1 2 3 4 5 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8 9 Carey Camp, Individually and on Behalf Case No.: 18-cv-1208-AJB-BLM of All Others Similarly Situated, 10

ORDER:

Plaintiff, 11 v. GRANTING IN PART AND 12

DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’

Qualcomm Inc., Steven K. Mollenkopf, 13 MOTION TO DISMISS THE and George S. Davis,

CONSOLIDATED AMENDED CLASS

14 Defendants. ACTION COMPLAINT 15 (Doc. No. 57) 16

17 Pending before the Court is Defendants’ motion to dismiss the consolidated 18 amended class action complaint. (Doc. No. 57.) Plaintiff opposes the motion. (Doc. No. 19 63.) For the reasons set forth more fully below, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES 20 in part Defendants’ motion to dismiss. 21 I. BACKGROUND 22 Plaintiff represents a class of those who purchased Qualcomm stock between 23 January 31, 2018, and March 12, 2018 and who are suing under the Securities Exchange 24 Act of 1934. (Doc. No. 50 at 4.) Qualcomm is a United States wireless technology company 25 that manufactures chips and other technologies for mobile devices. (Id. ¶¶ 34, 41.) In early 26 November 2017, Singapore chipmaker Broadcom offered to acquire Qualcomm for $105 27 billion, or $70 per share. (Id. ¶¶ 51, 58, 64.) 28 1 Plaintiffs allege that on January 29, 2018, Qualcomm “secretly filed a voluntary 2 request” for The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”) to 3 investigate Broadcom Limited. (Id. ¶ 24.) CFIUS is a federal interagency committee that 4 reviews certain investments in United States business to determine whether such 5 transactions threaten to impair national security. (Id. ¶ 99.) It makes recommendations 6 regarding such transactions for the President’s ultimate determination. (Id.) “Typically a 7 CFIUS review of a transaction begins when the parties to a transaction jointly file a 8 ‘voluntary notice’ notifying CFIUS of the transaction, and usually after the parties have 9 come to an agreement on the terms.” (Id. ¶ 101.) Once a CFIUS review is initiated, the 10 panel has 30 days to clear a transaction or open an investigation, which extends the deadline 11 by 45 days. (Id. ¶¶ 102–04.) If CFIUS makes a recommendation to block the transaction, 12 the President has 15 days to act. (Id. ¶ 106.) 13 On November 12, 2017, Qualcomm rejected Broadcom’s unsolicited initial bid. (Id. 14 ¶ 63.) Broadcom responded by mounting a hostile takeover. (Id. ¶¶ 71–72.) On December 15 4, 2017, Broadcom launched a proxy fight. (Id. ¶ 71.) On December 6, 2017, Broadcom 16 announced that it had initiated a process to redomicile in the United States. (Id. ¶ 75.) On 17 January 29, 2018, Defendants filed a unilateral voluntary notice requesting that CFIUS 18 review Broadcom’s offer. (Id. ¶ 92.) 19 As alleged, Defendants emphasized value and antitrust concerns as reasons that 20 investors should vote against Broadcom’s directors. (Id. ¶¶ 196, 199, 200, 202, 210.) 21 Defendants maintained that they were engaged in meaningful negotiations with Broadcom. 22 (Id. ¶¶ 200, 208, 225, 227.) 23 On February 26, 2018, Reuters confirmed that CFIUS was looking at the deal and 24 had been in touch with at least one of the companies and that lawmakers were pressuring 25 the White House to review the transaction before the stockholder vote on March 6, 2018. 26 (Id. ¶ 163.) On March 4, 2018, two days before Qualcomm’s shareholder meeting, CFIUS 27 ordered Qualcomm to postpone its director elections by 30 days so CFIUS could conduct 28 a full investigation. (Id. ¶ 169.) Following this announcement, Qualcomm’s stock price 1 declined 4.02%. (Id. ¶ 178.) On March 12, 2018, CFIUS released a letter explaining that 2 its initial determination was based on “the information submitted by Qualcomm in its 3 unilateral voluntary notice on January 29, 2018,” responses to questions and information 4 provided by both Qualcomm and Broadcom and further investigation could include referral 5 to the President for decision. (Id. ¶ 253.) In an executive order dated March 12, 2018, the 6 President blocked Broadcom’s attempted takeover. (Id. ¶ 181.) Following the news, 7 Qualcomm’s stock price dropped 4.95%. (Id. ¶ 256.) 