1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 SPARTAN CAPITAL SECURITIES, LLC, Case No. 23-cv-01180-TSH

8 Plaintiff,

ORDER RE: MOTION FOR

9 v. VOLUNTARY DISMISSAL WITH

PREJUDICE

10 VICINITY MOTOR CORP, Re: Dkt. No. 41 11 Defendant.

12 13 I. INTRODUCTION 14 Pending before the Court is Plaintiff Spartan Capital Securities, LLC’s Motion for 15 Voluntary Dismissal with Prejudice. ECF No. 41. Defendant Vicinity Motor Corp. filed a 16 Response (ECF No. 42) and Plaintiff filed a Reply (ECF No. 43). Having considered the parties’ 17 positions, relevant legal authority, and the record in this case, the Court GRANTS the motion for 18 the following reasons.1 19 II. BACKGROUND 20 In March 2023, Plaintiff brought this suit in diversity for breach of contract, breach of the 21 implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and unjust enrichment, alleging Defendant 22 improperly issued securities using a competing company in violation of a letter of intent. Compl., 23 ECF No. 1. 24 On June 13, 2023, this Court granted in part and denied in part Defendant’s motion to 25 dismiss. ECF No. 22. The Court denied Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s breach of 26 contract claim. Id. 10. However, the Court dismissed with leave to amend Plaintiff’s claims for 27 1 breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing and for unjust enrichment. Id. at 15, 2 17. The Court found that, as pled, Plaintiff’s breach of implied covenant claim was “duplicative 3 of its breach of contract cause of action[.]” Id. at 13. Plaintiff’s claim for unjust enrichment 4 likewise could not go forward because Plaintiff failed to allege that the contract was unenforceable 5 or void, and Plaintiff’s “claims for breach of [contract] and unjust enrichment [sought] recovery of 6 the exact same thing.” Id. at 16. 7 Plaintiff did not file an amended complaint following the Court’s order on the motion to 8 dismiss. On June 27, 2023, Defendant filed an answer to Plaintiff’s complaint. ECF No. 25. 9 Defendant has not asserted any counterclaims in the action. Id. 10 The parties held a settlement conference on April 8, 2024. ECF No. 40. At the April 8 11 settlement conference, Plaintiff agreed to voluntarily dismiss the case and offered to stipulate to 12 dismiss the case with prejudice, with the parties to bear their own fees and costs. Decl. of 13 Samantha Millrood ¶ 9, ECF No. 41-1. The parties met and conferred regarding whether they 14 would file a stipulation to dismiss the case, or whether Plaintiff would file a motion for voluntary 15 dismissal. Id. ¶¶ 9-10; Motion at 1. Defendant informed Plaintiff it would not sign a stipulation of 16 dismissal. Millrood Decl. ¶¶ 10–11; Ex. A to Motion, ECF No. 41 at 15. 17 On April 11, 2024, Plaintiff filed the instant motion for voluntary dismissal with prejudice 18 pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(2). Motion at 1. Defendant does not oppose 19 Plaintiff’s motion to seek dismissal of its remaining claim for breach of contract. Response at 2, 20 ECF No. 42. However, Defendant opposes Plaintiff’s motion to the extent it seeks to bar 21 Defendant from seeking attorney’s fees and costs. Id. 22 III. LEGAL STANDARD 23 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(2) “vests the district court with discretion to dismiss 24 an action at the plaintiff’s instance ‘upon such terms and conditions as the court deems proper.’ 25 This broad grant of discretion does not contain a preference for one kind of dismissal or another.” 26 Hargis v. Foster, 312 F.3d 404, 412 (9th Cir. 2002). See also Microhits, Inc. v. Deep Dish Prods., 27 Inc., 510 F. App’x 611, 612 (9th Cir. 2013) (“When granting a motion for voluntary dismissal, a 1 may include that the dismissal be with prejudice.”). 2 In considering a motion for dismissal under Rule 41(a)(2), “the Court must make three 3 separate determinations: (1) whether to allow the dismissal at all; (2) whether the dismissal should 4 be with or without prejudice; and (3) what terms and conditions, if any, should be imposed.” 5 Burnette v. Godshall, 828 F. Supp. 1439, 1443 (N.D. Cal. 1993), aff’d sub nom. Burnette v. 6 Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 72 F.3d 766 (9th Cir. 1995); Fraley v. Facebook, Inc., 2012 WL 7 893152, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 13, 2012) (citing Williams v. Peralta Cmty. Coll. Dist., 227 F.R.D. 8 538, 539 (N.D. Cal. 2005)). 