I. INTRODUCTION

23 Defendant Asian Health Services (“Defendant” or “AHS”) is a private, nonprofit entity and 24 provider of health services that has received some grant funding from the Health Resources and 25 Services Administration, an agency of the United States Department of Health & Human Services 26 (“HHS” or “the Department”). ECF No. 17 (Motion to Remand), at 7. Defendant must apply for 27 funding, and it is estimated that about 7% of its total funding from April 2022 through March 1 2023 was derived from federal award funding. Id. 2 In May 2023, Defendant announced that it discovered a “data security incident” that had 3 occurred in February 2023. Id. Suspicious activity in an employee’s email account led it to 4 conduct an investigation with “third-party experts” through which it “determined that an 5 unauthorized person” may have accessed an email account that contained at least one patient’s 6 information. Id. at 7-8 (quoting an excerpt from a public website of Defendant’s 7 https://asianhealthservices.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/AHS-Data-Release.pdf) (last visited 8 Mar. 22, 2204). 9 Plaintiff Ira Bradford is an individual that resides in California who has received services 10 from Defendant. ECF No. 1-1 (Exhibit A to Notice of Removal (“Complaint”)) ¶¶ 14, 15, 17. 11 Plaintiff alleges his (along with the putative class members’)1 personal health information (“PHI”) 12 and/or personally identifiable information (“PII”) was exposed due to the alleged unauthorized 13 access. The data breach prompted the putative class action filed by Plaintiff. See generally, ECF 14 No. 1-1 (Complaint). 15 Plaintiff filed the class action complaint initially in the Superior Court of California for the 16 County of Alameda (“Alameda County” or “state court”) alleging that Defendant failed to 17 properly secure and safeguard Plaintiff’s PHI and/or PII stored within Defendant’s information 18 network. ECF No. 1-1 (Complaint), at 3-4. Nine months after the class action complaint was filed 19 in Alameda County, Defendant removed the action to federal court under 42 U.S.C. § 233(l)(2) 20 and 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1). ECF No. 1 (Notice of Removal), at 4-5. This removal was initiated 21 after (1) discovery had commenced in state court, (2) Defendant had filed a demurrer, and (3) 22 Plaintiff had responded to the demurrer. 23 On May 23, 2024, the parties, and non-party United States, filed a stipulation to stay the 24 pending motions to remand pending resolution of the appeal in Blumberger v. Tilley, No. 22- 25 56032 (“Blumberger”), currently pending in the Ninth Circuit. ECF No. 27. 26 27

II. FACTS

1 Plaintiff alleges Defendant learned of a data breach on February 13, 2023 after discovering 2 that an unauthorized person infiltrated an employee email account that was kept unprotected (the 3 “Data Breach”) contained highly sensitive PHI/PII. See ECF No. 1-7 (Exhibit F to Notice of 4 Removal), at 3-4; see also ECF No. 1-1 (Complaint) ¶¶ 3, 6, 35. Plaintiff claims he was not 5 notified of the Data Breach until, two and a half months later, on May 5, 2023. ECF No. 1-1 6 (Complaint) ¶¶ 4, 36, 38. Plaintiff further claims that they “were required to provide their PHI/PII 7 to Defendant to receive services or employment and as part of providing services or employment. 8 If is further alleged that Defendant created, collected, and stored Plaintiff’s PHI/PII with the 9 reasonable expectation and mutual understanding that Defendant would comply with its 10 obligations to keep such information confidential and secure from unauthorized access.” Id. ¶ 41. 11 The information Defendant stored was ultimately affected by the Data Breach. Id. Plaintiff 12 claims that he suffered imminent and impending injury arising from the substantially increased 13 risk of fraud, identity theft and misuse resulting from their PHI and PII potentially being placed in 14 the hands of criminals. Id. ¶¶ 9, 84, 85. 15 The Complaint does not appear to state that the PHI/PII was required in connection with 16 any medical, surgical, dental, or related functions that Defendant rendered to Plaintiff. See 17 generally id. One of the exhibits shows Plaintiff’s “personal health information” and “limited 18 personal health information” may have been accessed by an “unauthorized person—purporting to 19 be an outside provider communicating with CLINICIAN about patient care” through the email 20 account of a “dietician, certified educator, and [ ] AHS employee”. ECF No. 1-3 (Exhibit C to 21 Notice of Removal), at 2-3. 22

III. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

23 On May 11, 2023, Plaintiff filed an action regarding this event in the state court. See id. 24 The complaint alleges the following causes of action: (1) Negligence (id. ¶¶ 86-111); (2) 25 Negligence Per Se (id. ¶¶ 112-121); (3) Breach of the Implied Contract (id. ¶¶ 122-130); (4) 26 Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing (id. ¶¶ 131-135); (5) California 27 Confidentiality of Medical Information Act (Cal. Civ. Code § 56 et seq) (id. ¶¶ 136-143); (6) 1 California Customer Records Act (Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1798.80 et seq.) (id. at 31:6-32:12); (7) 2 California Unfair Competition Law (Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17200 et seq) (id. at 32:13-34:20). 3 Plaintiff does not bring claims for direct violations of HIPAA (or any other federal laws). Id. at 8. 4 Instead, Plaintiff alleges Defendant engaged in various legal violations predicated upon the duties 5 set forth in HIPAA. Id. at 8. 6 Defendant filed a demurrer in state court on August 22, 2023. See Bradford v. Asian 7 Health Svcs., Case No. 23-cv-033070, Docket No. 20. During this time, Defendant claims it was 8 covered by HHS because of a letter Defendant claims “deemed” it an entity from January 1, 2023 9 through December 31, 2023. ECF No. 1-2 (Exhibit B to the Notice of Removal). The Parties 10 litigated the case in state court, propounding and answering a full round of formal discovery. ECF 11 No. 16 (Plaintiff’s Motion), at 9:3-7; ECF No. 16-1 (Declaration of Elizabeth Klos in support of 12 Plaintiff’s Motion (“Klos Decl.”)) ¶ 5. 13 Throughout this process, the parties also engaged in discussions about the possibility of 14 ADR and settlement. See e.g., ECF No. 29 (Plaintiff’s Responses to Court’s Notice of Questions) 15 ¶¶ 1-3; ECF No. 30 (Defendant’s Responses to Court’s Notice of Questions), at 2:9-15. Given the 16 prospect of settlement, the Parties continued the demurrer’s briefing schedule multiple times. ECF 17 No. 16 (Plaintiff’s Motion), at 9:3-7. However, the Parties failed to settle the case in December 18 2023. A couple months later on February 20, 2024, Plaintiff filed his response to the demurrer; 19 the filing was one day before Defendant’s removal on February 21, 2024. Id. 20 On January 5, 2024, about a month and a half before the Plaintiff’s response to the 21 demurrer was filed, Defendant forwarded the United States Attorney a copy of the Summons and 22 Complaint. ECF No. 1-4 (Exhibit D to Notice of Removal), at 2; ECF No. 21-1 (Declaration of 23 Robert H. Murphy in support of United States’ Reply to Motion to Remand (“Murphy Decl.”)) ¶ 24 4. Defendant notified the United States Attorney it was attempting to invoke immunity to the suit 25 under 42 U.S.C. § 233(a) and have the United States substitute it as the only defendant. ECF 1-4 26 (Exhibit D to the Notice of Removal) ¶ 29. 27 On January 9, 2024, the Office of the General Counsel for HHS requested additional 1 of scoping is to determine whether a health center’s deeming determination applies to a particular 2 case. ECF No. 21-1 (Murphy Decl.) ¶¶ 1, 5. 3 On January 12, 2024, the United States Attorney filed a 42 U.S.C. § 233(l)(1) Notice in 4 state court informing the Parties that the United States had not made a coverage decision regarding 5 the Defendant. Id. Despite the Notice, on February 21, 2024, Defendant removed the action to 6 this Court. 7 Defendant claims: (1) the United States’ appearance was insufficient, permitting Defendant 8 to remove the action under 42 U.S.C. § 233(l)(1); and (2) Defendant’s removal is proper under 28 9 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1) because it is acting as an officer of the United States, or a person acting under 10 an officer of the United States. See ECF No. 16-1 (Exhibit A to Klos Decl.), at 6. 11 On January 17, 2024, Defendant informed the Department that partial responses to the 12 Department’s request for additional information had been uploaded to a Box.com account and that 13 a requested narrative statement would be forthcoming. ECF No. 21-1 (Murphy Decl.) ¶ 6. On 14 February 5, 2024, Defendant emailed the Department to inform it that the remaining narrative, 15 presumably the additional information requested, had been uploaded to Box.com. Id. at ¶ 7. 16 Eight days later, on February 13, 2024, Defendant submitted a revised version of the narrative 17 report. Id. ¶ 8. The following day, February 14, 2024, Defendant submitted a third version of 18 the narrative report. Id. ¶ 9. 19 Subsequently, on March 4, 2024, Elizabeth Klos emailed Tina Louie at the United States 20 Attorney’s office, requesting the coverage decision regarding Defendant. Id. ¶ 3. Finally, on 21 March 6, 2024, Sapna Mehta, Assistant United States Attorney, emailed Elizabeth Klos the 22 following: “The United States issued its coverage decision to [AHS] today. The government 23 declined coverage and will not be seeking to substitute for [AHS] in the case.” ECF No. 16 (Klos 24 Decl.) ¶ 3; ECF No. 16-1 (Exhibit 1 to Klos Decl.) at 6. 25 IV. LEGAL STANDARD 26 A. Removal Jurisdiction Under 42 U.S.C. § 233(l)(2) 27 A party may remove a civil action filed in state court if the action could have originally 1 initial pleading is removable, the removing party has 30 days from receipt of the pleading to file a 2 Notice of Removal. § 1446(b)(1). Otherwise, the defendant has 30 days after receipt, “through 3 service or otherwise, of a copy of an amended pleading, motion, order or other paper from which it 4 may be first ascertained that the case is one which is or has become removable.” Id. § 1446(b)(3). 5 When there is a civil action or proceeding against commissioned officers or employees, it is 6 possible that there is an exclusive remedy under 42 U.S.C. § 233:

7 The remedy against the United States provided by sections 1346(b) and 2672 of Title 28, 8 or by alternative benefits provided by the United States where the availability of such benefits precludes a remedy under section 1346(b) of Title 28, for damage for personal 9 injury, including death, resulting from the performance of medical, surgical, dental, or related functions, including the conduct of clinical studies or investigation, by any 10 commissioned officer or employee of the Public Health Service while acting within the scope of his office or employment, shall be exclusive of any other civil action or 11 proceeding by reason of the same subject-matter against the officer or employee (or his 12 estate) whose act or omission gave rise to the claim. 42 U.S.C. § 233(a). 13 In such cases, the actions may be removed if certain procedural requirements are met: 14

15 Upon a certification by the Attorney General that the defendant was acting in the scope of his employment at the time of the incident out of which the suit arose, any such civil action 16 or proceeding commenced in a State court shall be removed without bond at any time before trial by the Attorney General to the district court of the United States of the district 17 and division embracing the place wherein it is pending and the proceeding deemed a tort 18 action brought against the United States under the provisions of Title 28 and all references thereto. Should a United States district court determine on a hearing on a motion to remand 19 held before a trial on the merit that the case so removed is one in which a remedy by suit within the meaning of subsection (a) of this section is not available against the United 20 States, the case shall be remanded to the State Court… 21 42 U.S.C.A. § 233(c). 22 The Attorney General’s appearance must be within 15 days after notification of the filing:

23 If a civil action or proceeding is filed in a State court against any entity described in 24 subsection (g)(4) or any officer, governing board member, employee, or any contractor of such an entity for damages described in subsection (a), the Attorney General, within 15 25 days after being notified of such filing, shall make an appearance in such court and advise such court as to whether the Secretary has determined under subsections (g) and (h), that 26 such entity, officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of the entity is deemed to be an employee of the Public Health Service for purposes of this section with 27 respect to the actions or omissions that are the subject of such civil action or proceeding. General certify that an entity, officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of 1 the entity was acting within the scope of their employment or responsibility. 2 42 U.S.C. § 233(l)(1). 3 Under 42 U.S.C. § 233(l)(2) an entity may petition for removal if the Attorney General 4 fails to appear in State court. 5 (2) If the Attorney General fails to appear in State court within the time period prescribed 6 under paragraph (1), upon petition of any entity or officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of the entity named, the civil action or proceeding shall be 7 removed to the appropriate United States district court.