8 The instant action was filed on June 8, 2018. On March 8, 2019, Plaintiffs filed the 9 Amended Complaint that names Qualcomm and Defendants Mollenkopf, Rosenberg, 10 Jacobs, and Horton, and asserts claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities 11 Exchange Act of 1934 and SEC Rule 10b-5. (See generally Doc. No. 50.) 12 II. LEGAL STANDARD 13 A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of a plaintiff’s 14 complaint and allows a court to dismiss a complaint upon a finding that the plaintiff has 15 failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. See Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 16 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). “[A] court may dismiss a complaint as a matter of law for (1) lack 17 of a cognizable legal theory or (2) insufficient facts under a cognizable legal claim.” 18 SmileCare Dental Grp. v. Delta Dental Plan of Cal., 88 F.3d 780, 783 (9th Cir. 1996) 19 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). However, a complaint will survive a 20 motion to dismiss if it contains “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on 21 its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). In making this 22 determination, a court reviews the contents of the complaint, accepting all factual 23 allegations as true, and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. 24 Cedars-Sinai Med. Ctr. v. Nat’l League of Postmasters of U.S., 497 F.3d 972, 975 (9th Cir. 25 2007). 26 Notwithstanding this deference, the reviewing court need not accept “legal 27 conclusions” as true. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). It is also improper for a 28 court to assume “the [plaintiff] can prove facts that [he or she] has not alleged.” Associated 1 Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 526 2 (1983). 3 III. DISCUSSION 4 A. Defendants’ Request for Judicial Notice 5 Federal Rule of Evidence 201 states that a “court may judicially notice a fact that is 6 not subject to reasonable dispute because it: (1) is generally known within the trial court’s 7 territorial jurisdiction; or (2) can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose 8 accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). 9 Defendants’ seek judicial notice of the following documents: (A) Excerpt from 10 Qualcomm’s Definitive Proxy Statement filed on Schedule 14A with the SEC on January 11 5, 2018; (B) Qualcomm’s Additional Definitive Proxy Soliciting Materials filed on 12 Schedule 14A with the SEC on January 16, 2018; (C) Qualcomm’s Press Release filed on 13 Schedule 14A with the SEC on January 23, 2018; (D) Interim Order dated March 4, 2018 14 from the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States filed by Qualcomm with 15 the SEC on March 5, 2018; (E) Letter dated March 5, 2018 from the Committee on Foreign 16 Investment in the United States filed by Qualcomm with the SEC on March 5, 2018; (F) 17 Letter dated March 11, 2018 from the U.S. Department of Treasury filed by Qualcomm 18 with the SEC on March 12, 2018; (G) Order of President of the United States of America 19 regarding the Proposed Takeover of Qualcomm Incorporated by Broadcom Limited dated 20 March 12, 2018 filed by Qualcomm with the SEC on March 13, 2018; (H) Article by the 21 New York Times dated November 4, 2017 titled “Chip Maker Broadcom Said to Mull a 22 Bid for Qualcomm”; (I) Article by the New York Times dated November 6, 2017 titled 23 “Broadcom Targets Qualcomm in Largest-Ever Tech Deal”; (J) Article by Reuters dated 24 February 26, 2018 titled “Exclusive: Secretive U.S. Security Panel Discussing Broadcom’s 25 Qualcomm Bid-Sources”; (K) historical stock price data for Qualcomm from January 29, 26 2018 through March 13, 2018 published by Yahoo! Finance at https://finance.yahoo.com; 27 and (L) historical stock price data for Qualcomm from April 1, 2019 through May 9, 2019 28 published by Yahoo! Finance at https://finance.yahoo.com. (See generally Doc. No. 57- 1 15.) 