1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 IN RE: OUTLAW LABORATORIES, LP Case No.: 18CV840 GPC (BGS)

LITIGATION,

12

ORDER ON TAULER SMITH’S

. 13 MOTION TO COMPEL

14 [ECF 192] 15 16 17 18 Third-Party Defendant Tauler Smith has filed a Motion to Compel Counter- 19 claimant Roma Mikha and Third-Party Plaintiff NMRM, Inc. and Skyline Market, Inc. 20 (collectively the “Stores”) to provide further responses to discovery requests. (ECF 192.) 21 The Stores have filed an Opposition. (ECF 196.) 22 I. BACKGROUND 23 The Court has summarized the allegations and claims of the Second Amended 24 Counter Claims and Third-Party Claims (“SACC” [ECF 114]) in detail in some of the 25 Court’s prior orders on discovery disputes. The Court incorporates those summaries here 26 and only briefly summarizes the claims at issue in this consolidated action. (ECF 177 at 27 I.; ECF 215 at II.; ECF 230 at II.; ECF 246 at II.) 28 1 As the Court has explained in prior orders on discovery disputes, this consolidated 2 action encompasses two cases brought by Outlaw against retail stores for false 3 advertising under the Lanham Act, and as to the SD Outlet action, California False 4 Advertising and California Unfair Competition claims. (Case Nos. 18cv840 (“DG in 5 PB”) and 18cv1882 (“SD Outlet”); ECF 147 at 4-5.1) Three of the stores in the SD Outlet 6 action have filed counterclaims as a class action on behalf of themselves and other 7 targeted stores against Outlaw and its former counsel, Tauler Smith, under the Racketeer 8 Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”) along with a rescission claim. 9 (“Second Amended Counter Claims (“SACC”) [ECF 114].) 10 Outlaw’s Lanham Act claims are premised on the defendants selling “male- 11 enhancement pills, . . . ‘the Enhancement Products’” with packaging that indicate they 12 are all natural, but contain undisclosed drugs with Outlaw claiming it has lost out on sales 13 to those products. (ECF 147 at 1, 3-6; ECF 209 (San Diego Outlet action.) Summary 14 Judgment was granted to defendants in the DG in PB action on this claim. (ECF 147.) 15 As to the San Diego Outlet action, Judge Curiel recently granted a motion for judgment 16 on the pleadings and a subsequent motion for reconsideration dismissing with prejudice 17 all of Outlaw’s claims. (ECF 209, 251.) 18 The Stores have alleged counterclaims under RICO on behalf of a class of 19 similarly situated stores. (ECF 114.) The SACC alleges Outlaw, Tauler Smith, and 20 Outlaw’s principles, Michael Wear and Shawn Lynch, have engaged in a scheme that 21 includes sending demand letters via U.S. mail to small businesses that threaten the store 22 could be held liable for over $100,000 based on false and misleading statements about 23 potential liability for the sale of certain products by the stores. (SACC ¶¶ 2, 26, 82- 24 88.) Outlaw or Tauler Smith on its behalf then follows up with offers to settle for 25 increasingly lower amounts, including as low as $2,500. (SACC ¶¶ 3-4, 56, 72, 87, 98.) 26 27 1 All page citations throughout this Order are the CM/ECF pagination unless otherwise 28 1 II. DISCUSSION 2 A. Legal Standards 3 1. Requests for Production of Documents 4 “A party may serve on any other party a request within the scope of Rule 26(b) to 5 produce any designated documents or electronically stored information.” Rule 6 34(a)(1)(A). The request must describe the document sought “with reasonable 7 particularity” and any “objection must state whether any responsive materials are being 8 withheld on the basis of that objection.” Rule 34(b)(2). The requesting party may move 9 to compel the production of responsive documents if a party fails to produce documents. 10 Rule 37(a)(3)(B)(iv). 11 2. Interrogatories 12 “An interrogatory may relate to any matter that may be inquired into under Rule 13 26(b).” Fed. R. Civ. P. 33(a)(2). “Each interrogatory must, to the extent it is not objected 14 to, be answered separately and fully in writing under oath.” Rule 33(b)(3). “The grounds 15 for objecting to an interrogatory must be stated with specificity.” Rule 33(b)(4). The 16 party propounding the interrogatory may move to compel an answer if the party fails to 17 answer. Rule 37(a)(3)(B)(iii). 18 3. Rule 26 19 As the party seeking to compel discovery, Tauler Smith has “the burden of 20 establishing that [their] request[s] satisfy the relevancy requirements of Federal Rule 21 26(b)(1).” Louisiana Pac. Corp. v. Money Market 1 Inst. Inv. Dealer, 285 F.R.D. 481, 485 22 (N.D. Cal. 2012) (citing Soto v. City of Concord, 162 F.R.D. 603, 610 (N.D. Cal. 1995)). 