9 “A district court should grant a motion for voluntary dismissal under Rule 41(a)(2) unless 10 a defendant can show that it will suffer some plain legal prejudice as a result.” Smith v. Lenches, 11 263 F.3d 972, 975 (9th Cir. 2001). “[L]egal prejudice is just that – prejudice to some legal 12 interest, some legal claim, some legal argument. . . . [¶] [T]he expense incurred in defending 13 against a lawsuit does not amount to legal prejudice.” Westlands Water Dist. v. United States, 100 14 F.3d 94, 97 (9th Cir. 1996). See also Burnette, 828 F. Supp. at 1443 (finding dismissal would not 15 cause detriment where defendants “ha[d] not counterclaimed or otherwise filed for affirmative 16 relief to be sufficiently prejudiced by dismissal of the fifth cause of action.”). 17 IV. DISCUSSION 18 Defendant does not oppose Plaintiff’s motion to dismiss with prejudice under Rule 19 41(a)(2). Response at 2. Thus, the only question remaining is “what terms and conditions, if any, 20 should be imposed” in granting Plaintiff’s motion. See Burnette, 828 F. Supp. at 1443. 21 District courts in this circuit have consistently “determined that the payment of fees and 22 costs ordinarily should not be imposed as a condition for voluntary dismissal with prejudice.” 23 Chang v. Pomeroy, No. 08-cv-0657, 2011 WL 618192, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 10, 2011). See, e.g., 24 Gonzalez v. Proctor and Gamble Co., No. 06-cv-869 WQH (WMc), 2008 WL 612746, at *3 (S.D. 25 Cal. Mar. 4, 2008) (“An award of costs and attorneys’ fees should generally be denied if the 26 voluntary dismissal is granted with prejudice.”); Larsen v. King Arthur Flour Co., No. 11-cv- 27 05495-CRB, 2012 WL 2590386, at *1 (N.D. Cal. July 3, 2012) (“Attorneys’ fees and costs will 1 future litigation.”); Chavez v. Northland Group, No. 09-cv-2521-PHX-LOA, 2011 WL 317482, at 2 *4, 9 (D. Ariz. Feb.1, 2011) (granting plaintiff’s motion to dismiss with prejudice and denying 3 defendant’s request for attorney fees and costs); Burnette, 828 F. Supp. at 1444 (declining to 4 award costs and attorney fees where dismissal was with prejudice “because there is no future risk 5 of litigation”). 6 “Given the presumption that an attorney is generally not liable for fees unless that 7 prospect is spelled out, it would be incongruous to conclude from the broad language of Fed. R. 8 Civ. P. 41(a)(2) that an attorney could be sanctioned by authority of this rule alone.” Heckethorn 9 v. Sunan Corp., 992 F.2d 240, 242 (9th Cir. 1993). See also Rodriguez v. Serv. Emps. Int’l, No. 10 10-cv-01377 JCS, 2011 WL 4831201, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 12, 2011) (in the case of a voluntary 11 dismissal with prejudice, federal courts have the authority to impose fees and costs only “under 12 ‘exceptional circumstances’ or pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 11.”), Accordingly, the district court 13 must have an independent basis to impose fees and costs as a condition of dismissal pursuant to 14 Rule 41(a)(2). 15 Defendant contends California Civil Code § 1717(a) gives it an “absolute right” to recover 16 fees and costs in this action. Response at 1. In a diversity case, the availability of attorneys’ fees 17 is governed by state law. Winterrowd v. Am. Gen. Annuity Ins. Co., 556 F.3d 815, 827 (9th Cir. 18 2009); Kern Oil & Ref. Co. v. Tenneco Oil Co., 792 F.2d 1380, 1388 (9th Cir. 1986). California 19 law applies to this diversity action. Civil Code Section 1717 governs awards of attorneys’ fees 20 and costs in an action on a contract. Cal. Civ. Code § 1717(a); see also Gilbert v. Master Washer 21 & Stamping Co., Inc., 87 Cal. App. 4th 212, 216-17 (2001). Section 1717(a) provides in relevant 22 part: 23 In any action on a contract, where the contract specifically provides that attorney’s fees and costs, which are incurred to enforce that 24 contract, shall be awarded either to one of the parties or to the prevailing party, then the party who is determined to be the 25 party prevailing on the contract, whether he or she is the party specified in the contract or not, shall be entitled to reasonable 26 attorney’s fees in addition to other costs. 27 Cal. Civ. Code § 1717(a). Civil Code Section 1717(b) requires the court to determine “who is the 1 final judgment.” Id. § 1717(b)(1). “Except as provided in paragraph (2), the party prevailing on 2 the contract shall be the party who recovered a greater relief in the action on the contract. The 3 court may also determine that there is no party prevailing on the contract for purposes of this 4 section.” Id. Civil Code Section 1717(b)(2) provides that “[w]here an action has been voluntarily 5 dismissed or dismissed pursuant to a settlement of the case, there shall be no prevailing party for 6 purposes of this section.” 