1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 DAVID RADEMAKER, Case No.: 17-cv-02406-JLB-KSC

12 Plaintiff,

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’

13 v. MOTION FOR SUMMARY

JUDGMENT

14 D. PARAMO, et al.,

15 Defendants. [ECF No. 43] 16

17 18 I. INTRODUCTION 19 Plaintiff David Rademaker, a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, 20 brought this action pursuant to the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (ECF Nos. 1, 4.) 21 Plaintiff’s complaint alleges that various staff members at the Richard J. Donovan 22 Correctional Facility violated his First Amendment right to free exercise of religion by 23 failing to provide him with an adequate kosher diet. (See ECF No. 1.) 24 Presently before the Court is Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment. (ECF 25 No. 43.) Plaintiff opposes Defendants’ motion. (ECF No. 62.) The parties have consented 26 to the disposition of this case by Magistrate Judge Jill L. Burkhardt pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 27 § 636(c). (ECF No. 27.) The Court has determined that Defendants’ Motion for Summary 28 Judgment is suitable for disposition upon the papers and without oral argument. CivLR 1 7.1(d)(1). Based on the motion papers and evidence filed in support thereof, the Court 2 GRANTS Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 43). 3 II. BACKGROUND 4 A. Procedural Background 5 On November 30, 2017, Plaintiff filed a complaint alleging First Amendment 6 violations against the Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility (“RJDCF”) Warden, D. 7 Paramo, and other RJDCF staff: Chief Deputy Warden G. Stratton, Associate Warden J. 8 Juarez, Correctional Captain E. Garez, R. Olson, V. Sosa, B. Self, R. Segovia, and R. 9 Decastro. (ECF No. 1 at 1–2.) Concurrently with his complaint, Plaintiff moved to proceed 10 in forma pauperis. (ECF No. 2.) 11 On February 20, 2018, the Honorable Barry Ted Moskowitz granted Plaintiff’s 12 motion to proceed in forma pauperis. (ECF No. 4.) Pursuant to the screening procedure 13 set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2), Judge Moskowitz also dismissed Defendants Juarez, 14 Garez, Olson, Sosa, and Self, leaving only Defendants Paramo, Stratton, Segovia, and 15 Decastro. (Id. at 5.) 16 On May 29, 2018, the remaining four Defendants answered the complaint. (ECF 17 No. 12.) The parties consented to Judge Burkhardt’s jurisdiction on August 13, 2018. 18 (ECF No. 27.) 19 Following a number of miscellaneous motions filed by Plaintiff, Defendants moved 20 for summary judgment on November 26, 2018. (ECF No. 43.) The Court provided 21 Plaintiff with notice of the requirements for opposing summary judgment pursuant to 22 Klingele/Rand and set a Briefing Schedule on Defendants’ motion. (ECF No. 44.) 23 On January 29, 2019, Plaintiff requested an extension of time to file an opposition 24 to Defendants’ motion. (ECF No. 48.) The Court granted Plaintiff’s request and extended 25 the deadline for Plaintiff to file a response from January 1, 2019, to February 27, 2019. 26 (ECF No. 49 at 2.) 27 On March 12, 2019, Plaintiff’s opposition was filed nunc pro tunc to March 1, 2019. 28 (ECF No. 62.) Defendants filed a reply on March 14, 2019. (ECF No. 63.) 1 B. Factual Background 2 Plaintiff alleges the following in his complaint: Plaintiff is a kosher-observing 3 Jewish prisoner currently incarcerated at RJDCF. (ECF No. 1 at 1, 3.) From September 4 2014 until November 2017, Defendants imposed a substantial burden on his exercise of 5 Judaism by failing to provide him with “adequate and appropriate” kosher food. (Id. at 3.) 6 Specifically, for over two years, Plaintiff: (1) did not receive a kosher diet; (2) did not 7 receive kosher meals within twenty-four hours; (3) did not receive hot kosher meals; or (4) 8 received “spoiled” and “not consumable” kosher meals. (Id.) 9 Defendant Paramo is the Warden at RJDCF. (Id.) Defendant Paramo had 10 knowledge of Plaintiff’s complaints through written correspondence from Plaintiff to 11 Defendant Paramo in April 2015, on September 9, 2015, on March 1, 2016, and on March 12 9, 2016, but failed to take corrective action. (Id. at 3–4.) 13 Defendant Stratton is the Chief Deputy Warden at RJDCF. (Id. at 4.) Defendant 14 Stratton was made aware of the burdens imposed on Plaintiff’s practice of Judaism on May 15 26, 2015, but failed to take corrective action. (Id.) 16 Defendant Decastro is the Supervising Correctional Cook at RJDCF “who was 17 directly responsible for ensuring the Kosher Diet Program was implemented.” (Id. at 5.) 18 Defendant Decastro was made aware of the burdens imposed on Plaintiff’s practice of 19 20 21 22 1 The Court summarizes the allegations in Plaintiff’s complaint for background 23 purposes only. Because Plaintiff did not sign his complaint under penalty of perjury, the Court does not consider the allegations in it as evidence in ruling on the instant Motion for 24 Summary Judgment. Moran v. Selig, 447 F.3d 748, 759 & n.16 (9th Cir. 2006) (stating 25 that unverified complaints “cannot be considered as evidence at the summary judgment stage”); see also Soto v. Sweetman, 882 F.3d 865, 872 (9th Cir. 2018) (noting that pro se 26 inmates are exempted from “strict compliance with summary judgment rules” but not “all 27 compliance”); Harris v. Shelland, No.: 15cv2442-MMA-JLB, 2017 WL 2505287, at *4 (S.D. Cal. June 9, 2017) (rejecting a pro se plaintiff’s unverified complaint as evidence in 28 1 Judaism through Plaintiff’s October 15, 2015 inmate appeal but failed to take corrective 2 action.2 (Id.) 3 III. STATEMENT OF UNDISPUTED FACTS3 4 A. Distribution and Contents of Plaintiff’s Kosher Meals 5 Plaintiff was approved to participate in the Salinas Valley State Prison’s Kosher 6 Meal Program in 2011 or 2012 and has been in a kosher meal program ever since. (ECF 7 No. 43-5 at 3:21–4:3.) For over two years, inmates in the Kosher Diet Program at RJDCF 8 received three meals at the same time—dinner for that night, and breakfast and lunch for 9 the next day. (Id. at 27:10–15.) Plaintiff received his three kosher meals at some time 10 between 12:15 PM and 6:30 PM daily. (Id. at 35:14–21.) Because the timing of the kosher 11 meal distribution varied, Plaintiff sometimes received his three meals for one day more 12 than twenty-four hours after he received his three meals for the previous day. (Id.) 13 The main portion of Plaintiff’s kosher meals were distributed in sealed food trays 14 from outside vendors. (Id. at 13:24–14:5; 19:19–24; 21:14–18; 39:10–12.) For breakfast, 15 the sealed kosher tray contained individual, sealed containers of a bread item (such as a 16 bagel), a fruit cup, and peanut butter and jelly or cream cheese. (Id. at 6:10–12; 7:14–19; 17 13:24–14:21; 37:11–15.) The fruit cup was like those that would be sold on the shelf (i.e., 18 unrefrigerated) in a grocery store. (Id. at 8:13–24.) Plaintiff also received either oatmeal 19 or grits for breakfast once or twice a week, which he was able to cook in a hot pot. (Id. at 20 6:10–7:13.) In addition to the kosher breakfast tray provided from outside vendors, 21 Plaintiff received one cold milk and one fruit or vegetable (such as an apple, banana, bell 22 23 24 2 Plaintiff names R. Segovia as a defendant in the caption of the complaint but does 25 not otherwise allege that Defendant Segovia committed any constitutional violations. Defendant Segovia was not dismissed in Judge Moskowitz’s screening order. (See ECF 26 No. 4 at 5–6.) 27 3 The Court derives these facts from Plaintiff’s deposition testimony (ECF No. 43-5) and Plaintiff’s opposition, sworn under penalty of perjury (ECF No. 62). These facts are 28 1 pepper, or onion) from the RJDCF kitchen at 6:30 AM every day. (Id. at 7:20–8:11; 20:6– 2 21:14.) These food items, although provided directly from RJDCF and not part of the pre- 3 packaged kosher meal trays, were “part of the kosher program” and were not “extra.” (Id. 4 at 21:6–9; 37:16–25.) 5 For lunch, the sealed kosher tray contained individual, sealed containers of a protein, 6 such as tuna, a turkey roll, beef baloney, or peanut butter and jelly. (Id. at 6:13–15; 14:24– 7 15:4; 15:21–16:3.) The tuna was packaged “standard off the shelf” in a resealable plastic 8 bag and was not required to be refrigerated. (Id. at 5:2–23.) Plaintiff received tuna in his 9 lunch tray once a week. (Id. at 14:22–25.) The non-tuna lunch meats were packaged 10 “similarly to the tuna,” except they were sealed in a clear plastic package. (Id. at 15:5–11.) 11 The non-tuna lunch meats were packaged as they would be sold on a store shelf, if they 12 had a “use by manufacture date.” (ECF No. 62 at 5.) Plaintiff received non-tuna lunch 13 meat in his lunch tray “two or three time a week.” (ECF No. 43-5 at 14:22–15:4.) 14 Plaintiff also received sealed packages of crackers, pretzels, sunflower seeds, or rice 15 crackers with his lunch tray, and he sometimes received apple sauce and/or a cookie. (Id. 16 at 5:1, 24–25; 16:4–14.) These foods were packaged as they would be sold “on a shelf at 17 a grocery store” and looked “similar to the type that everyone gets in the general 18 population.” (Id. at 16:6–18.) 19 For dinner, the sealed kosher tray contained a main dish and two side dishes. (Id. at 20 18:2–3; 37:7–10.) The main dish consisted of meatballs, spaghetti, lasagna, or a fish patty. 21 (Id. at 17:18–24.) The side dishes consisted of a vegetable, such as carrots or peas, and a 22 starch, such as rice. (Id. at 18:1–4.) In addition to the sealed food tray provided from 23 outside vendors, Plaintiff received a salad, three pieces of bread, butter, and a muffin from 24 the RJDCF kitchen. (Id. at 21:21–23.) 25 After Plaintiff received his three meals, he would sometimes eat all three meals 26 together at one time. (Id. at 38:8–9.) Plaintiff felt that he should not have to choose to eat 27 all the perishable foods at dinner and save the non-perishable foods for his breakfast and 28 lunch the following day. (E.g., id. at 28:2–11.) Plaintiff wanted his breakfast and lunch 1 meals to be served at breakfast time and not dinner time. (Id. at 28:2–11; 33:3–17; 39:17– 2 40:3.) 3 Plaintiff was never forced to eat his three meals all at once. (Id. at 38:22–24.) 4 Plaintiff did at times save the non-perishable foods from the food trays in his cell to eat for 5 breakfast or lunch. (Id. at 26:23–27:9.) For example, if Plaintiff had crackers or a bagel 6 in his breakfast or lunch tray, he could save them to eat by noon the next day.4 (Id. at 39:1– 7 3.) However, even though the “meat packs” were sealed, Plaintiff could not eat them after 8 “more than four hours” had passed because they were unrefrigerated. (Id. at 28:12–18.) 9 There were stickers on Plaintiff’s “food bags” with the words “must consume in four 10 hours” or “must be consumed within 4 hours.” (Id. at 28:12–18; ECF No. at 62 at 41.) 11 RJDCF correctional officers conducted daily cell searches after lunchtime to search 12 for leftover food for health and safety reasons. (ECF No. 43-5 at 16:20–17:17.) Food that 13 was not eaten by the afternoon cell search was thrown away by the correctional officers. 14 (Id. at 16:20–17:17; 26:9–15.) 15 RJDCF no longer routinely provides Plaintiff with all three of his kosher meal trays 16 at one time. (See id. at 33:18–34:9.) Plaintiff received all three meal trays at dinner time 17 only once or twice in September 2018, once in August 2018, once or twice in July 2018, 18 and maybe once in June 2018. (Id.) RJDCF staff has “been very good” about changing the 19 kosher food distribution system so Plaintiff receives his breakfast and lunch meals in the 20 morning. (Id. at 34:10–12.) For example, on September 16, 2018, Plaintiff received his 21 breakfast and lunch at 6:30 AM and his dinner around 5:35 PM. (Id. at 24:19–23.) 22 B. Frozen Sabbath Meals 23 Because the Sabbath is a day of rest in Judaism, and traditionally there is no cooking 24 done on the Sabbath, the Saturday kosher dinner trays at RJDCF are cold meals. (Id. at 25