23 The Stores, as the parties opposing discovery, “ha[ve] the burden of showing that discovery 24 should not be allowed, and also ha[ve] the burden of clarifying, explaining, and supporting 25 [their] objections with competent evidence.” Id. (citing DIRECTV, Inc. v. Trone, 209 26 F.R.D. 455, 458 (C.D. Cal. 2002)). “An opposing party can meet its burden by 27 demonstrating that the information is being sought to delay bringing the case to trial, to 28 embarrass or harass, is irrelevant or privileged, or that the person seeking discovery fails 1 to show need for the information.” Colaco v. ASIC Advantage Simplified Pension Plan, 2 301 F.R.D. 431, 434 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (citing Khalilpour v. CELLCO P’ship, No. C 09- 3 02712 CW (MEJ), 2010 WL 1267749, at *3 (N.D. Cal. April 1, 2010)); see also 4 Oppenheimer Fund, Inc. v. Sanders, 437 U.S. 340, 353 n. 17 (1978). 5 Rule 26(b)(1) provides that “[p]arties may obtain discovery regarding any non- 6 privileged matter that is relevant to any party’s claim or defense and proportional to the 7 needs of the case, considering the importance of the issues at stake in the action, the amount 8 in controversy, the parties’ relative access to relevant information, the parties’ resources, 9 the importance of the discovery in resolving the issues, and whether the burden or expense 10 of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). 11 “District courts have broad discretion in controlling discovery” and “in determining 12 relevancy.” Laub v. Horbaczewski, 331 F.R.D. 516, 521 (C.D. Cal. 2019) (citing Hallett 13 v. Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 751 (9th Cir. 2002) and Surfvivor Media, Inc. v. Survivor 14 Prods., 406 F.3d 625, 635 (9th Cir. 2005)). 15 Following the 2015 Amendments to Rule 26, it is clear that “[r]elevancy alone is no 16 longer sufficient—discovery must also be proportional to the needs of the case.” In re Bard 17 IVC Filters Prods. Liability Litig., 317 F.R.D. 562, 564 (D. Ariz. 2016). “The court’s 18 responsibility, using all the information provided by the parties, is to consider these, [undue 19 burden or expense and importance of information sought,] and all the other factors in 20 reaching a case-specific determination of the appropriate scope of discovery.” Fed. R. Civ. 21 P. 26 advisory committee’s notes. In deciding whether a request is unduly burdensome, a 22 court must balance the burden to the responding party against the benefit to the party 23 seeking the discovery. Thomas v. Cate, 715 F. Supp. 2d 1012, 1032 (E.D. Cal. 24 2010)(collecting cases). 25 Rule 26(b)(2) also requires the court, on motion or on its own, to limit the frequency 26 or extent of discovery otherwise allowed by the rules if it determines that (1) “the discovery 27 sought is unreasonably cumulative or duplicative, or can be obtained from some other 28 source that is more convenient, less burdensome, or less expensive;” (2) “the party seeking 1 discovery has had ample opportunity to obtain the information by discovery in the action;” 2 or (3) “the proposed discovery is outside the scope permitted by Rule 26(b)(1).” Fed. R. 3 Civ. P. 26(b)(2)(C)(i)-(iii). 4 B. Analysis 5 Tauler Smith generally challenges objections made by the Stores to requests for 6 production of documents (“RFPs”) and Special Interrogatories as well as sanctions 7 against them. (ECF 192.) Before proceeding, the Court first addresses a broader issue 8 with this Motion. The Court’s Order setting the briefing on these disputes indicated that 9 any exhibits relied on by either party must be summarized or quoted within the briefs. 10 (ECF 189 at 3.) Tauler Smith has attached numerous exhibits, including portions of the 11 subject discovery requests, but has largely failed to quote or summarize them. As 12 explained further below, there are even instances, despite the Court best efforts, when the 13 Court has simply been unable to locate the objection or language Tauler Smith references 14 in the Motion because the citation, if any, is insufficient. 15 1. RFPs 16 Tauler Smith raises three general topics in its Motion regarding the Stores’ 17 responses to the RFPs: (1) failure to provide documents; (2) failure to withdraw improper 18 objections; and (3) failure to indicate if any documents have been withheld. (ECF 192 at 19 6-8.) However, as discussed more below, Tauler Smith does not identify or address any 20 particular RFPs in its Motion. 21 The Stores argue the Court should deny Tauler Smith’s Motion as to the RFPs 22 because it never identifies which RFPs are at issue in its motion to compel. (ECF 196 at 23 2 (citing UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Am. Home Assurance Co., No. CV073257GAFAGRX, 24 2008 WL 11343400, at *2 (C.D. Cal. July 29, 2008)).) This is a fair point; however, the 25 Court has attempted to address the issues raised where possible despite this deficiency. 