8 42 U.S.C. § 233(l)(2). 9 Subsection (2) does not prescribe the type of appearance that the Attorney General must 10 make, and therefore does not require a simultaneous certification. Moreover, the purpose of 42 11 U.S.C. § 233(l)(2) is to “protect a covered defendant against a default judgment due to the 12 Attorney General’s untimeliness, rather than a negative coverage determination.” El Rio Santa 13 Cruz Neighborhood Health Ctr., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Svcs., 396 F.3d 1265, 1272 14 (D.C. Cir. 2005). The government appearing in state court within the health center’s responsive 15 pleading deadline alleviates the risk of the entry of a default judgment. See id. 16 B. Removal Jurisdiction Under 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(2) 17 Under 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(2), a federal officer may remove an action to federal court from 18 state court. If the case stated by the initial pleading is removable, then the federal officer has 30 19 days from receipt of the pleading to file a Notice of Removal. Id. § 1446(b)(1). Otherwise, the 20 defendant has 30 days after receipt, “through service or otherwise, of a copy of an amended 21 22 pleading, motion, order or other paper from which it may be first ascertained that the case is one 23 which is or has become removable.” Id. § 1446(b)(3). The burden of establishing federal 24 jurisdiction for purposes of removal is on the party seeking removal. Valdez v. Allstate Ins. Co., 25 371 F.3d 1117 (9th Cir. 2004). 26 27 C. Attorney’s Fees and Costs Under 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c) and expenses, including attorney’s fees. This section states: 1 2 A motion to remand the case on the basis of any defect other than lack of subject matter jurisdiction must be made within 30 days after the filing of the notice of removal under 3 section 1446(a). If at any time before final judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded. An order remanding the case may 4 require payment of just costs and any actual expenses, including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal. A certified copy of the order of remand shall be mailed by the clerk 5 to the clerk of the State court. The State court may thereupon proceed with such case. 6 Id. 7 Courts award attorney’s fees either due to “unusual circumstances” or “where the 8 removing party lacked an objectively reasonable basis for seeking removal.” Martin v. Franklin 9 10 Capital Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 141. 11 D. Stay 12 In determining whether to issue a stay pending an appeal, courts consider: “(1) whether the 13 stay applicant has made a strong showing that he is likely to succeed on the merits; (2) whether the 14 applicant will be irreparably injured absent a stay; (3) whether issuance of the stay will 15 substantially injure the other parties interested in the proceeding; and (4) where the public interest 16 lies.” Nken v. Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 434 (2009) (quoting Hilton v. Braunskill, 481 U.S. 770, 776 17 (1987)). According to Supreme Court precedent, “[a] stay [pending appeal] is not a matter of 18 right, even if irreparable injury might otherwise result.” Nken, 556 U.S. at 433. “The granting of a 19 stay is ‘an exercise of judicial discretion, and the propriety of its issue is dependent upon the 20 circumstances of the particular case.’” Al Otro Lado v. Wolf, 952 F.3d 999 1006 (9th Cir. 2002). 21