26 27 4 The Court notes that Plaintiff has also taken the contradictory position that he had to consume all his food within four hours of receipt when he testified that if he waited to eat 28 1 17:18–21; 18:10–13; 29:19–22.) Every week or every other week, Plaintiff received his 2 Saturday dinner tray while it was still frozen. (Id. at 18:15–19:9.) For example, if Plaintiff 3 received his dinner tray at 6:00 PM and it was frozen, he may have had to wait until around 4 8:00 PM for his meal to thaw. (Id. at 19:4–13; 29:19–31:6.) Plaintiff was able to bring his 5 dinner tray to his cell to wait for it to defrost. (Id. at 19:10–12.) Plaintiff did not want to 6 have to wait the two to four hours it would take for his meal to defrost before eating it. (Id. 7 at 31:2–6; 32:3–5.) 8 C. Spoiled Food 9 Sometimes the fruit or vegetable (such as an apple, banana, bell pepper, or onion) 10 that Plaintiff received in the morning or the salad Plaintiff received with dinner were served 11 to him spoiled. (Id. at 7:20–8:11; 9:2–10:1; 19:23–24; 20:6–21:14.) The vegetables in his 12 kosher dinner tray “never came spoiled.” (Id. at 19:19–24.) Plaintiff believes that spoiled 13 or rotten food is not kosher. (Id. at 36:21–25; 38:25.) 14 Plaintiff received spoiled produce from the RJDCF kitchen at irregular intervals: 15 sometimes every day, sometimes once a week, or sometimes every two weeks. (Id. at 16 12:12–13; 13:14–23.) Two weeks could go by where the salad and vegetables were “fresh” 17 and “everything [was] perfect.” (Id. at 13:14–20.) Plaintiff refused to eat spoiled food or 18 food with “fungus” on it. (Id. at 9:2–8.) If Plaintiff received a spoiled vegetable, then he 19 would sometimes receive a replacement vegetable. (Id. at 11:2–4.) Plaintiff received a 20 replacement vegetable “about 50 percent of the time.” (Id. at 12:9–11.) If kitchen staff did 21 not want to “bother” replacing the spoiled vegetable, then they would tell Plaintiff to “write 22 it up.” (Id. at 11:2–7.) 23 Plaintiff was still receiving spoiled fruits or vegetables from the RJDCF kitchen 24 around the time of his deposition on September 26, 2018. (Id. at 2; 9:19–20; 13:21–22.) 25 However, the salad around that time had “lately . . . been fresh.” (Id. at 21:14–18.) 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 IV. LEGAL STANDARDS 2 A. Summary Judgment 3 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 empowers a court to enter summary judgment 4 on factually unsupported claims or defenses to “secure the just, speedy and inexpensive 5 determination of every action.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 327 (1986). 6 Summary judgment is appropriate if the materials in the record, together with the affidavits, 7 if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party 8 is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Albino v. Baca, 747 F.3d 9 1162, 1166 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc). 10 Each party’s position as to whether a fact is disputed or undisputed must be 11 supported by: (1) citation to particular parts of materials in the record, including but not 12 limited to depositions, documents, declarations, or discovery; or (2) a showing that the 13 materials cited do not establish the presence or absence of a genuine dispute or that the 14 opposing party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15 56(c)(1). The court may consider other materials in the record not cited to by the parties, 16 but it is not required to do so. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(3). If a party supports its motion by 17 declaration, the declaration must set out facts that would be admissible in evidence and 18 show that the affiant or declarant is competent to testify on the matters stated. Fed. R. Civ. 19 P. 56(c)(4). An affidavit will not suffice to create a genuine issue of material fact if it is 20 “conclusory, self-serving . . . [and] lacking detailed facts and any supporting evidence.” 21 FTC v. Publ’g Clearing House, Inc., 104 F.3d 1168, 1171 (9th Cir. 1997). 22 When a defendant seeking summary judgment has carried its burden under Rule 23 56(c), the burden shifts to the plaintiff who “must do more than simply show that there is 24 some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 25 (2007) (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586–87 26 (1986)). The plaintiff “must come forward with specific facts showing that there is a 27 genuine issue for trial.” Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (internal citation omitted). If the 28 1 plaintiff fails to make a sufficient showing of an element of its case, the moving party is 2 entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325. 3 B. First Amendment Free Exercise Clause 4 The free exercise clause of the First Amendment “requires government respect for, 5 and noninterference with, the religious beliefs and practices of our Nation’s people.” 6 Cutter v. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. 709, 719 (2005). “Inmates clearly retain protections afforded 7 by the First Amendment including its directive that no law shall prohibit the free exercise 8 of religion.” O’Lone v. Estate of Shabazz, 482 U.S. 342, 348 (1987) (citation omitted) 9 (citing Pell v. Procunier, 417 U.S. 817, 822 (1974)). 10 “To merit protection under the free exercise clause of the First Amendment, a 11 religious claim must satisfy two criteria.” Malik v. Brown, 16 F.3d 330, 333 (9th Cir. 12 1994). First, an inmate must show that his religious belief is “sincerely held.” Id. (quoting 13 Callahan v. Woods, 658 F.2d 679, 683 (9th Cir. 1981)). Second, the inmate must 14 demonstrate that his claim is “rooted in religious belief, not in ‘purely secular’ 15 philosophical concerns.” Id. (quoting Callahan, 658 F.2d at 683). To be deeply rooted in 16 religious belief, an inmate’s claim need not be compelled by or central to his religion. See 17 Thomas v. Review Bd. of Ind. Emp’t Sec. Div., 450 U.S. 707, 708 (1981) (“The guarantee 18 of free exercise is not limited to beliefs which are shared by all of the members of a 19 religious sect.”); Shakur v. Schriro, 514 F.3d 878, 884–85 (9th Cir. 2008) (noting that the 20 “sincerity test” and not the “centrality test” applies to a free exercise analysis). Instead, 21 “[d]etermining whether a claim is ‘rooted in religious belief’ requires analyzing whether 22 the [inmate]’s claim is related to his sincerely held religious belief.” Malik, 16 F.3d at 333. 23 Once the inmate makes this initial showing, he must then establish that a prison 24 official’s actions “substantially burdens [the] practice of [his] religion.” Jones v. Williams, 25 791 F.3d 1023, 1031 (9th Cir. 2015). “A substantial burden . . . place[s] more than an 26 inconvenience on religious exercise; it must have a tendency to coerce individuals into 27 acting contrary to their religious beliefs or exert substantial pressure on an adherent to 28 modify his behavior and to violate his beliefs.” Ohno v. Yasuma, 723 F.3d 984, 1011 (9th 1 Cir. 2013) (quoting Guru Nanak Sikh Soc’y of Yuba City v. County of Sutter, 456 F.3d 978, 2 988 (9th Cir. 2006)). In other words, the burden must prevent the inmate “from engaging 3 in [religious] conduct or having a religious experience.” Navajo Nation v. U.S. Forest 4 Serv., 479 F.3d 1024, 1033 (9th Cir. 2006), overruled on other grounds by 535 F.3d 1058 5 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc). 6 Under the free exercise clause, inmates “have the right to be provided with food 7 sufficient to sustain them in good health that satisfies the dietary laws of their religion.” 8 Ward v. Walsh, 1 F.3d 873, 877 (9th Cir. 1993) (quoting McElyea v. Babbitt, 833 F.2d 196, 9 198 (9th Cir. 1987)). The free exercise right, however, is necessarily limited by the fact of 10 incarceration and may be curtailed to achieve legitimate correctional goals or to maintain 11 prison security. O’Lone, 482 U.S. at 348–49. Even when a prison policy or practice 12 substantially burdens an inmate’s religious exercise, it will not violate the First Amendment 13 if the government can demonstrate that the policy or practice “is reasonably related to 14 legitimate penological interests.” Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 79, 89 (1987). 15 V. DISCUSSION 16 A. Three-Meal Distribution of Kosher Meals 17 In his complaint, Plaintiff alleges that there were times when he was not served a 18 kosher meal within twenty-four hours. (ECF No. 1 at 3.) However, as clarified by Plaintiff 19 in his deposition, Plaintiff actually received three kosher meals for the day, provided at one 20 time, every day of the week. (ECF No. 43-5 at 35:22–25.) Because the timing of the 21 kosher meal distribution varied, Plaintiff sometimes received his three meals for one day 22 more than twenty-four hours after receiving his three meals for the previous day. (Id. at 23 35:14–21.) Plaintiff’s real complaint therefore seems to be that receiving his breakfast, 24 lunch, and dinner meals all at one time imposed a substantial burden on his practice of 25 Judaism. (See ECF No. 62 at 10–11.) 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 1. Sincere Belief, Rooted in Religion 2 For Plaintiff’s claim to merit protection under the First Amendment, he must first 3 show that his religious belief is sincerely held and that his claim is rooted in religion. 4 Malik, 16 F.3d at 333. In their motion, Defendants do not address, and therefore do not 5 dispute, that Plaintiff’s practice of eating a kosher diet is based on a sincerely held belief, 6 rooted in religion. Plaintiff in his opposition states that he “is very serious about his Jewish 7 faith” and that he believes the consumption of “kosher food is to prepare [his] soul for the 8 afterlife.” (ECF No. 62 at 8.) Nothing in the record before the Court challenges Plaintiff’s 9 sincerity, and there is no dispute that claims for an adequate kosher diet are rooted in 10 religious belief. See Sprouse v. Ryan, 346 F. Supp. 3d 1346, 1356 (D. Ariz. 2017). To 11 establish a free exercise violation, Plaintiff must then show that the three-meal distribution 12 system substantially burdened his practice of Judaism. 13 2. Substantial Burden 14 a. Consumption of Perishable Food 15 In their motion, Defendants argue that Plaintiff undisputedly received three meals 16 every day in the afternoon or late afternoon, and each meal was kosher. (ECF No. 43-1 at 17 15.) Defendants contend that although Plaintiff’s meal trays may have contained 18 perishable foods, Plaintiff’s meal trays also contained non-perishable foods that Plaintiff 19 “could have saved to eat for breakfast or lunch.” (Id.) Defendants point out that Plaintiff’s 20 meal trays “contained non-perishable items such as packaged tuna, bread, crackers, 21 sunflower seeds, fruit, vegetables, a muffin, and peanut butter, that could be saved to be 22 eaten later.” (Id.) Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s displeasure in “having to eat perishable 23 foods at dinner and save non-perishable foods for the next day did not substantially burden 24 [his] religious practices since he had kosher food available to eat at every meal.” (Id.) 25 In his opposition, Plaintiff seems to argue that the three-meal distribution system 26 made him “choose either [to] violate his religious law fund[a]mentals” or “eat spoiled 27 food.” (ECF No. 62 at 11.) Plaintiff does not dispute that he was never forced to eat all 28 his meals at one time but does contend that he had to consume all his “food bags” in “four 1 hours” because of “bacterial growth.” (Id.) Plaintiff states that “clearly printed on all 2 department of correction and reh[a]bilitation food bag[s] [was] ‘must consume in four 3 hours’ because of food born bacteria.” (Id. at 9.) The Court understands Plaintiff’s 4 argument to be that he had to choose between eating spoiled food, in violation of his 5 religious beliefs, or he had to eat all his perishable food within four hours of receiving it.6 6 The Court first addresses Defendants’ argument that having to eat perishable foods 7 at dinner and save non-perishable foods for the next day did not substantially burden 8 Plaintiff’s religious practices because he had kosher food to eat at every meal. (ECF No. 9 43-1 at 15.) Defendants argue that Plaintiff was able to save his non-perishable food items, 10 specifically identifying tuna, to eat for lunch the next day. (Id.) However, Plaintiff was 11 provided with tuna in his lunch tray once a week only. (ECF No. 43-5 at 14:22–25.) Two 12 or three times a week, Plaintiff was provided with “a pack of sealed meat,” and whether 13 Plaintiff was able to wait until lunchtime to consume the non-tuna lunch meat is unclear in 14