26 27 28 1 a) Failure to Provide Documents 2 Tauler Smith argues it should have received more responsive documents than the 3 33 it has received, the Stores have not indicated they have engaged in a search for 4 documents, and the Stores have not “confirmed the existence of” responsive records the 5 Stores identified in a hard copy version or confirmed whether an electronic version of 6 those hard copies exists. (Id. at 6.) 7 Tauler Smith argues that the Stores have produced only 33 pages of documents in 8 response to Tauler Smith’s RFPs. (Id. at 6.) This alone is not a reason to grant a motion 9 to compel and certainly not impose sanctions. Although the Court recognizes Tauler 10 Smith is suggesting the Stores are withholding documents because it was expecting more, 11 there is no explanation why it was expecting more. (Id.) Tauler Smith does not identify 12 any documents it would have expected to receive in response to any RFP. (Id.) In fact, 13 there is no discussion or even identification of any RFPs at all in this section. (Id.) 14 As to Tauler Smith’s assertion that the Stores have not indicated they have engaged 15 in any search for documents, Tauler Smith states and quotes the following, “the Stores 16 respond that the[y] ‘do not believe [they have] any responsive documents, but will 17 conduct a reasonably diligent search for the same, and produce any that it can locate.’” 18 (Id. at 6.) Tauler Smith does not cite the source of the language it quotes. The Stores 19 response does not provide the Court with much more guidance. The Stores argue that 20 this “assertion is incorrect, as is seen simply by reviewing the Stores’ amended 21 responses.” (ECF 196 at 6 (citing Decl. of David A. Sergenian (“Sergenian Decl.”), Exs. 22 G (ECF 192-8), H (ECF 192-9), and I (ECF 192-10).) Exhibits G, H, and I are 23 collectively almost 120 pages of RFPs from Tauler Smith with supplemental responses 24 25 26 2 As to the RFPs, the Motion largely does not address the discovery at issue by discovery 27 request, issue, or based on the organization set by the Court in its briefing order. The Court largely follows Tauler Smith’s headings, as the Stores did, and relies on the same 28 1 from Roma Mika (Ex. G), NMRM (Ex. H), Skyline Market (Ex. I.) A very cursory 2 review of the 120 pages reveals the language Tauler Smith quotes appears in responses to 3 numerous RFPs along with objections. However, that still does not explain the dispute. 4 Tauler Smith has failed to identify which RFPs are at issue or explain how a response 5 indicating a diligent search will be conducted and documents produced if located is 6 deficient. Absent any explanation, the Court cannot compel the Stores to search or 7 produce documents, particularly when the Court does not even know what it would be 8 ordering to Stores to search for or produce. To the extent Tauler Smith is seeking only 9 confirmation that a search was conducted and any responsive documents, the Court will 10 order the Stores to provide Tauler Smith confirmation that a diligent search for 11 responsive documents was conducted and any responsive documents have been 12 produced. That confirmation must be provided by August 7, 2020. 13 As to the final point in this category, Tauler Smith provides another confusing 14 argument with little information. It appears to concern Tauler Smith obtaining copies of 15 records the Stores have not confirmed the existence of and the availability of them 16 electronically. (ECF 192 at 6.) Again, there are no RFPs identified and even the topic 17 the Stores would be responding to is not clear from Tauler Smith’s Motion. (Id.) 18 However, the Court presumes, as the Stores do in responding, that this argument concerns 19 the sufficiency of some financial records identified by the Stores. (ECF 196 at 6.) 