V. DISCUSSION

22 A. Removal Jurisdiction Under 42 U.S.C. § 233(l)(2) 23 The method for calculation removal is contained in 28 U.S.C. §1446(b)(3). The time for 24 removal is when the 30-day window for filing a notice of removal begins, that is, when “it may be 25 first ascertained that [a] case . . . is or has become removable.” See 28 U.S.C. §1446(b)(3). 26 Plaintiff and the United States argue the clock for removal had not begun, and could not have 27 begun, because the United States did make an appearance in state court. See e.g., ECF No. 21 1 (United States’ Reply), at 8:7-22. Defendant, in response, argues that even though the United 2 States appeared timely, it had not rendered a decision. According to Defendant, that meant the 3 action became removable because there was no decision rendered by the United States that 4 Defendant was “deemed to be an employee of the Public Health Service for purposes of [§ 233] 5 with respect to the actions or omissions that are the subject of such civil action or proceeding.” 6 See § 233(l)(1). The purpose of § 233(l)(2) is to make sure a default is not entered against the 7 Defendant. See El Rio, 396 F. 3d at 1272. Defendant agrees that this is the purpose. See ECF No. 8 19 (Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion), at 11:20-22. With the United States’ appearance, there is no 9 risk of default, so the purpose of § 233(l)(2) is furthered by that appearance. See El Rio, 396 F. 3d 10 at 1272. Removal under § 233(l)(2) therefore becomes unnecessary. See id. 11 It is undisputed the United States Attorney appeared in state court within the 15-day 12 period. Defendant admits it delivered the summons and complaint to the Department and the 13 United States Attorney’s Office on January 5, 2024. ECF No. 1 (Notice of Removal) ¶ 29. 14 Defendant also acknowledges the United States Attorney’s 42 U.S.C. § 233(l)(1) notice was filed 15 in state court on January 12, 2024. Id. ¶ 30; ECF No. 1-6 (Exhibit F to the Notice of Removal). 16 January 12, 2024 is seven days after receipt of the summons and complaint. At the time of 17 removal, Defendant had not received the requisite certification showing that § 233(l)(1) applied to 18 this particular case. See ECF No. 21-1 (Murphy Decl.) ¶¶ 1, 5. As a result, according to Plaintiff, 19 there was no basis for removal. See ECF No. 16-1 (Klos Decl.) (showing emails regarding the 20 government denying certification as a deemed entity). 21 Under the Ninth Circuit’s rule, “it may be first ascertained that [a] case . . . is or has 22 become removable” when the basis for removal is “unequivocally clear and certain.” Dietrich v. 23 Boeing Co., 14 F.4th 1089, 1094 (9th Cir. 2021). The Ninth Circuit adopted this standard to 24 “bring certainty and predictability to the process of removals,” “avoid gamesmanship in pleading 25 [to] prevent plaintiffs from strategically starting the removal clock without the defendants’ 26 realization,” and “guar[d] against premature and protective removals . . . .” Id. (citing Harris v. 27 Bankers Life & Cas. Co., 425 F.3d 689 (9th Cir. 2005)) (internal quotations omitted). Plaintiff 1 there was no deeming determination. However, because the United States did appear, and 2 appeared timely, it was not “unequivocally clear and certain” that the case was removable under § 3 233(c) since there was no deeming determination rendered. See Dietrich, 14 F.4th at 1094. 4 Defendant argues that “[t]he key to removal under § 233 (l)(1)—for a federal forum to 5 ascertain the availability of a federal defense—is the existence of the favorable deeming 6 determination as to the past period in which the events giving rise to the claim occurred (much like 7 an occurrence-based insurance policy).” ECF No. 19 (Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion), at 11:13- 8 16. However, even if in the past Defendant had a favorable deeming determination that does not 9 mean the deeming determination is for all purposes and for all periods. In such an instance, where 10 only a past deeming determination was available, remand would be appropriate. See Thomas v. 11 Phoebe Putney Health Sys., Inc., 972 F.3d 1195, 1202 (2020) (although the government itself 12 removed the action under § 233(a) and (c) of the FSHCAA, the court still found that a later 13 withdrawal of the certification of scope of employment warranted a remand). Defendant also 14 argues Section 233(a) covers the claims Plaintiff brings relating to the data breach and that such 15 claims arise, or are connected to, Defendant’s performance of medical, surgical, dental, or related 16 functions. See ECF No. 18 (Opposition), at 13:18-16:17. Given the Court’s ruling that the 17 removal was untimely, the Court need not discuss whether the deeming determination by the 18 government was proper or not. In any event, the state court can adjudicate any dispute regarding 19 the deeming determination. See Sherman v. Sinha, 843 Fed. Appx. 870, 873 (2021). 20 Defendant cites De Martinez v. Lamagno, 515 U.S. 417, 428 (1995) for what the Court 21 interprets as an argument that removal is proper on the grounds the government’s deeming 22 determinations should be reviewed insofar as they do not support immunity. See e.g., ECF No. 19 23 (Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion), at 5:16-25. Relying on De Martinez, Defendant argues there is 24 a “strong presumption in favor of judicial review of government action affecting the rights and 25 liabilities of parties to litigation,” since a “prospective deeming determination by the Secretary is 26 ‘final and binding’ on the Attorney General as a matter of law. 42 U.S.C. § 233(g)(1)(F).” Id. at 27 19:14-25. 