15 5 Plaintiff also contends in his opposition that he “could never save his . . . cracker, 16 bagel, or any food products in his non-aircondition[ed] cell because of daily cell searches.” 17 (ECF No. 62 at 10.) But, as admitted by Plaintiff in his deposition testimony, correctional officers only confiscated food in cell searches that occurred after lunchtime. (ECF No. 43- 18 5 at 17:14–17.) 19 6 Plaintiff also argues that the three-meal distribution system violated RJDCF policy. (ECF No. 62 at 9.) Plaintiff cites to Chapter 5, Article 51, § 54080.5 of the RJDCF 20 Operations Manuel (revised January 2018), which provides in pertinent part that: 21 “Breakfast shall begin at approximately 0615 hours and dinner shall begin at approximately 1715 hours. Breakfast shall be served no more than fourteen (14) hours following the 22 previous day’s dinner meal. . . . Lunches shall be passed out during breakfast.” (Id. at 31.) 23 However, § 1983 provides a cause of action only for violations of the U.S. Constitution and federal laws, and “a violation of a prison regulation or policy is not a per se 24 constitutional violation.” Brown v. Galvin, No. 2:16–cv–2629 JAM DB P, 2017 WL 25 6611501, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 27, 2017). Additionally, in an appeal decision dated October 15, 2015, Defendant Decastro stated that “[t]he kosher meal consists of the 26 evening dinner for Thursday, March 19, 2015, along with the breakfast and lunch meal for 27 Friday, March 20, 2015, which is outlined in the DOM Supplement . . . . ” (ECF No. 62 at 16.) Thus, it appears as though the three-meal distribution of the Kosher Diet Program’s 28 1 the record before the Court. Plaintiff testified that the tuna was packaged in a way that it 2 did not have to be refrigerated. (Id. at 5:21–23.) Plaintiff further testified that the non-tuna 3 lunch meat was packaged “similarly to the tuna,” but he did not explicitly state that the 4 non-tuna lunch meat did not require refrigeration. (See id. at 14:24–15:20.) Plaintiff 5 provides in his opposition that if the lunch meat had a “use by manufacturer date . . . [it] 6 would be store usable.” (ECF No. 62 at 5.) Yet, Plaintiff also testified that he would have 7 to eat the “sealed meat packs” in “four hours” because they were “unrefrigerated.” (ECF 8 No. 43-5 at 28:12–18.) 9 Nonetheless, the Court finds that whether Plaintiff was able save his lunch meat to 10 consume at lunchtime two to three times a week is not a material fact that precludes the 11 Court from finding that Plaintiff’s practice of religion was not substantially burdened by 12 the three-meal distribution system. Even assuming that, three times a week, Plaintiff did 13 not have lunch meat to eat with his other lunch foods—because he would have to eat the 14 lunch meat at dinner time—a reasonable jury could not find that this was anything more 15 than an inconvenience to Plaintiff, which does not give rise to a First Amendment violation. 16 See Ohno, 723 F.3d at 1011. Plaintiff testified that he wanted his kosher meals to be served 17 differently because “[i]f [he] want[ed] to eat breakfast, [he] want[ed] to eat breakfast like 18 everyone, normal, in the whole State of California that gets breakfast at one time,” not 19 because he felt substantially pressured by the three-meal distribution system to modify his 20 behavior and abandon his kosher diet. (ECF No. 43-5 at 39:20–23.) Under the First 21 Amendment, Plaintiff has “the right to be provided with food sufficient to sustain [him] in 22 good health that satisfies the dietary laws of [his] religion.” McElyea, 833 F.2d at 198. 23 There is no dispute that Plaintiff received three kosher meals a day. Moreover, Plaintiff 24 does not allege that having to eat his perishable lunch meat with his dinner had any adverse 25 consequences on his health.7 26