20 Assuming Tauler Smith is referring to purchase and sales records, the Stores respond that 21 Roma Mika and NMRM do not have transaction-by-transaction sales records for the 22 products at issue and Skyline’s sales do not matter because they are not claiming lost 23 sales. (Id.) Additionally, the Stores indicate that the purchase records for the products do 24 not exist in an electronic form but exist only in the paper invoices NMRA and Roma 25 Mika receive with the order from the wholesalers. (Id.) And, as to Tauler Smith’s 26 assertion that the Stores have not confirmed the existence of these records, the Stores 27 respond that counsel sent a picture of the records showing the manner in which they are 28 kept – compiled monthly in a manila envelope and then organized by year. (Id.) 1 When the Court indicated Tauler Smith could move to compel production of these 2 documents electronically, it was only if the parties were not able to compromise on the 3 issue of obtaining them electronically. Based on the briefing, it appears the parties have 4 not even communicated on the issue between the Court’s briefing Order and the filing of 5 this Motion. Although the Stores dispute Tauler Smith’s assertion that the Stores have 6 not confirmed the existence of these documents, the Court’s own interpretation of the 7 Stores’ statement leaves that question somewhat open. The Stores seem to indicate that if 8 there are responsive documents, i.e. invoices for the purchase of the products, they would 9 be in these hard copy files the Stores have identified. However, that does not necessarily 10 mean they are there. This may be unwarranted skepticism, but out of an abundance of 11 caution, the Court will require the Stores to confirm that the hard copy files identified by 12 Stores do in fact contain some responsive documents, i.e. the hard copy invoices for the 13 purchase of the products, before Tauler Smith incurs the expense of either going to 14 review them and copy those it wants or hires a vendor to transfer them to an electronic 15 format. Given Tauler Smith has not provided any briefing that would suggest the burden 16 or expense of converting the hard-copy documents to an electronic format should be 17 shifted to the Stores, the Court will not order it, particularly in the absence of any 18 relevancy or proportionality argument from Tauler Smith.3 19 b) Failure to Withdraw Improper Objections 20 Tauler Smith argues “[t]he Stores persist in violation of the Court’s April 20, 2020 21 Order and without explanation, that [Tauler Smith]’s requests are (1) overbroad; (2) 22 irrelevant; (3) burdensome; (4) vague and ambiguous; and (5) subject to expert testimony 23 were improper.” (ECF 192 at 7.) It then asserts the Court must order these objections 24 25 3 The Court notes that there is a reference in a recent filing by Tauler Smith (related to 26 subpoenas) that suggests Tauler Smith has already obtained copies of these records. 27 (ECF 264 at 5.) That might render this dispute moot. However, given the lack of clarity in what Tauler Smith is referring to here, the Court addresses the dispute based on this 28 1 withdrawn. (Id.) Other than this blanket assertion, the only argument is “[t]he Stores 2 complain that they do not understand terms like ‘RICO’ and ‘sildenafil’ which are the 3 subject of this action” and “no expert testimony is needed to provide simple accounting 4 records and evidence of ‘duress.’” (Id.) The Stores respond that nothing in the Court’s 5 April 20, 2020 Order required the Stores to withdraw any objections. (ECF 196 at 7.) 6 The Court agrees that it never ordered the Stores to withdraw any objections. The 7 only references to objections in the briefing Order related to acknowledging Tauler 8 Smith’s challenges to the Stores’ objections based on privilege and to interrogatories. 9 (ECF 189 ¶¶ 5-6). The objections to RFPs quoted above do not appear to concern either. 10 Additionally, even those references in the Order were just acknowledging the issues to set 11 them for briefing. The only portion of the Order that ordered anything specific was the 12 Court setting a deadline for the Stores to complete a rolling production. (Id. at ¶ 1.) The 13 Stores sought to complete the productions by May 1, 2020 and the Court ordered them to 14 complete them by April 24, 2020. (Id.) The Court did not order the Stores to withdraw 15 objections. Rather, the Order specifically stated, “[i]n ordering the completion of the 16 production of documents, the Court is simply setting a deadline. The Court is not 17 reaching any dispute that might arise regarding the actual production.” (Id. n. 1.) 18 Accordingly, the Court will not order any objections withdrawn based on the Court’s 19 April 20, 2020 Order. 