1 under the Westfall Act are subject to judicial review. Nken, 556 U.S. at 434. The De Martinez 2 court found that “[t]he United States Attorney, acting pursuant to the statute commonly known as 3 the Westfall Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(1), certified on behalf of the Attorney General that [the 4 defendant] was acting within the scope of his employment at the time of the episode.” Id. at 417. 5 The De Martinez defendant was undisputedly a federal employee; the certification by the 6 government therefore related to whether the defendant was acting within the scope of his 7 employment at the time the plaintiff was harmed. See id. at 417, 420-422. De Martinez is not 8 exactly on point because there has been no showing Defendant is a federal employee or entity that 9 falls within the scope of the Westfall Act. 10 Even if the Court broadened the De Martinez holding and its principal regarding whether 11 there is judicial review available, remanding this action does not go against the De Martinez 12 holding. The Defendant is not without process to challenge any deeming determination made by 13 the government. Sherman, 843 Fed. Appx. at 873 (“[T]he defendant may petition the state court 14 to find that the defendant was acting within the scope of her federal office or employment and that 15 if the court so certifies, the Attorney General may then remove the case to the appropriate district 16 court.”) (emphasis in original). Given the above, the action is not removable under § 233. 17 B. Removal Jurisdiction Under 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1) 18 Finally, Defendant argues it is a federal officer under § 1442 and acting under a federal 19 officer under § 1442(a)(1) and therefore removal is proper. See ECF No. 18 (Opposition), at 20 16:10-19:6, and 19:7-20:28. In support, Defendant relies on the history of the FSHCAA and 21 health center program along with Defendant’s receipt of an annual certification that it was a 22 deemed entity in the past. ECF No. 17, at 11-14, 17:27-18:4. However, those items do not 23 necessarily, or automatically, mean that removal is proper under § 1442(a)(1). They do not 24 address the circumstances regarding the actions or omissions that are the subject of this civil 25 action. See O’Brien v. United States, 56 F.4th 139, 148–49 (1st Cir. 2022) (“We hasten to add that 26 the Secretary’s annual ‘deeming’ determination does not conclusively establish PHSA and FTCA 27 coverage with respect to a particular lawsuit when, as in this case, an action is brought against a 1 circumstances in which care has been provided. See 42 U.S.C. § 233(g)(1)(B)-(C). With respect to 2 patients of the health center, coverage is straightforward: the Secretary's ‘deeming’ determination 3 ‘appl[ies] with respect to services provided’ to ‘all patients of the entity.’ Id. § 233(g)(1)(B)(i).”). 4 Furthermore, a deeming determination must be made with respect to a particular lawsuit 5 before removal since certification “under FSHCAA does not necessarily cover all of the 6 organization’s employees or all of an employee’s activities.” Sherman, 843 Fed. Appx. at 873 7 (“Providing the Attorney general with the opportunity to consider the issue is a prerequisite to 8 federal jurisdiction” so early removal prior to that certification is premature). The Ninth Circuit 9 therefore has addressed a circumstance when the Attorney General appears in state court, and that 10 satisfies § 233(l)(1) thus preventing a removal under § 233(l)(2). Defendant removed the action 11 prior to receiving the required deeming determination by the government for the relevant time 12 period and activities, so the removal was untimely under both § 1442 and § 233(l)(1). 13 Defendant argues removal is proper under § 1442(a)(1) because, one, Defendant and its 14 employees are federal officers under § 1442(a)(1), ECF No. 18, at 16:8-19:6, and two, because 15 Defendant was acting under a federal officer within the meaning of § 1442(a)(1). ECF No. 18 16 (Opposition), at 19:7-20:28. Defendant cites Watson, 551 U.S. at 152 to support its claim that 17 even if it is not recognized as a federal employee or officer, it qualifies as a person acting under a 18 federal officer. Even if the Court found Defendant was a “federal officer” under § 1442(a)(1) or 19 “acting under a federal officer”, Defendant claims the facts alleged in its initial pleading are the 20 basis for its claim that it is a “federal officer” or “acting under a federal officer.” That means the 21 Defendant’s removal was not within 30 days of the receipt of the initial pleading as required under 22 § 1446(b)(1). Accordingly, the Court finds removal improper under § 1442(a)(1) for the reasons 23 stated above. 24 C. Attorney’s Fees and Costs 25 The Court has discretion to “require payment of just costs and any actual expenses, 26 including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal” under “unusual circumstances” or 27 “where the removing party lacked an objectively reasonable basis for seeking removal.” Martin, 1 rendered an ultimate decision regarding whether Defendant was a deemed entity. ECF No. 1 2 (Notice of Removal). In its Opposition however, Defendant states removal jurisdiction is proper 3 because Defendant and its employees are federal officers under 28 U.S.C. §1442(a)(1). See e.g., 4 ECF No. 19 (Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion), at 15-18. 