2 Exhibits A-J are each paraphrased or quoted in the Complaint and/or forms the basis 3 for Plaintiffs’ claims. A defendant may seek to incorporate a document into a complaint 4 “if the plaintiff refers extensively to the document or the document forms the basis of the 5 plaintiff’s claims.” United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir. 2003). 6 Accordingly, Exhibits A-J are incorporated by reference. 7 Further, Exhibits A-L also may be judicially noticed. Courts may take judicial notice 8 of SEC filings and news articles. See, e.g., Metzler Inv. GMBH v. Corinthian Colls., Inc., 9 540 F.3d 1049, 1064 n.7 (9th Cir. 2008); Wilson v. Edison Int’l, Inc., No. LA CV15-09139 10 JAK (PJWx), 2016 WL 7469601, at *6 (C. D. Cal. July 6, 2016); In re Century Aluminum 11 Co. Sec. Litig., 749 F. Supp. 2d 964, 979–80 (N.D. Cal. 2010). Further, Courts may also 12 take judicial notice of official government documents and historic stock prices of publicly 13 traded companies as the information is subject to accurate and ready determination from 14 sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned. See Metzler, 540 F.3d at 1064 15 & n.7; Hague v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., No. C11-02366 TEH, 2011 WL 3360026, at *1 16 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 2, 2011). 17 Based on the foregoing, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ request for judicial notice. 18 B. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss 19 Defendants assert that Plaintiffs fail to state a claim under Section 10(b) since 20 Plaintiffs fail to identify any actionable misstatement or omission, fail to adequately plead 21 scienter, and fail to adequately plead loss causation. (See generally Doc. No. 57-1.) Further, 22 Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim under Section 20(a). (See 23 generally id.) 24 Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act forbids: (1) the use or employment of any 25 deceptive device, (2) in connection with the purchase or sale of any security, and (3) in 26 contravention of Securities and Exchange Commission rules and regulations. 15 U.S.C. § 27 78j(b); see Dura Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Broudo, 544 U.S. 336, 341 (2005). Additionally, 28 Rule 10b–5, promulgated by the SEC under Section 10(b), forbids the making of any 1 “untrue statement of a material fact” or the omission of any material fact “necessary in 2 order to make the statements made not misleading.” 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b–5; see Dura, 544 3 U.S. at 341. To succeed in a private civil action under Section 10(b) and Rule 10b–5, a 4 plaintiff must establish “(1) a material misrepresentation (or omission); (2) scienter, i.e., a 5 wrongful state of mind; (3) a connection with the purchase or sale of a security; (4) reliance 6 ...; (5) economic loss; and (6) loss causation, i.e., a causal connection between the material 7 misrepresentation and the loss.” Dura, 544 U.S. at 341–42. 8 i. Manner of Pleading 9 Plaintiffs’ complaint contains a designated section entitled “Defendants’ Materially 10 False and Misleading Statements and Omissions of Material Fact.” (Doc. No. 50 at 64.) 11 While the Court notes that Plaintiffs’ complaint does contain large block quotes, Plaintiffs’ 12 complaint does single out the actual statements that are the basis of Plaintiffs’ securities 13 fraud claim. See Primo v. Pac. Biosciences of Cal., Inc., 940 F. Supp. 2d 1105, 1112 (N.D. 14 Cal. 2013); Lifschitz v. NextWave Wireless Inc., No. 08CV1697-LAB (WMC), 2010 WL 15 11512356, at *3 (S. D. Cal. Mar. 5, 2010); In re Pixar Sec. Litig., 450 F. Supp. 2d 1096, 16 1100 (N.D. Cal. 2006). 