20 As to Tauler Smith’s arguments that the Stores complain they do not understand 21 terms like “RICO” and “sildenafil” and that no expert testimony is needed to provide 22 accounting records and evidence of “duress,” there is little the Court can order on these 23 points without any further explanation. Again, Tauler Smith does not reference, cite, 24 quote, or summarize any RFPs on this point. The Court cannot assess whether an 25 objection is proper or not, particularly as to certain terms, without any idea where they 26 appear amongst 120 pages of RFPs with objections. For example, Tauler Smith states no 27 expert testimony is needed to provide evidence of “duress,” but it does not appear that 28 term is in any of the RFPs or responses to them. The Court cannot order the Stores to 1 produce discovery regarding “duress” when it does not appear in any request and there is 2 no argument on it. 3 Even if the Court reached the substance of this argument, the outcome would likely 4 not be different. Based on a cursory search through the 120-pages of RFPs and 5 supplemental responses, it appears that “sildenafil” is listed numerous times in objections 6 to RFPs that use the term “Subject Products.” It would only be a guess given the lack of 7 explanation from Tauler Smith or inclusion of the definitions of any defined terms like 8 Subject Products, but it appears the Stores have objected to the overly broad definition of 9 “Subject Products.” In one of their objections, the Stores argue the RFP is overbroad and 10 unduly burdensome because it includes products not at issue in the case “including, but 11 not limited to ‘any other’ unspecified ‘products containing hidden drug ingredients, 12 including but not limited to sildenafil, tadalafil, sulfoaildenafil, or dapoxetine.’” 13 (Sergenian Decl., Ex. G (ECF 192-8 at 5) (emphasis added).) The Court would agree 14 with phrases like “not limited to any other unspecified products containing hidden drug 15 ingredients” the RFPs are overbroad and no further response is required on this basis 16 alone. 17 c) Failure to Indicate If Any Documents Have Been Withheld 18 Tauler Smith argues the Stores have failed to follow the Court’s Order that they 19 comply with Rules 26(b)(5)’s requirements. (ECF 192 at 7-8.) Tauler Smith indicates in 20 the Motion that “[f]or every category of documents, no indication is made whether any 21 documents are being withheld on the basis of any objection. The Court should find the 22 Stores’ in contempt of the Court’s April 20, 2020 Order and order appropriate issue 23 sanctions so that the Stores comply with their obligations.” (Id. at 8.) The Stores 24 respond that “the Order of course invoked Rule 26(b)(5) to say that the Stores must 25 produce a privilege log only if ‘documents have been withheld based on privilege.’” 26 (ECF 196 at 7-8 (quoting ECF 189 ¶ 4).) The Stores note Tauler Smith has not identified 27 any particular request where the Stores agreed to produce documents, but invoke 28 privilege, but also indicate that “there are no responsive documents that the Stores are 1 withholding on privilege, which explains why they did not produce a privilege log. (Id. 2 at 8 (citing Poe Decl. ¶ 5).) 3 Again, like the prior issues discussed, Tauler Smith fails to identify which RFPs 4 are at issue. This alone is a sufficient reason to deny Tauler Smith’s Motion on this issue. 5 However, the Court has still considered the issue. As reflected in the Court’s Order 6 setting the briefing on the disputes the parties raised, Tauler Smith asserted that the 7 Stores failed to indicate whether they were withholding documents based on privilege. 8 (ECF 189 ¶ 4.) The entire paragraph states: 9 10 Tauler Smith asserts that the Stores have failed to indicate if documents have been withheld based on privilege. The Stores must 11 comply with Rule 26(b)(5)’s requirement that when withholding 12 something based on privilege, the party withholding it must “describe the nature of the documents, communications, or tangible things not 13 produced or disclosed--and do so in a manner that, without revealing 14 information itself privileged or protected, will enable [other parties to] assess the claim.” The Stores must do so by April 24, 2020. 15

16 (ECF 189 ¶ 4.) Although the Court did not specifically state that the Stores were only 17 required to provide a privilege log if they were withholding documents based on 18 privilege, the Court would agree, consistent with the Rule, that they are only required to 19 produce a log if documents are withheld based on privilege. See Rule 26(b)(5) 20 (Requirements must be met “[w]hen a party withholds information otherwise 21 discoverable by claiming that the information is privileged or subject to protection as 22 trial-preparation material”). The Stores have now confirmed that they have not withheld 23 any responsive documents based on privilege.4 Accordingly, the Court will not require 24 25 26 4 The Court does note that this issue could have been resolved without the Court’s 27 involvement if the Stores’ counsel had verified for Tauler Smith what it has now verified by declaration to the Court – that it has not withheld responsive documents based on 28 1 the Stores to provide a privilege log and does not find the Stores in contempt of the April 2 20, 2020 Order. 