7 Defendant contends it is entitled to attorney’s fees and costs because the Letter of Intent at 8 issue in this litigation provided for an award of attorneys’ fees and costs. Response at 2; Compl. 9 Ex. A sec. 9. But the California Supreme Court has held that 1717(b)(2) “overrid[es] or nullif[ies] 10 conflicting contractual provisions[.]” Santisas v. Goodin, 17 Cal. 4th 599, 617 (1998). “When a 11 plaintiff files a complaint containing causes of action within the scope of section 1717 (that is, 12 causes of action sounding in contract and based on a contract containing an attorney fee 13 provision), and the plaintiff thereafter voluntarily dismisses the action, section 1717 bars the 14 defendant from recovering attorney fees incurred in defending those causes of action, even though 15 the contract on its own terms authorizes recovery of those fees.” Id. (emphasis in original). 16 Accordingly, the contract itself does not authorize Defendant to recovery of its attorneys’ fees and 17 costs. 18 Defendant contends it has a right to recover fees and costs pursuant to Section 1717(a) on 19 the ground that it is the “prevailing party” as to Plaintiff’s claims for breach of the implied 20 covenant and unjust enrichment, which the Court dismissed pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 21 Procedure 12(b)(6). Response at 3. Plaintiff contends Section 1717(b)(2) bars Defendant from 22 recovering a fee award. Motion at 6–7; Reply at 2. 23 Defendant relies heavily on CDF Firefighters v. Maldonado, 200 Cal. App. 4th 158 24 (2011), to argue that Section 1717(b)(2) does not bar Defendant from recovering fees and costs. 25 Response at 4–5. Maldonado concerned a complaint for breach of contract filed by a labor union 26 against two of its former members. Maldonado, 200 Cal. App. 4th at 160-61. The complaint in 27 Maldonado alleged that the two members had failed to pay two fines the union had levied against 1 court found the $22,000 claim was invalid and granted Maldonado judgment on the pleadings as 2 to that claim. Id. In response, the plaintiff dismissed its remaining claim for $743. Id. Although 3 the trial court had determined that Civil Code Section 1717(b) barred Maldonado from recovering 4 attorneys’ fees as the prevailing party, the Court of Appeal reversed and remanded for an award of 5 attorneys’ fees as to the $22,000 fine. Id.; id. at 168. 6 However, Maldonado is distinguishable. When the Court dismissed Plaintiff’s claims for 7 breach of the implied covenant and for unjust enrichment, it granted Plaintiff leave to amend. 8 ECF No. 22 at 15, 17. Plaintiff declined to do so, thus abandoning those claims. This is 9 considered a voluntary dismissal, and therefore Defendant did not prevail on those claims within 10 the meaning of Section 1717. See Baldain v. American Home Mortg. Servicing, Inc., No. 09-cv- 11 0941 LKK/GGH, 2010 WL 2606666, *6 (E.D. Cal. June 28, 2010) (“In filing an amended 12 complaint pursuant to that leave, plaintiffs omitted their TILA rescission claim. . . . [T]his was 13 effectively a voluntary dismissal without prejudice. As such, Cal. Civ. Code § 1717 provides that 14 regardless of the other consequences that flowed from this dismissal, Option One is not a 15 prevailing party entitled to fee recovery with respect to this claim.”). More generally, “[a] 16 plaintiff’s abandonment of its claim prior to trial constitutes a voluntary dismissal for the purposes 17 of Cal. Civ. Code § 1717(b)(2),” and the abandonment need not “take a specific form.” Donnelly 18 v. American Express Bank, FSB, No. 18-cv-1024 GPC-WVG, 2018 WL 4759206, *4 (S.D. Cal. 19 Oct. 2, 2018). Here, Plaintiff abandoned its claims for breach of the implied covenant and for 20 unjust enrichment when it declined to assert them in an amended complaint, despite the Court 21 granting it leave to do so. That abandonment should be considered a voluntary dismissal. 22 Accordingly, unlike in Maldonado, Defendant did not prevail on any claim in this case. 23 They were all voluntarily dismissed. Therefore, Defendant is not entitled to recover its attorneys’ 24 fees under Section 1717, and conditioning dismissal on the payment of those fees would be 25 improper under Rule 41(a)(2). 26 V. CONCLUSION 27 For the reasons stated above, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s motion. This action is 1 bear their own fees and costs. 2 IT IS SO ORDERED. 3 4 Dated: May 15, 2024 5 TAA. ly

THOMAS S. HIXSON

6 United States Magistrate Judge 7 8 9 10 11 a 12

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