17 ii. Not Actionable Statements 18 Defendants assert that the alleged misstatements on February 16, 20, 22, 26, and 19 March 1 may be disregarded as they are after Plaintiffs last acquired stock. (Doc. No. 57- 20 1 at 20.) “A cause of action under section 10(b) applies only to misrepresentations or 21 omissions made ‘in connection with the purchase or sale of any security.’” Binder v. 22 Gillespie, 184 F.3d 1059, 1066 (9th Cir. 1999) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 78k(b)). “Statements 23 issued after a plaintiff’s purchase of stock cannot form the basis of a Section 10(b) or Rule 24 10b-5 claim because the statements could not have affected the plaintiff’s decision to 25 purchase stock.” Kelly v. Electronic Arts, Inc., 71 F. Supp. 3d 1061, 1069 (N.D. Cal. 2014) 26 (citing Hanon v. Dataproducts Corp., 976 F.2d 497, 501 (9th Cir. 1992)). 27 Plaintiffs contend that at the pleading stage, a class period in securities class actions 28 “is not confined to that period preceding [plaintiff’s] final purchase of [company] stock; 1 carving out such a period would be arbitrary.” Alfus v. Pyramid Tech. Corp., 764 F. Supp. 2 598, 606 (N.D. Cal. 1991); see also Nicholas v. Poughkeepsie Sav. Bank/FSB, No. 90 CIV 3 1607 (RWS), 90 CIV 1607 (RWS), 1990 WL 145154, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 1990) 4 (“Post-purchase statements are relevant to the course of wrongful conduct alleged by a 5 plaintiff in a securities action and [plaintiff] has sued on behalf of the Class of persons who 6 purchased stock during the entire Class Period.”) “[O]nce the general standing requirement 7 is satisfied, any additional questions related to particular injuries are relevant only in the 8 context of class certification under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23.” In re Connectics 9 Corp. Sec. Litig., 542 F. Supp. 2d 996, 1004 (N.D. Cal. 2008); see also In re VeriSign, Inc., 10 No. C 02-02270 JW (PVT), 2005 WL 88969, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 13, 2005) (“Simply 11 because certain class members were injured by misrepresentations that came after the Lead 12 Plaintiffs had already acquired VeriSign stock does not mean that the Lead Plaintiffs cannot 13 represent the class.”) 14 The Court agrees with Defendants that these statements are not actionable. The cases 15 cited by Plaintiffs address challenges to investors’ standing under Article III, whereas here 16 Defendants are asserting that these statements as pled are not actionable. The Ninth Circuit 17 has held that actionable statements are limited to those made before the plaintiff purchased 18 the relevant stock. See Hannon, 976 F.2d at 501. Accordingly, the statements made on 19 February 16, 20, 22, 26, and March 1 are disregarded as they are after Plaintiffs last 20 acquired stock. 21 Thus, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion to dismiss regarding Defendants’ not 22 actionable statements. 23 iii. Materially False or Misleading Statements 24 Defendants argue that the alleged misstatements are not misleading as Qualcomm 25 did not misrepresent the regulatory impediments of a deal. (Doc. No. 57-1 at 21.) To allege 26 an actionable false or misleading statement, a plaintiff must “specify each statement alleged 27 to have been misleading, the reason or reasons why the statement is misleading, and, if an 28 allegation regarding the statement or omission is made on information and belief, ... state 1 with particularity all facts on which that belief is formed.” In re Rigel Pharms., Inc. Sec. 2 Litig., 697 F.3d 869, 877 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(1)). This is a 3 demanding standard, requiring a plaintiff to allege with specificity “contemporaneous 4 statements or conditions,” Ronconi v. Larkin, 253 F.3d 423, 432 (9th Cir. 2001), that 5 demonstrate both “how and why the statements were false” when made, Metzler, 540 F.3d 6 1049, 1071–72 (9th Cir. 2008). 