3 2. Interrogatories 4 As to its interrogatories, Tauler Smith titles its issues as follows: (1) boilerplate 5 response (Special Interrogatories 1-7); (2) objections on the grounds of relevance 6 (SROGs 1-7; 13); and (3) objections on grounds of “attorney client privilege” (SROGS 1- 7 7 (All Stores); 19, 22-25 (Roma), 10, 12-13 (NMRM), and 14 (Skyline). The Court 8 addresses each. 9 a) Boilerplate Responses (Special Interrogatories 1-7) 10 Within this section, Tauler Smith raises numerous arguments. The Court considers 11 each below. 12 First, Tauler Smith argues the Stores’ “responses to Special Interrogatories 13 (“SROG”) 1-7, namely that the Stores do not understand the various terms in the 14 requests, including ‘conspiracy’ (SROG Nos. 2-3) ‘RICO’ (SROG Nos. 4-6) and 15 ‘restitution’ (SROG No. 7) all of which are the basis of the Stores claims against [Tauler 16 Smith] are improper.” (ECF 192 at 8.) The Stores first respond that they “have no idea 17 what Tauler Smith is talking about” and “do not profess to fail to understand any of those 18 terms, as review of their responses will show.” (ECF 196 at 8.) 19 Tauler Smith does not cite any exhibits in support of the argument. Although it 20 generally references seven interrogatories there are six sets of interrogatories with 21 responses attached to Tauler Smith’s Motion – three with initial responses and three with 22 supplemental responses from each store. Tauler Smith has also failed to summarize or 23 quote the relevant interrogatories. This is of particular consequence here because the 24 Court, despite reviewing Interrogatories 1-7 with the Stores’ supplemental responses, is 25 unable to locate the objections Tauler Smith references. (Sergenian Decl., Exs. J (ECF 26 192-11), K (ECF 192-12), and L (ECF 192-13)). The Court cannot find the objection 27 improper if it cannot locate the objection having been made. 28 1 Tauler Smith also challenges the Stores’ objections to Interrogatories 1-7 by each 2 of the stores that the documents referenced in the interrogatories were not attached to the 3 discovery when sent. (ECF 192 at 8-9.) Tauler Smith relies on the references to the page 4 lengths of the documents in the Stores’ responses to argue they were in fact sent. (Id. at 5 9.) As noted below, the Stores respond at some length on an issue Tauler Smith does not 6 address in any meaningful sense concerning these interrogatories in this section but the 7 Stores do not specifically address having received or not received the documents 8 referenced in the interrogatories. However, the Stores do accurately point out that they 9 have responded to these interrogatories. Accordingly, there is nothing for the Court to do 10 except find the documents referenced must have been received, but there is nothing else 11 to order since the Stores have provided responses. 12 In the same sentence Tauler Smith takes issue with the objections regarding the 13 Stores’ receipt of attached documents, it states that the Stores objected “that the various 14 criminal indictments, information and judgments (‘the RICO documents’) referenced in 15 SROGs 1-7 ‘call for an interpretation of an extrinsic document from other litigation, and 16 which was not attached to the interrogatories served.’” (ECF 192 at 8.) However, Tauler 17 Smith only addresses the receipt issue discussed above. (Id. at 8-9.) The Stores 18 responded, accurately summarizing these interrogatories as asking the Stores, essentially 19 store owners, to offer opinions on criminal indictments and restitution orders that do not 20 involve the parties in this case. (ECF 196 at 8-9.) The Stores also note that despite the 21 interrogatories being “nonsensical” the Stores have responded to them.5 (Id. at 9.) To the 22 extent that Tauler Smith was attempting to challenge the objection that these 23 interrogatories call for an interpretation of an extrinsic document, it failed to do so. It 24 25 5 For example, Interrogatory No. 7 “Considering the conduct alleged in the JOHN SEIL 26 LEE INFORMATION, do you believe that $133,739.49 in restitution ordered by Judge 27 Percy Anderson in the JOHN SEIL LEE JUDGMENT was reasonable? If not, DESCRIBE IN DETAIL the basis of your belief. (Sergenian Decl., Ex. J (ECF 192-11, 28 1 provides no argument on that point here and the Court is not going to analyze an issue 2 Tauler Smith does not substantively raise. 3 Tauler Smith also challenges the Stores’ claim of ignorance as to FDA notices. 