5 Even if the Court agreed, Defendant’s removal would be untimely as the clock for removal 6 would have started either: (1) On the date of the initial pleading (May 11, 2023) under § 7 1446(b)(1); or (2) on the date “it may be first ascertained that the case is one which is or has 8 become removable” under § 1446(b)(3), which would have been on January 5, 2024 when AHS 9 emailed HHS that it had been served with the case initiating papers. ECF No. 1-4 (Exhibit D to 10 Notice of Removal), at 2. In either of the above scenarios, removal is untimely. Moreover, the 11 state court can adjudicate all the causes of action brought by Plaintiff and was doing so already. In 12 state court, there had already been nine months of litigation (discovery, settlement discussions and 13 motions—including motions likely still pending). The state court can also adjudicate any of 14 Defendant’s disputes regarding deeming determinations. As such, removing the action to federal 15 court is not “objectively reasonable.” See Martin, 546 U.S. at 141; see also Sherman, 843 Fed. 16 Appx. at 873. Given the above, the Court finds that Defendant “lacked an objectively reasonable 17 basis for seeking removal.” Martin, 546 U.S. at 141. 18 D. Stay 19 The parties, along with the non-party United State, filed a stipulation to stay this action 20 pending the resolution of the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Blumberger. The Court finds that there 21 has not been a showing of irreparable injury to any of the parties, or the non-party United States, 22 absent a stay. First, the language in the stipulation appears to convey that the parties stipulating 23 are not entirely certain whether and to what extent a Blumberger decision would affect this action. 24 Their uncertainty is understandable because in Blumberger, there is no dispute that the 25 Blumberger plaintiff’s claims in that civil action arose from the Blumberger defendant’s 26 “performance of medical, surgical, dental, or related functions” since that case is a medical 27 malpractice case. See 42. U.S.C. § 233(a). 1 coverage since the action is based upon Plaintiff’s “personal health information” and “limited 2 personal health information” that may have been accessed through the email account of a 3 “dietician, certified educator, and [ ] AHS employee” by an “unauthorized person—purporting to 4 be an outside provider communicating with CLINICIAN about patient care”. ECF No. 1-3 5 (Exhibit C to Notice of Removal), at 2-3 (emphasis added). Furthermore, in Blumberger, the 6 United States appeared and rendered an ultimate decision regarding coverage. In this case, the 7 United States appeared in state court, but had yet to render an ultimate decision regarding 8 coverage. See Sherman, 843 Fed. Appx. at 873 (“Providing the Attorney general with the 9 opportunity to consider the issue is a prerequisite to federal jurisdiction” so early removal prior to 10 that certification is premature). 11 Second, even if the Ninth Circuit’s decision to be issued in Blumberger were to affect this 12 action, there has not been a strong showing of a “reasonable probability” or “fair prospect” of 13 success on the merits for the reasons stated above. See Federal Trade Commission v. Qualcomm 14 Inc., 935 F.3d 752, 755 (9th Cir. 2019) (citing Leiva-Perez v. Holder, 640 F.3d 962, 966-67 (9th 15 Cir. 2011)). Third, both parties, and the non-party United States, together requested a stay, with 16 no opposition to request. At the same time, there has been no showing by any of the parties 17 regarding a sufficient irreparable injury absent a stay. There has also been no showing that, 18 without a stay, other parties would be substantially injured. 19 Finally, the stipulating parties have not shown the public interest is served by staying the 20 matter. While the public has an interest in judicial economy, that interest would not be furthered 21 by a stay. Remanding the action to state court, where litigation had progressed for months, 22 discovery had commenced, and motions filed, would promote judicial economy more than 23 keeping the action in federal court. Plus, the parties (along with the non-party United States) 24 could have requested the stay prior to briefing the Motion to Remand, since they presumably knew 25 about Blumberger before fully briefing the remand papers. On balance, there has not been a 26 sufficient showing that staying the two motions to remand is appropriate. 27

VI. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, the Court REMANDS this action to the Superior Court of 2 California, County of Alameda where it was originally filed as Case No. 23-cv-033070. The 3 request to stay the two motions to remand is DENIED as moot. 4 The Court ORDERS Defendant to pay $12,880 in attorney’s fees, as requested by Plaintiff 5 in ECF No. 16-2 ([Proposed] Order Granting Motion to Remand to State Court). 6 This Order resolves ECF Nos. 16, 17, and 27. 7

IT IS SO ORDERED.

8 Dated: June 6, 2024 9 10 I = f ig United States District Judge 12

13

15 16

= 17

Z 18

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