7 a. Disclosure of the Voluntary Notice to CFIUS 8 Plaintiffs assert that the market was misled when Qualcomm repeatedly stated that 9 it was ready to meet with Broadcom in an attempt to reach a negotiated deal, meanwhile 10 Qualcomm was engaged in discussions with CIFUS. (Doc. No. 63 at 20.) “Rule 10b-5 and 11 Section 14(e) in terms prohibit only misleading and untrue statements, not statements that 12 are incomplete … Often, a statement will not mislead even if it is incomplete or does not 13 include all relevant facts.” Brody v. Transitional Hospitals Corp., 280 F.3d 997, 1006 (9th 14 Cir. 2002) (emphasis in original). “To be actionable under the securities laws, an omission 15 must be misleading; in other words it must affirmatively create an impression of a state of 16 affairs that differs in a material way from the one that actually exists.” Id. (citing 17 McCormick v. The Fund American Cos., 26 F.3d 869, 880 (9th Cir. 1994)). Here, it is not 18 in dispute that Qualcomm did not disclose to investors that it was working with CFIUS. 19 Plaintiffs assert that by not disclosing this fact Plaintiffs could not evaluate the appropriate 20 risk of this transaction being blocked by CFIUS as it was concealed. (Doc. No. 63 at 21.) 21 Defendants contend that the possibility was always present, and Qualcomm warned of the 22 risk before the class period. (Doc. No. 57-1 at 23.) Therefore, Qualcomm argues that the 23 statements were not misleading because they were entirely consistent with Qualcomm 24 having asked CFIUS to investigate the national security implications. (Id.) 25 Defendants disclosed that this transaction “may well result in significant national 26 security concerns that could potentially block the transaction. Therefore, we believe 27 approval by CFIUS is far from assured.” (Doc. No. 57-1 at 14.) However, at this stage of 28 the litigation, Plaintiffs have alleged that Qualcomm’s statements may have been 1 misleading as they failed to disclose that they were actively engaged in discussions with 2 CFIUS. This plausibly could have resulted in the market evaluating a greater risk of CFIUS 3 blocking this transaction rather than the normal low risk that CFIUS would block a 4 transaction. 5 b. Openness Comments Regarding Negotiations 6 Plaintiffs argue that Defendants engaged in a scheme to mislead by creating the 7 impression that Qualcomm was genuinely open to the merger negotiation and publicly 8 focusing on price and antitrust risks, while Qualcomm had initiated a CFIUS review. (Doc. 9 No. 63 at 23.) Again, at this stage, Plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged that Qualcomm 10 engaged in a fraudulent scheme. Here, Qualcomm filed a CFIUS notice unilaterally. While 11 a CFIUS review itself does not mean a deal will be halted, it is unusual for a company to 12 unilaterally file a CFIUS notice. Further, by the filing the notice unilaterally and failing to 13 disclose this action to investors, Plaintiffs have adequately pled a theory of a scheme to 14 mislead. 15 Defendants state that they were seeking to gain insight as to whether CFIUS 16 clearance would be a problem before getting too far down the road. However, this is a 17 factual dispute. At this stage, the Court must accept Plaintiffs’ allegations as true and 18 viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs. Gompper v. VISX, Inc., 298 F.3d 893, 895 19 (9th Cir. 2002). A factual dispute is appropriate at summary judgment or trial. See id. 20 Further, Defendants assert that Plaintiffs cannot establish scheme liability because it 21 is based off the same alleged misstatements as described above. However, Plaintiffs have 22 adequately pled a different theory. The fact that Defendants could not have been engaging 23 in genuine negotiation talks with Broadcom as it had initiated CFIUS review is a different 24 theory than releasing misleading statements to investors. Accordingly, it is not just a simply 25 repackaging of the alleged misstatements. 26 Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendants’ motion to dismiss based failure to 27 plead on misleading statements. 28 / / / 1 iv. Scienter 2 “Scienter is [the] essential element of a § 10(b) claim.” Lipton v. Pathogenesis Corp., 3 284 F.3d 1027, 1032 (9th Cir. 2002). The Supreme Court has explained that scienter for 4 purposes of Section 10(b) and Rule 10b–5 is “the defendant's intention to deceive, 5 manipulate or defraud.” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 308 6 (2007). The complaint must “state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference 7 that the defendant acted with the required state of mind.” Id. (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 78u– 8 4(b)(2)). This means a plaintiff “must provide, in great detail, all the relevant facts forming 9 the basis of her belief” that the defendant has acted with “deliberate recklessness or intent.” 10 In re Silicon Graphics Inc. Sec. Litig., 183 F.3d 970, 985 (9th Cir. 1999), abrogated on 11 other grounds by S. Ferry LP, No. 2 v. Killinger, 542 F.3d 776 (9th Cir. 2008). A “strong 12 inference” is one that a reasonable person would deem “cogent and at least as compelling 13 as any opposing inference one could draw from the facts alleged.” Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 324. 14 When analyzing the sufficiency of a plaintiff's scienter pleadings, the Court must 15 “determine whether any of the allegations, standing alone, are sufficient to create a strong 16 inference of scienter.” N.M. State Inv. Council v. Ernst & Young LLP, 641 F.3d 1089, 1095 17 (9th Cir. 2011). “[I]f no individual allegation is sufficient, we conduct a ‘holistic’ review 18 of the same allegations to determine whether the insufficient allegations combine to create 19 a strong inference of intentional conduct or deliberate recklessness.” Id. 20 Here, Plaintiffs contend that Defendants Mollenkopf, Jacobs, Rosenberg and Horton 21 knew about the effort to get CFIUS to preemptively block the deal and therefore, made 22 their statements with intent to deceive. However, Plaintiffs’ arguments regarding scienter 23 misstate the law and whether Defendants knew of the CFIUS filing is not an issue. Rather, 24 the issue is whether Defendants knew their statements were false or misleading. See In re 25 Rigel Pharm., Inc. Sec. Litig., 697 F.3d at 883 (knowledge of a fact is insufficient to 26 establish scienter without allegations that defendants “believed that they made false or 27 misleading statements”). There are no allegations in the complaint supporting the 28 suggestion that Defendants believed their statements were false or misleading. 1 Defendant Rosenberg made the following statement: “The Broadcom-proposed 2 acquisition will be subjected to very, very close scrutiny by well over a dozen potential 3 agencies. We believe that this is probably going to take something in the range of 18 4 months or more even …” (Doc. No. 50 ¶ 195.) Defendant Mollenkopf mentioned that 5 “there are some questions about deal certainty and regulatory approval.” (Id. ¶ 121.) 6 Defendant Rosenberg discussed possible review by regulatory agencies that could take 7 time to resolve “because of the complexity of the two companies’ businesses, because of 8 the enormous overlap in the two companies’ technologies and businesses, and because of 9 the global nature of our business.” (Id.) Here, there is an opposing inference that 10 Defendants did not think that disclosure was required. This inference is shown by the fact 11 that Qualcomm did disclose several warnings regarding the CFIUS risk. The allegations in 12 the complaint simply do not adequately allege an inference of scienter. 13 Finally, Plaintiffs claim that these allegations of motive are extremely important. 14 However, “motive and opportunity” is simply inadequate to establish scienter. Rubke v. 15 Capitola Bancorp Ltd., 551 F.3d 1156, 1166 (9th Cir. 2009). 16 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion to dismiss regarding the 17 element of scienter. 