4 (ECF 192 at 9 (citing SROG No. 1).) However, despite having reviewed the three 5 interrogatories that are numbered one in each set and their supplemental responses, 6 (Sergenian Decl., Exs. J, K, and L), the Court cannot find any reference to FDA notices 7 or a claim of ignorance related to them in any supplemental responses to them. The 8 Court could speculate that the parties simple disagree about the legal significance of 9 notices issued by the FDA, but the Court certainly cannot order a further response from 10 the Stores when the Court cannot even locate the objection at issue. 11 b) Relevance Objections (SROGS 1-7, 13) 12 Tauler Smith raises two issues in this section. First, it challenges the Stores’ 13 objections to Interrogatories 1-7 based on relevance. (ECF 192 at 9-10.) Tauler Smith 14 argues they are relevant to a defense, i.e. that the Stores engaged in a RICO conspiracy. 15 (Id.) The Stores respond that these interrogatories do not inquire whether the Stores have 16 engaged in a RICO conspiracy, but even if they did, the Stores have answered them. 17 (ECF 196 at 9-10.) They argue Tauler Smith is simply seeking different answers. (Id.) 18 Second, Tauler Smith challenges the Stores’ relevance objection to Interrogatory 13. 19 (ECF 192 at 10.) It argues discovery regarding how damages would be substantially 20 similar across class members is relevant. (Id.) The Stores first assert that Interrogatory 21 No. 13 was not among those presented for this motion, but regardless, the Stores have 22 answered it. (ECF 196 at 10.) 23 As to both issues, there is an overarching problem. Tauler Smith raises these as 24 relevancy issues, presumably seeking the Court’s determination that they are relevant to 25 the case, but these interrogatories have all been answered. Tauler Smith would not 26 necessarily be precluded from challenging the sufficiency of the responses, but that is not 27 what it has raised. It does not in any respect raise any issue with the responses to these 28 interrogatories. For example, the Court would agree Interrogatory 13 seeks relevant 1 information. The Stores contentions regarding damages among the payment class are 2 relevant. However, the Stores have answered and indicate that damages among the 3 payment class are set forth in each settlement agreement those members entered into with 4 the Outlaw Enterprise. (ECF 192-11 at 12.) Tauler Smith does not address why this 5 answer is insufficient and the Court cannot order them to provide a different or additional 6 answer without a reason. A similar issue arises with Interrogatories 1-7. Even if the 7 Court agreed these were proper interrogatories,6 seeking information relevant to a valid 8 defense, they have each been answered. And, Tauler Smith has not addressed why those 9 responses are insufficient.7 10 c) Objections on the Grounds of “Attorney Client Privilege” 11 (SROGS 1-7 (All Stores); 19, 22-25 (Roma); 10; 12-13 12 (NMRM); 14 (Skyline) 13 Under this heading, Tauler Smith characterizes the Stores as “object[ing] that 14 communications regarding their sale of misbranded drugs in violation of federal law is 15 protected by the work-product doctrine.” (ECF 192 at 10.) It then cites the Stores 16 response to only one interrogatory, Interrogatory No. 10. It states, “DESCRIBE IN 17 DETAIL why YOU began selling the products again.” (ECF 192-12 at 11.) In addition 18 19 6 The Court would not agree they are proper or that they seek relevant information even 20 assuming the propriety of the defense Tauler Smith asserts. As another example, 21 Interrogatory No. 1 ask the Stores, essentially layman store owners, to offer their opinion whether the sale of an ill-defined group of products would constitute the same conduct as 22 alleged in a criminal indictment unrelated to this case. (See Sergenian Decl., Ex. J (ECF 23 192-11, Interrogatory No. 1.) (“Do you believe that selling the SUBJECT PRODUCTS constitutes ‘introducing misbranded drugs into interstate commerce’ as detailed in the 24 NAM HYUN LEE INDICTMENT? If not, DESCRIBE IN DETAIL the basis of your 25 belief.”) The only significant distinction among Interrogatories 1-7 is a different factually unrelated criminal filing is referenced in each. These requests simply run too 26 far afield from the facts of this case to be proper or relevant. 27 7 Although the Court has significant latitude in managing discovery, even if the Court were to identify problems with the sufficiency of any of these responses, it would then be 28 1 to other objections, “NMRM objects to this Interrogatory as calling for information 2 protected from disclosure by the attorney-client privilege and/or the work product 3 doctrine.” (Id.) Without citation to any applicable authority, Tauler Smith argues 4 NMRM waived the privilege by answering a question during a deposition.8 5 Q. And your lawyers said, Put them back on; don’t worry about it? A. He said, You can sell this pill. There is no legal problem. You can sell. 6

