractual right to use of the Software for anti- 26 competitive purposes.” Id. 27 1. “Unlawful” Prong 1 be it civil or criminal, federal, state, or municipal, statutory, regulatory, or court-made.” Saunders 2 v. Superior Ct., 27 Cal. App. 4th 832, 838–39 (1994). A common law violation alone, such as 3 breach of contract, does “not amount to a violation of the ‘unlawful’ prong of § 17200.” Shroyer 4 v. New Cingular Wireless Servs., Inc., 622 F.3d 1035, 1044 (9th Cir. 2010). Defendant argues that 5 Plaintiff’s UCL claim fails under the ‘unlawful’ prong because Plaintiff fails to “allege that Health 6 Equity violated any law.” Motion at 10. The Court finds this argument has merit. Although 7 Plaintiff alleges that HealthEquity’s actions “constitute . . . unlawful . . . business practices,” 8 Complaint ¶ 24, Plaintiff’s complaint does not allege any violation of the law, and Plaintiff’s 9 opposition does not indicate otherwise. See Opp’n at 11–12. Accordingly, Plaintiff has not stated 10 a claim for unlawful business practices under the UCL. 11 2. “Fraudulent” Prong 12 Plaintiff contends it has stated a claim under the “fraudulent” prong of the UCL based on 13 Defendant’s alleged misrepresentations “to the Plaintiff that it was no longer supporting the 14 software and later suggesting that Plaintiff send its clients to Defendant in order to have the 15 services provided directly by Defendant to Plaintiff’s clients.” Opp’n at 11; see Complaint ¶¶ 10, 16 21. 17 To state a claim under the “fraudulent” prong of the UCL, a plaintiff must “show that 18 members of the public are likely to be deceived.” Bank of the W. v. Superior Ct., 2 Cal. 4th 1254, 19 1267 (1992) (internal citations omitted); Sybersound Recs., Inc. v. UAV Corp., 517 F.3d 1137, 20 1152 (9th Cir. 2008) (“fraudulent acts [under the UCL] are ones where members of the public are 21 likely to be deceived.”). Under this standard, Plaintiff’s claim is fatally defective. 22 First, Plaintiff does not allege that members of the public have been deceived or are likely 23 to be deceived by the misrepresentations Plaintiff alleges. Plaintiff does not even allege that 24 members of the public are aware of HealthEquity’s alleged misrepresentations. See, e.g., Nat’l 25 Rural Telecommunications Co-op. v. DIRECTV, Inc., 319 F. Supp. 2d 1059, 1078 (C.D. Cal. 26 2003) (“Here, Plaintiffs have not made a showing that the public was impacted at all by 27 DIRECTV’s alleged actions. Thus, Plaintiffs’ claims under the ‘fraudulent’ prong of the UCL fail 1 Moreover, Plaintiff is not a member of the public, and cannot pursue a claim under the 2 fraud prong of the UCL based solely on alleged representations Defendant made to the company. 3 See Capella Photonics, Inc. v. Cisco Sys., Inc., 77 F. Supp. 3d 850, 866 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (holding 4 that “Cisco is not itself a member of the ‘public,’ and thus it is ineligible to bring a claim under the 5 fraudulent prong [of the UCL] for any alleged misrepresentations Capella made to it,” and 6 collecting cases); Watson Laboratories, Inc. v. Rhone–Poulenc Rorer, Inc., 178 F. Supp. 2d 1099, 7 1121 (C.D. Cal. 2001) (holding a business competitor “is not entitled to the protection of [the 8 fraudulent] prong of § 17200 because it is not a member of the public or a consumer entitled to 9 such protection. The Court has identified no case under the ‘fraudulent’ prong of § 17200 10 allowing one competitor to proceed against another on the basis that the defendant deceived him”); 11 Travelers Prop. Casualty Co. of America v. Centex Homes, No. 12-cv-0371-SC, 2013 WL 12 4528956, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 26, 2013) (holding that company could not bring a UCL fraud- 13 prong claim absent a showing “that the alleged wrongdoing has some impact on the general 14 public”); Medical Instrument Development Laboratories v. Alcon Laboratories, No. 05-cv-1138- 15 MJJ, 2005 WL 1926673, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 10, 2005) (same). 16 Accordingly, Plaintiff has not stated a claim for fraudulent business practices under the 17 UCL. 18 3. “Unfair” Prong 19 Plaintiff contends it has stated a claim under the “unfair” prong of the UCL based on 20 Defendant’s alleged “anticompetitive conduct.” Opp’n at 11–12; see Complaint ¶¶ 10, 21. 21 “Under the UCL’s unfairness prong, courts consider either: (1) whether the challenged 22 conduct is tethered to any underlying constitutional, statutory or regulatory provision, or that it 23 threatens an incipient violation of an antitrust law, or violates the policy or spirit of an antitrust 24 law; (2) whether the practice is immoral, unethical, oppressive, unscrupulous or substantially 25 injurious to consumers; or (3) whether the practice’s impact on the victim outweighs the reasons, 26 justifications and motives of the alleged wrongdoer.” Doe v. CVS Pharmacy, Inc., 982 F.3d 1204, 27 1214–15 (9th Cir. 2020). 