18 v. Loss Causation 19 Even when deceptive conduct is properly pled, a securities fraud complaint must 20 also adequately plead “loss causation.” Erica P. John Fund, Inc. v. Halliburton Co., 563 21 U.S. 804, 807 (2011). Loss causation is shorthand for the requirement that “investors must 22 demonstrate that the defendant’s deceptive conduct caused their claimed economic loss.” 23 Id. Thus, like a plaintiff claiming deceit at common law, the plaintiff in a securities fraud 24 action must demonstrate that an economic loss was caused by the defendant’s 25 misrepresentations, rather than some intervening event. Dura, 544 U.S. at 343–44. The 26 burden of pleading loss causation is typically satisfied by allegations that the defendant 27 revealed the truth through “corrective disclosures” which “caused the company’s stock 28 price to drop and investors to lose money.” Halliburton, 573 U.S. at 264. 1 Plaintiffs contend that on March 5, 2018, the market learned that Qualcomm had 2 been working with CFIUS to preemptively block the deal. (Doc. No. 50 ¶ 233.) Plaintiffs 3 assert that on March 6, 2018, Qualcomm disclosed CFIUS’ March 5, 2018 letter that stated 4 Qualcomm had provided unilateral voluntary notice on January 29, 2018 as well as follow- 5 up responses to questions and information provided by both Qualcomm and Broadcom. 6 (Id. ¶ 236.) Then on March 12, 2018, the market learned that the President blocked the 7 deal. (Id. ¶ 181.) On March 5, 2018, Qualcomm’s stock dropped by 1.13% and on March 8 6, 2018, the stock fell by 2.92%. (Id. ¶ 239.) On March 13, 2018, the stock dropped by 9 4.95%. (Id. ¶ 184.) 10 Plaintiffs allege that loss causation is adequately pled where the stock price fell over 11 two days following corrective disclosure. In re Montage Tech. Grp. Ltd. Sec. Litig., 78 F. 12 Supp. 3d 1215, 1227 (N.D. Cal. 2015). However, the stocks at issue in Montage fell over 13 25% in two days. Id. Here, Qualcomm’s stocks dropped 4.02% in two days. To plausibly 14 plead loss causation, a complaint must allege that a company’s “share price fell 15 significantly after the truth became known.” Dura, 544 U.S. at 347; Metzler, 540 F.3d at 16 1062–63. Further, securities complaints tend to be predicated on double digit declines. Eng 17 v. Edison Int’l, No. 15-CV-1478-BEN-KSC, 2017 WL 1857243, at *4 (S.D. Cal. May 5, 18 2017) (collecting cases). Here, the stock drops on March 5 and 6, 2018 were minimal. 19 Furthermore, there is a more plausible explanation that the market reacted to CFIUS’ action 20 and not that Qualcomm had provided notice to CFIUS. See Metzler, 540 F.3d at 1064–65 21 (rejecting loss causation theory in favor of “far more plausible” explanation; noting that 22 “while the court assumes that the facts in a complaint are true, it is not required to indulge 23 unwarranted inferences in order to save a complaint from dismissal”). 24 On March 12, 2018, the President blocked this deal. Loss causation requires a 25 plaintiff to “demonstrate that an economic loss was caused by the defendant’s 26 misrepresentations, rather than some intervening event.” Lloyd v. CVB Fin. Corp., 811 F.3d 27 1200, 1209 (9th Cir. 2016). It is quite evident that the stock drop on March 13, 2018 was 28 connected to the President’s order rather than a misrepresentation by Qualcomm. 1 || Accordingly, Plaintiffs cannot establish loss causation based on an intervening event. 2 Thus, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion to dismiss regarding loss causation. 3 vi. Section 20(a) 4 Section 20(a) imposes liability on control persons. 15 U.S.C. § 78t(a). “To establish 5 liability under Section 20(a), a plaintiff must first prove a primary violation of Section 6 || 10(b) or Rule 10b-5.” Kelly, 71 F. Supp. 3d at 1068. Since Plaintiffs have not pled a 7 || violation of Section 10(b), their Section 20(a) claim has also not been adequately 8 ||established. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion to dismiss regarding 9 Section 20(a). 10 Vv. CONCLUSION 11 Based on the foregoing, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part 12 || Defendants’ motion to dismiss. Plaintiffs must file a Second Amended Complaint by April 13 2020. 14 IT IS SO ORDERED. 15 16 Dated: March 10, 2020 © ¢ V7 Hon. Anthony J. attaglia 18 United States District Judge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28