7 Additionally, Tauler Smith also argues the privilege does not apply because the 8 communications are regarding ongoing criminal conduct. Although not entirely clear, it 9 appears Tauler Smith is arguing the sale of misbranded products is the underling crime to 10 which the crime-fraud exception would apply. 11 The Stores again first respond that Tauler Smith has failed to direct the Court to the 12 objections at issue.9 (ECF 196 at 10.) The Stores also accurately point out that they have 13 answered this interrogatory, stating, “NMRM responds that once it came to understand 14 that the threats set forth in the demand letter were baseless and intended only to defraud it 15 of ‘settlement’ money, it resumed selling certain ‘male enhancement products.’” (Id. at 16 11 (citing Sergenian Decl., Ex. K, Interrogatory No.10).) The Stores also respond that 17 Tauler Smith has failed to provide any argument or authority for finding waiver of 18 privilege based on the deposition question. Additionally, the Stores argue there can be no 19 crime-fraud exception applied because there is not even an allegation the Stores and their 20 counsel are engaged in a crime or fraud. (Id. at 12.) 21 The Court cannot find, based on Tauler Smith’s Motion, that the attorney-client 22 privileged has been waived or that the communications at issue are subject to the crime- 23 24 25 8 Although Tauler Smith cites a transcript, there is no reference to an attached exhibit that 26 contains the transcript and it does not appear to be attached to the Motion for the Court’s 27 consideration. 9 The Stores accurately point out that Tauler Smith makes no arguments as to any of the 28 1 fraud exception. As to a waiver based on answering the deposition question, Tauler 2 Smith has not established this constitutes waiver of privilege. Putting aside the lack of 3 citation to any legal authority, it quotes two lines from a deposition concerning an 4 unidentified pill he was apparently told by a lawyer he could sell with no context or 5 explanation. (ECF 192 at 11.) The Court is not going to waive privilege as to all 6 communications between all the Stores and its counsel based on this minimal and vague 7 factual basis. 8 Tauler Smith has also not established the crime fraud exception applies. Although 9 not abundantly clear, it appears Tauler Smith is seeking outright disclosure of attorney- 10 client communications or work product. As this Court has explained at length in a prior 11 order, (ECF 230 at 8-10) “in a civil case the burden of proof that must be carried by a 12 party seeking outright disclosure of attorney-client communications under the crime- 13 fraud exception is preponderance of the evidence.” In re Napster, Inc. Copyright Litig., 14 479 F.3d 1078, 1094-95 (9th Cir.2007), abrogated in part on other grounds by Mohawk 15 Indus., Inc. v. Carpenter, 558 U.S. 100, 130 S. Ct. 599 (2009). Tauler Smith has not even 16 identified a crime or fraud other than a reference to selling a misbranded drug. It 17 certainly has not carried its burden is establishing the Stores were “engaged in or 18 planning a criminal or fraudulent scheme when it sought the advice of counsel to further 19 the scheme” or “demonstrate[d] that the attorney-client communications for which 20 production is sought are sufficiently related to and were made ‘in furtherance of [the] 21 intended, or present, continuing illegality.’” Id. at 1090 (internal quotations omitted). 22 3. Failure to Provide Verifications for Skyline Market 23 At the time this Motion was filed, Tauler Smith had not received a verification for 24 discovery responses from Skyline Market. (ECF 192 at 11.) The Stores acknowledge the 25 oversight and indicate that the verification has now been provided to Tauler Smith. 26 4. Sanctions 27 Based on the Court’s rulings above, no sanctions or fee-shifting under Rule 37 are 28 warranted. 1 CONCLUSION 2 With the exception of ordering confirmation of diligent searches and confirming 3 || the hard-copy files contain some responsive documents as set forth above (II.B.1.a) the 4 || Motion to Compel is DENIED. 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 Dated: August 3, 2020 7 2 p / / on. Bernard G. Skomal 8 United States Magistrate Judge 9 10 1] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 18