1 intentionally terminated Plaintiff’s license to use the Software without cause (Complaint ¶ 21), is 2 largely duplicative of Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim. Plaintiff’s complaint does not otherwise 3 allege that Defendant specifically terminated Plaintiff’s license to use the Software. Rather, 4 Plaintiff alleges that HealthEquity wrote to Plaintiff that it would no longer support the Software 5 (Complaint ¶ 10), that Plaintiff ceased providing support for the Software (Complaint ¶ 11), and 6 that Defendant’s failure “to maintain and update” the Software rendered it unusable (id.). In all 7 other respects, this allegation is duplicative of Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim, on which the 8 Court finds Plaintiff cannot prevail. The Court finds these facts do not constitute a practice that is 9 immoral, unethical, oppressive, unscrupulous or substantially injurious to consumers. Nor does 10 the Court find that the impact of Defendant’s termination of support for the Software outweighs 11 Defendant’s reasons or justifications for doing so. Accordingly, Plaintiff does not plausibly allege 12 a claim under the unfair prong of the UCL based on the allegation that Defendant terminated 13 Plaintiff’s license to use the Software without cause. 14 The remainder of Plaintiff’s claim under the unfair prong of the UCL finds its footing in 15 the idea that HealthEquity stopped providing software updates and support to Plaintiff for the 16 purpose of stealing Plaintiff’s customers, even though it continues to maintain the same or similar 17 software. Opp’n at 11–12; Complaint ¶ 21. Plaintiff’s complaint does not allege that Defendant 18 violated any antitrust law or other law, nor does Plaintiff make any attempt to explain how 19 HealthEquity’s actions violate the policy or spirit of any antitrust law, or any other law. Although 20 Plaintiff alleges that HealthEquity has committed “unfair . . . business practices including . . . 21 denying Plaintiff its contractual right to use of the Software for anti-competitive purposes,” 22 Complaint ¶ 21, Plaintiff fails to allege any action by HealthEquity beyond a simple breach of 23 contract and fails to allege any harm to competition. Plaintiff’s claim fails to allege that Plaintiff 24 has lost even a single customer based on HealthEquity’s alleged conduct. See Gregory v. 25 Albertson's, Inc., 104 Cal. App. 4th 845, 856 (2002) (consumer plaintiff who alleged that grocery 26 store maintained leasehold in state of permanent closure to keep competitors from moving in 27 failed to state a claim under unfair prong of the UCL.). The Court likewise finds these facts do not 1 to consumers. Hodsdon v. Mars, Inc., 891 F.3d 857, 867 (9th Cir. 2018) (holding chocolate 2 manufacturer’s alleged failure to disclose that suppliers used slave and child labor was “not 3 substantially injurious, immoral, or unethical” and affirming dismissal for failure to state a claim 4 under unfair prong of the UCL). Finally, as discussed above, the Court does not find that the 5 impact of Defendant’s termination of support for the Software after twenty years outweighs 6 Defendant’s justifications for doing so. Plaintiff has not pointed to any case law, nor has this 7 Court found any, to indicate that allegations that Defendant terminated the software to steal 8 Plaintiff’s customers supports an unfair practice claim under the UCL. Hence Plaintiff has failed 9 to state a claim under the unfair prong of the UCL. 10 4. Conclusion 11 For the reasons discussed above, the Court grants Defendant’s motion for judgment on the 12 pleadings as to Plaintiff’s UCL claim. The Court also grants Plaintiff leave to amend its UCL 13 claim, as it is not yet clear that no claim can be stated. 14 C. Availability of Remedies 15 On its breach of contract claim, along with compensatory damages and costs of suit, 16 Plaintiff asks for “other economic damages according to proof,” “general damages according to 17 proof,” and for “prejudgment interest at the legal rate according to proof at time of trial[.]” 18 Complaint at 6, Prayer for Relief as to First Cause of Action ¶¶ 1-2, 4. On its Section 17200 19 claim, Plaintiff asks, inter alia, “[t]hat the Defendants be ordered to pay Plaintiff restitution, 20 including restitutionary disgorgement due to Defendants’ unlawful and/or unfair activities 21 pursuant to . . . section 17200 et seq[.]” Complaint at 6, Prayer for Relief as to Second Cause of 22 Action ¶ 2. Defendant contends these remedies should be dismissed from Plaintiff’s complaint 23 because they are unavailable under the Agreement. Plaintiff contends the limitation of liability 24 clause in the Agreement only survives termination for cause and not breach of contract. 25 As discussed above, the Court finds as a matter of law that Plaintiff cannot prevail on its 26 breach of contract claim. The Court also finds Plaintiff has failed to state a claim under the UCL. 27 Accordingly, Defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings is moot as to the remedies 1 Vv. CONCLUSION 2 For the reasons stated above, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion. The Court 3 GRANTS Plaintiff leave to amend its UCL claim. Plaintiff may amend its UCL claim within 4 thirty days from the date of this order. 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 7 Dated: April 23, 2024 8 TAA. lj

THOMAS S. HIXSON

9 United States Magistrate Judge 10 11 a 12

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