27 7 The only mention Plaintiff makes of his health in connection with his diet and the 28 1 The Court turns next to Plaintiff’s argument that although he was never forced to eat 2 his three meals all at once, the words “must consume in four hours” were “printed on all” 3 of his “food bags.” (ECF No. 62 at 6, 9.) Defendants wholly ignore this argument in their 4 reply. 5 The Court finds that Plaintiff’s statements in his opposition are overly conclusory 6 and too vague to create a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether Plaintiff had to 7 consume all parts of all his kosher meals within four hours of receiving them. See, e.g., 8 Saddiq v. Trinity Servs. Grp., 198 F. Supp. 3d 1051, 1069 (D. Ariz. 2016) (finding 9 generalized statements in inmate affidavits that the prison had “served rotten vegetables, 10 undercooked beans and frozen portions on its kosher/halal diet trays” lacking in factual 11 detail and therefore insufficient “to create a genuine issue of material fact that [the prison] 12 violated specific Islamic religious tenets in its meal preparation”). Plaintiff never states 13 exactly what food items the words “must consume in four hours” were printed on, except 14 for unspecified “meat packs” and “food bags.” (ECF No. 43-5 at 28:12–18.) 15 The facts in Nance v. Miser are sufficiently analogous to those here, and the district 16 court’s reasoning is persuasive. No. CV 13-0313-PHX-SMM (DKD), 2014 WL 11332298 17 (D. Ariz. Sept. 22, 2014). In Nance, the inmate plaintiff was a practicing Muslim and 18 observed the month of Ramadan, which required him to fast from sunrise to sunset. Id. at 19 *1. The plaintiff alleged that the timing of the prison’s breakfast meal service forced him 20 to choose between eating his breakfast prior to sunrise or engaging in group prayer. Id. 21 However, each evening during Ramadan, the defendants offered the plaintiff “a sack meal 22

23 food or it will make him “very sick.” (ECF No. 62 at 10.) Plaintiff testified that if he ate 24 all his meals “at one time,” then he would have “nothing to eat during the day,” so he would 25 “get sick from [his] medication.” (ECF No. 43-5 at 38:8–15.) However, Plaintiff also testified that he was not forced to eat all his meals at once and could save non-perishable 26 foods to eat for breakfast and lunch (id. at 26:21–27:12), which means he had alternatives 27 to taking his medication on an empty stomach. Plaintiff is currently “no longer on psychotropic medication.” (Id. at 38:16–18.) 28 1 to keep in his cell so he could eat breakfast at a time of his choosing” before sunrise, to 2 accommodate his fast. Id. at *4. The plaintiff refused to eat the sack meal because, based 3 on his “personal knowledge and experiences,” he feared the food would spoil if he waited 4 until the morning to eat it. Id. As support, the plaintiff cited to a letter he received from 5 the Arizona Department of Health Services, which stated that “potentially hazardous 6 foods” must be held at certain temperatures and “must be consumed within 4 hours of 7 leaving the preparation facility.” Id. 8 The district court, in granting the defendants’ motion for summary judgment, 9 explained that: 10 [t]o defeat summary judgment, Plaintiff must present evidence sufficient for 11 a reasonable jury to return a verdict in his favor. Plaintiff has not done so because he has failed to adduce any evidence—apart from his conclusory 12 allegations—that the sack meal could not have been kept for consumption 13 before [sunrise]. Because Plaintiff had the option to eat his sack meal prior to [sunrise] and participate in group prayer[,] . . . the Court finds there is no 14 burden to Plaintiff’s religious exercise. While Plaintiff may have preferred a 15 different method of accommodation, that does not automatically create a substantial burden or render Defendants’ actions unconstitutional. 16

17 Id. (citation omitted) (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)). 18 Here, as evidence, Plaintiff cites only to inmate grievances wherein he asked about 19 the purpose of the consumption warnings on his “food bags,” but neither his questions nor 20 the responses to these grievances shed any light on what food items these labels were 21 placed on or applied to, or how often Plaintiff received a “food bag” with a four-hour 22 consumption time limit.8 (ECF No. 62 at 95, 222). As in Nance, Plaintiff has not offered 23 24

25 8 In response to one grievance, RJDCF staff wrote that “food in your meal bag should 26 [and] must be consumed in four hours for safety reasons, because bacterial growth starts if 27 it stays out uneaten more than [four] hours. This note prevents anyone from any illness like food poisoning . . . [and] other stomach upsets.” (ECF No. 62 at 95.) In response to 28 1 any evidence that he was not provided with non-perishable foods that he could safely keep 2 in his cell to consume at either breakfast or lunchtime. 3 Perhaps more importantly, Plaintiff’s contention in his opposition that all food bags 4 bore the words “must consume in four hours,” and therefore he had to eat all his food within 5 four hours of receiving it, is inconsistent with his deposition testimony. Plaintiff testified 6 that he could save non-perishable foods, such as crackers, a bagel, and “shelf safe” tuna, to 7 eat the next day, and “[t]hat’s what [he] has always been doing.” (ECF No. 43-5 at 27:6– 8 9.) Additionally, Plaintiff testified that “all the packages that the food came in” were 9 “sealed,” and that “there was nothing that stopped [him] from eating those packages within 10 four hours of opening—of breaking the seal.” (Id. at 39:10–17.) Plaintiff’s self-serving 11 declaration is insufficient to raise a triable issue of fact in light of his deposition testimony 12 to the contrary. Kennedy v. Allied Mut. Ins. Co., 952 F.2d 262, 266 (9th Cir. 1991) (“The 13 general rule in the Ninth Circuit is that a party cannot create an issue of fact by an affidavit 14 contradicting his prior deposition testimony.”). 15 Although Plaintiff certainly may have found the distribution of his kosher meals in 16 conflict with his personal preferences, the inconvenience to Plaintiff did not amount to a 17 substantial burden on his ability to maintain a kosher diet. Accordingly, Defendants are 18 entitled to summary judgment on this claim. 19 b. Consumption of Meat and Dairy Together 20 In his opposition, Plaintiff also argues that because he was “fed breakfast, lunch, and 21 dinner meals once a day,” he was “prevented . . . from practicing his religious beliefs.” 22 (ECF No. 62 at 9.) Plaintiff then states that his Jewish faith prohibits the consumption of 23 dairy and meat together and that “you have to wait a minim[um] of (1) one hour,” 24 presumably to consume either food product after consuming the other. (Id. at 9, 11.) 25 Defendants do not address this argument in their reply. 26

27 “identif[y] and indicate the time that is [four] hours past the point in time when the food is 28 1 As previously stated, Plaintiff testified that he was never forced to eat his three 2 kosher meals all at once. (Id. at 38:22–24.) Additionally, there is no evidence before the 3 Court that Plaintiff ever consumed dairy within one hour of consuming meat, or vice versa. 4 Even if he had, it would have been due to his own volition. The only dairy products 5 Plaintiff testified to receiving in his kosher meal trays were a sealed package of cream 6 cheese in his breakfast meal tray, delivered at dinner time, and one cold milk supplied by 7 the RJDCF kitchen at 6:30 AM. (Id. at 6:10–12; 8:6–9.) When asked if he “could choose 8 when to break the seal on [the] cream cheese,” Plaintiff testified that he could. (Id. at 40:4– 9 8.) As such, Plaintiff has not set forth any evidence that the three-meal distribution system 10 substantially burdened his practice of Judaism in this regard. 11 B. Frozen Dinner Trays on the Sabbath 12 In his complaint, Plaintiff alleges that there were times when his koshers meals were 13 not served hot. (ECF No. 1 at 3.) Plaintiff explained at his deposition that he observes the 14 Sabbath, a “day of rest” in the Jewish faith, on Saturdays. (ECF No. 43-5 at 18:13.) 15 Because the Sabbath is a day of rest, observants of the Sabbath do not cook. (Id. at 29:21– 16 22.) In keeping with this tradition, the kosher meals at RJDCF are served cold on 17 Saturdays. (Id. at 29:20–22.) Plaintiff testified that he would sometimes receive a frozen 18 kosher dinner tray on Saturdays, so he would have to wait two to four hours for his meal 19 to defrost before he could eat it. (Id. at 18:15–19:13; 29:19–31:6.) Thus, Plaintiff seems 20 to maintain that his religious practice was substantially burdened because he sometimes 21 had to wait for the dinner tray he received on Saturdays to defrost before eating it. 22 1. Sincere Belief, Rooted in Religion 23 In their motion, Defendants do not address, and therefore do not dispute, that 24 Plaintiff has a sincerely held belief, rooted in religion with respect to his desire to keep 25 kosher and observe the Sabbath as a day of rest. Again, Plaintiff asserts in his opposition 26 that he is “very serious about his Jewish faith,” and he testified that he observes the 27 Sabbath, a day of rest, on Saturdays. (ECF Nos. 62 at 8; 43-5 at 18:13–14.) The Court 28 finds that Plaintiff’s practice of keeping kosher and observing the Sabbath is one that is 1 sincerely held and rooted in religion. Thus, the Court turns to whether Plaintiff has 2 demonstrated that having to wait two to four hours to for his dinner tray to defrost on the 3 Sabbath imposed a substantial burden on his observance of the Sabbath and his ability to 4 keep kosher. 5 2. Substantial Burden 6 The undisputed facts show that because the Sabbath is a day of rest, and traditionally 7 there is no cooking done on the Sabbath, the Saturday kosher dinner trays at RJDCF are 8 served cold. (ECF No. 43-5 at 17:18–21; 18:10–13; 29:19–22.) Every week or every other 9 week, Plaintiff received his Saturday dinner tray frozen. (Id. at 18:15–19:9.) For example, 10 if Plaintiff received his dinner tray at 6:00 PM and it was frozen, he may have had to wait 11 until around 8:00 PM for it to thaw. (Id. at 19:4–13; 29:19–31:6.) Plaintiff was able to 12 bring his dinner tray to his cell to wait for it to defrost. (Id. at 19:10–12.) Plaintiff did not 13 want to have to wait the two to four hours it would take for his meal to defrost before eating 14 it. (Id. at 31:2–6; 32:3–5.) 15 Defendants argue that because Plaintiff was provided a cold, kosher dinner on 16 Saturdays, in tradition of the Sabbath, “a two-to-three-hour delay in eating the main part of 17 dinner” did not substantially burden his religious practices. (ECF No. 43-1 at 17.) 18 Defendants highlight that besides the sometimes-frozen dinner tray, Plaintiff was also 19 provided with a salad, three pieces of bread, butter, and a muffin that he could eat at dinner 20 time without delay. (Id.) Defendants assert that “Plaintiff simply did not want to wait two 21 or three hours to eat his kosher dinner tray” on some Saturdays. (Id.) 22 In his opposition, Plaintiff states that “Sabbath meal frozen cannot be eaten on 23 Sabbath (Friday sunset to Saturday sunset) . . . if given sunset 5[:]30 PM waiting . . . is not 24 on Sabbath anymore.” (ECF No. 62 at 12.) Plaintiff therefore seems to argue that the 25 defrosting period, depending on the time of sunset, precluded him from eating his Saturday 26 dinner tray on the Sabbath. 27 The Court agrees with Defendants that Plaintiff’s receipt of a frozen dinner tray on 28 Saturdays, even if every week, did not substantially burden his observation of the Sabbath. 1 Plaintiff’s deposition testimony makes clear that his desire to be served an unfrozen dinner 2 tray on the Sabbath is a personal preference rather than a religious-based preference. In 3 response to questions by defense counsel about his frozen meal, Plaintiff did not cite to any 4 religious-based reasons for why he could not wait for his meal to defrost: 5 A. [T]hey say, “Just take it to your cell and let it defrost for a couple hours.” I go, “Why do I have to do this every week or every other week.” It’s 6 6 o’clock at night and I’m going to have to wait until 8 o’clock till—my food 7 is frozen, thaw it out. . . .

8 Q. But you’re able to take that to your cell and let it defrost? 9 A. Yes. At that point, yes. What other choice do I have. 10

11 (ECF No. 43-5 at 19:3–13.) Plaintiff’s frozen Saturday meals were discussed again: 12 Q. But you were able just to let that food defrost and eat it. Correct?

13 A. Why do I have to wait two hours, three hours, four hours to eat frozen 14 food when everybody else is eating food at a certain time.

15 . . . . 16 I’ve got a 115, again, about this because my food was frozen[,] and I do not 17 want to wait two or three hours to defrost my food every day. This is prison. 18 I’ve got certain rights. 19 (Id. at 31:2–32:6.) 20 Additionally, Plaintiff’s argument that he may have, at times, had to wait until after 21 sunset to eat his dinner tray, in which case it was no longer the Sabbath, is unavailing. (See 22 ECF No. 62 at 12.) Nowhere does Plaintiff allege that his Saturday dinner tray must be 23 served to him unfrozen to comply with his religious beliefs. Nor does Plaintiff allege that 24 to properly observe or celebrate the Sabbath, he must eat all of his dinner before sunset. 25 The only Sabbath traditions articulated by Plaintiff are that the Sabbath is on Saturday, the 26 Sabbath is a day of rest, and the food on Saturdays comes “refrigerated” (cold) because 27 “Jews usually don’t cook on . . . the Sabbath.” (ECF No. 43-5 at 18:13; 29:19–22.) 28 Although “protected beliefs are not limited to those that are shared by all members of a 1 religious community,” Callahan, 658 F.2d at 686, Plaintiff does not allege that eating all 2 or part of his Saturday dinner at a particular time is important to his religious practice, nor 3 does he explain how sometimes eating his Saturday dinner tray after sunset imposes a 4 significant burden on his observance of the Sabbath. And, as Defendants point out, 5 Plaintiff had a salad, three pieces of bread, butter, and a muffin to eat while he waited for 6 his meal tray to defrost. (ECF No. 43-1 at 17 (citing ECF No. 43-5 at 21:21–23).) 7 The Court finds that there is no genuine dispute of material fact as to whether the 8 frozen Saturday dinner trays constituted a substantial burden on Plaintiff’s practice of 9 Judaism, and a reasonable jury could not find that Plaintiff’s observation of the Sabbath 10 was substantially burdened by having to wait two to four hours for his frozen dinner tray 11 to defrost on some Saturdays. Accordingly, Defendants are entitled to summary judgment 12 on this claim. 13 C. Spoiled Produce 14 Lastly, Plaintiff alleges in his complaint that because “his [k]osher meals were 15 [sometimes] served spoiled and not consumable,” his ability to “observe Jewish kosher 16 law” was “interfer[red] with.” (ECF No. 1 at 3.) More specifically, Plaintiff’s deposition 17 testimony reveals that it was not his sealed kosher meal trays that were sometimes spoiled, 18 but his morning produce or his dinner salad, which were provided from the RJDCF kitchen. 19 (ECF No. 43-5 at 19:19–24; 36:14–18.) 20 1. Sincerely Held Belief, Rooted in Religion 21 As before, Defendants do not address, and therefore do not dispute, that Plaintiff’s 22 spoiled produce claim stems from a belief that is sincerely held and rooted in religion. 23 Plaintiff testified in his deposition that he believes “spoiled” or “rotten food is not kosher.” 24 (Id. at 36:22–23; 38:25.) Plaintiff asserts this belief in his opposition as well. (ECF No. 25 62 at 7, 13.) 26 The Court finds that Plaintiff’s claim that spoiled food is not kosher is one that is 27 sincerely held and rooted in religion. There is no evidence before the Court to contradict 28 whether Plaintiff sincerely believes that spoiled food is not kosher. See Thomas, 450 U.S. 1 at 708 (“The guarantee of free exercise is not limited to beliefs which are shared by all of 2 the members of a religious sect.”). Additionally, there is no dispute that the religious 3 practice at issue here—the consumption of an adequate kosher diet—concerns a sincerely 4 held belief that is rooted in religion. See Malik, 16 F.3d at 333. Thus, the Court turns to 5 whether Plaintiff has demonstrated that receiving spoiled or rotten produce imposed a 6 substantial burden on the exercise of his faith. 7 2. Substantial Burden 8 The undisputed facts show that every day, Plaintiff received a vegetable or fruit 9 (such as an apple, banana, bell pepper, or onion) in the morning and a salad in the afternoon 10 or evening from the RJDCF kitchen. (ECF No. 43-5 at 7:20–8:11; 20:6–21:16.) 11 Sometimes the fruit, vegetable, or salad were served to him spoiled. (Id. at 9:2–10:1; 12 19:23–24; 20:7–21:13.) Plaintiff received spoiled produce from the RJDCF kitchen at 13 irregular intervals: sometimes every day, sometimes once a week, or sometimes every two 14 weeks. (Id. at 12:12–13; 13:14–23.) Two weeks could go by where the salad and 15 vegetables were “fresh” and “everything [was] perfect.” (Id. at 13:14–20.) Plaintiff 16 refused to eat spoiled food or food with “fungus” on it. (Id. at 9:2–8.) Plaintiff would 17 sometimes receive a replacement vegetable if his was spoiled. (Id. at 11:2–4.) Plaintiff 18 received a replacement vegetable “about 50 percent of the time.” (Id. at 12:9–11.) If 19 kitchen staff did not want to “bother” replacing the spoiled vegetable, then they would tell 20 Plaintiff to “write it up.” (Id. at 11:2–7.) 21 In their motion, Defendants argue only that “[h]aving to forgo a fruit, an onion, a 22 bell pepper, or a salad every other week—or even once a week—did not substantially 23 burden Plaintiff’s religious practices [because] he had an adequate amount of kosher food, 24 including other fruits and vegetables that came in his kosher meal tray.” (ECF No. 43-1 at 25 18.) Plaintiff argues that spoiled food is not kosher and that his meals are “nutritionally 26 balanced only if all food items are good.” (ECF No. 62 at 13.) 27 The Court agrees with Defendants that Plaintiff’s receipt of spoiled produce did not 28 substantially burden his practice of keeping kosher, but not entirely for the scant reasoning 1 articulated by Defendants. As an initial matter, Defendants assert in their Separate 2 Statement of Undisputed Material Facts that “Plaintiff received a spoiled item from the 3 kitchen, on average, once a week.” (ECF No. 43-3 at 6 (emphasis added).) Given that 4 Plaintiff testified to receiving a spoiled vegetable sometimes every day, sometimes once a 5 week, or sometimes every two weeks, the Court finds that Defendants have not established, 6 as an undisputed fact, that Plaintiff received spoiled produce only on average once a week. 7 (ECF No. 43-5 at 12:12–13; 13:14–23.) 8 Nonetheless, even accepting that Plaintiff had to forgo a fruit, vegetable, or salad 9 anywhere from once every two weeks to every day, the Court does not find that this lack 10 of fresh produce substantially burdened his ability to maintain a kosher diet. As previously 11 stated, under the First Amendment, inmates “have the right to be provided with food 12 sufficient to sustain them in good health that satisfies the dietary laws of their religion.”9 13 McElyea, 833 F.2d at 198. Here, it is undisputed that Plaintiff was a participant in the 14 RJDCF Kosher Diet Program and received kosher food in satisfaction of his Jewish dietary 15 laws every day. Although Plaintiff was often served food he believes did not satisfy the 16 dietary laws of his religion, i.e. spoiled produce, Plaintiff testified that he never ate the 17 spoiled produce. Cf. Walls v. Schriro, No. CV 05–2259–PHX–NVW (JCG), 2008 WL 18 544822, at *5 (D. Ariz. Feb. 26, 2008) (“Requiring Plaintiff to eat food that is prohibited 19 by his religion’s dietary regimen may constitute a substantial burden on his religious 20 practice.”). 21 /// 22

23 9 Plaintiff mentions the Eighth Amendment in passing in his opposition but does not 24 assert an Eighth Amendment claim in his complaint. (ECF No. 62 at 8–9.) The Court 25 notes that “[t]he Eighth Amendment requires only that prisoners receive food that is adequate to maintain [their] health.” LeMaire v. Maass, 12 F.3d 1444, 1456 (9th Cir. 26 1993). Extreme deprivations are required to make out a conditions-of-confinement claim; 27 it is “only those deprivations denying the ‘minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities’ [that] are sufficiently grave to form the basis of an Eight Amendment violation.” Hudson 28 1 Equally important, Plaintiff does not allege that this lack of fresh produce had any 2 adverse consequences on his health. Plaintiff states in his opposition that his meals were 3 “nutritionally balanced only if all food items are good” but does not proffer any evidence 4 in support of this conclusory statement. (ECF No. 62 at 13.) 5 The Court finds the reasoning in Sprouse v. Ryan persuasive. 346 F. Supp. 3d 1347 6 (D. Ariz. 2017). In Sprouse, the inmate plaintiff argued that the kosher diet he received 7 “ha[d] insufficient calories for him to maintain his health,” and thus, constituted a 8 substantial burden on his religious beliefs. Id. at 1356. The defendants moved for summary 9 judgment, and the court granted their motion on this claim. Id. at 1357. In its reasoning, 10 the district court found that the plaintiff had: 11 fail[ed] to present specific facts or evidence to show that receiving just 2150– 12 2200 calories a day is inadequate, thereby forcing him to forgo or significantly alter his religious practice to maintain proper nutrition. [Plaintiff] does not 13 allege that he lost weight or suffered other health effects as a result of eating 14 just 2150–2200 calories a day. More importantly, he does not allege that he had to supplement his diet with non-kosher items from the commissary or 15 non-kosher bartered foods, or that he had to take any other action that 16 effectively forced him to violate his religious practice in order to get sufficient calories. 17

18 Id. at 1356.

19 As in Sprouse, Plaintiff here has not alleged that he suffered any adverse health 20 effects directly resulting from frequently or even regularly forgoing a vegetable, fruit, or 21 salad. Although the spoiled produce was part of the Kosher Diet Program, and not 22 “extra,”11 Plaintiff has not provided any evidence establishing that without the fresh 23

24 25 10 Plaintiff received frozen vegetables (such as carrots and peas) in his dinner meal tray and a sealed fruit cup in his breakfast tray that were never spoiled when he received them. 26 (ECF No. 43-5 at 8:12–16; 18:1–4; 19:14–24.) 27 11 As mentioned above, Plaintiff testified that the fruits and vegetables he received in the morning and the salad he received for dinner were all “part of the kosher program.” 28 1 produce, he was served a diet that was inadequate to sustain his health. See id.; Combs v. 2 Washington, No. C12–5280 RBL, 2014 WL 4293960, at *20 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 29, 2014) 3 (“[Plaintiff] provides no admissible evidence to raise a material issue of fact on the 4 nutritional adequacy of the Kosher Diet at CRCC. [Plaintiff]’s claim . . . is based on 5 nothing more than speculation . . . .”). Moreover, Plaintiff does not argue that consuming 6 a diet that lacked fresh produce forced him to violate the kosher dietary laws as he believes 7 them to be or any other sincerely held religious belief. See also Sefeldeen v. Alameida, 8 238 F. App’x 204, 206 (9th Cir. 2007) (“Petitioner identifies no evidence in the record 9 suggesting that eating the offered vegetarian meal plan violated any principles of his 10 personal religious beliefs. . . . Petitioner could point to no adverse physical effects directly 11 resulting for the vegetarian meal plan.”). From the record before the Court, there is no 12 genuine dispute of material fact that Plaintiff was served a kosher diet that satisfied the 13 dietary laws of his religion and kept him in good health. Accordingly, Defendants are 14 entitled to summary judgment on this claim. 15 D. Additional Defenses 16 On the record before the Court, there is no evidence demonstrating that the manner 17 in which Plaintiff received his kosher meals and the contents of his kosher meals created a 18 substantial burden on the practice of his religious beliefs. In light of this determination, 19 the Court need not conduct an analysis under Turner with respect to the claims analyzed 20 above. E.g., Sprouse, 346 F. Supp. 3d at 1357. Additionally, because the Court concludes 21 that no constitutional violation occurred, it need not address Defendants’ qualified 22 immunity argument. See Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001); Doktoreztk v. Morales, 23 No. 09cv1288 JM(WVG), 2011 WL 1213074, at *4 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 30, 2011) (citing 24 Tibbetts v. Kulongoski, 567 F.3d 529 (9th Cir. 2009)). 25 /// 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 VI. CONCLUSION 2 Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that Defendants have met their burden of 3 || establishing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact for trial, and Plaintiff has failed 4 ||to provide evidence that rebuts Defendants’ showing that the manner in which Plaintiff 5 || received his kosher meals and the contents of his kosher meals created a substantial burden 6 ||on the practice of his religious beliefs. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment as to 7 all of Plaintiff's claims (ECF No. 43) is therefore GRANTED. 8 This action is dismissed with prejudice. The Clerk of Court is directed to enter 9 ||judgment accordingly and close the case. 10 IT IS SO ORDERED. 11 ||Dated: September 26, 2019 . 12 Balladt n. Jill L. Burkhardt 13 ited States Magistrate Judge 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28