1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 SAN DIEGO COUNTY CREDIT Case No.: 18cv967-GPC(MSB)

UNION,

12

ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S

Plaintiff, 13 MOTION FOR SUMMARY v. JUDGMENT ON THE FIRST AND 14

SECOND CAUSES OF ACTION IN

CITIZENS EQUITY FIRST CREDIT

15 THE SECOND AMENDED

UNION,

COMPLAINT AND SUA SPONTE

16 Defendant. DISMISSING COUNTERCLAIM 17 FOR LACK OF SUBJECT MATTER

JURISDICTION

18 [REDACTED VERSION ORIGINAL] 19 [FILED UNDER SEAL]

20 [Dkt. Nos. 149, 158, 161, 241.] 21 22 Before the Court is Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment on the first and 23 second causes of action for declaratory relief of non-infringement and summary judgment 24 on Defendant’s counterclaim for cancellation of trademark registration. (Dkt. No. 161.) 25 Plaintiff filed an opposition and Defendant replied. (Dkt. Nos. 191, 221.) A hearing was 26 held on July 2, 2020. (Dkt. No. 245.) Jesse Salen, Martin Bader and Stephen Korniczky 27 1 appeared as counsel for Plaintiff and James Dabney, Geoffrey Thorn, Emma Barrata and 2 Stefanie Garibyan appeared as counsel for Defendant. (Id.) On August 6, 2020, the 3 Court directed the parties to file a supplemental brief on the Court’s continuing 4 jurisdiction over the cancellation counterclaim in the event the Court granted summary 5 judgment on the first, second and fifth causes of action in the second amended complaint. 6 (Dkt. No. 251.) On August 14, 2020, the parties filed their supplemental briefs. (Dkt. 7 Nos. 254, 255.) 8 After careful consideration of the parties’ briefs, supporting documents, the 9 applicable law, and hearing oral arguments, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s motion for 10 summary judgment on the two claims for declaratory relief for non-infringement of 11 CEFCU Marks as unopposed, SUA SPONTE dismisses the counterclaim for lack of 12 subject matter jurisdiction and DENIES SDCCU’s motion for summary judgment on the 13 counterclaim as MOOT. 14 Procedural Background 15 On May 16, 2018, Plaintiff San Diego County Credit Union (“SDCCU”) filed a 16 complaint against Defendant Citizens Equity First Credit Union (“CEFCU”) alleging the 17 following causes of action: 1) declaratory judgment of non-infringement of federally 18 registered trademark for “CEFCU. NOT A BANK. BETTER.”; 2) declaratory judgment 19 of non-infringement of common law mark “NOT A BANK. BETTER.”; 3) declaratory 20 judgment for invalidity of federally registered trademark for “CEFCU. NOT A BANK. 21 BETTER.”; 4) declaratory judgment for invalidity of common law mark “NOT A BANK. 22 BETTER.”; 5) false or fraudulent trademark registration under 15 U.S.C. § 1120; and 6) 23 unfair competition under 15 U.S.C. § 1125.1 (Dkt. No. 1. Compl, ¶¶ 58-98.) 24 25 26 1 In response to a motion to dismiss, Plaintiff agreed to voluntarily dismiss the seventh and eighth causes 27 of action alleging unfair competition under California law. (Dkt. No. 47 at 4.) 1 On July 31, 2018, the Court denied Defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of 2 personal jurisdiction pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(2). 3 (Dkt. No. 39.) On October 2, 2018, the Court denied Defendant’s second motion to 4 dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) on the first four 5 causes of action for declaratory judgment, and granted Defendant’s motion to dismiss for 6 failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) on the fifth and sixth causes of action with 7 leave to amend. (Dkt. No. 47.) On October 12, 2018, Plaintiff filed a first amended 8 complaint alleging the same six causes of action with additional factual allegations. (Dkt. 9 No. 48, FAC.) On February 5, 2019, the Court denied Defendant’s third motion to 10 dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, and granted in part and denied in part 11 Defendant’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. (Dkt. No. 55.) Specifically, 12 the Court denied dismissal of the fifth cause of action for false/fraudulent registration of 13 trademark under 15 U.S.C. § 1120 but granted dismissal of the attorney’s fees and costs 14 sought under 15 U.S.C. § 1120, and granted dismissal of the sixth cause of action for 15 unfair competition under 15 U.S.C. § 1125. (Id.) On April 14, 2020, the Court granted 16 Defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings on the fifth cause of action for false or 17 fraudulent trademark registration under 15 U.S.C. § 1120 as barred by the statute of 18 limitations with leave to amend. (Dkt. No. 134.) On April 23, 2020, the operative 19 second amended complaint (“SAC”) was filed alleging the same five causes of action. 20 (Dkt. No. 139.) On May 7, 2020, CEFCU filed its answer and a counterclaim seeking to 21 cancel the SDCCU Mark claiming that it “so resembles CEFCU. NOT A BANK. 22 BETTER. [and NOT A BANK. BETTER] as to be likely, when used in connection with 23 one or more of the services listed in the ’596 Registration, to cause confusion, or to cause 24 mistake, or to deceive within the meaning of 15 U.S.C. § 1052(d).” (Dkt. No. 141, 25 Ans./Counterclaim ¶¶ 29, 30.) 26 / / / 27 1 Factual Background 2 SDCCU and CEFCU are both large credit unions. (Dkt. No. 158-12, Salen Decl., 3 Ex. 9.) While SDCCU’s customers are primarily located in Southern California and 4 CEFCU’s customers are primarily located in Peoria, Illinois and Northern California, 5 both have members throughout the United States. (Dkt. No. 196-20, Flexer Decl., Ex. 1 6 (UNDER SEAL).) 7 SDCCU owns U.S. Trademark Registration No. 4,560,596 for “IT’S NOT BIG 8 BANK BANKING. IT’S BETTER” (the “SDCCU Mark”) which issued on July 1, 2014. 9 (Dkt. No. 139-3, SAC, Ex. A.) The SDCCU Mark consists of standard characters 10 without claim to any particular font, style, size or color. (Id.) 11 CEFCU owns U.S. Trademark Registration No. 3,952,993 for CEFU. NOT A 12 BANK. BETTER” (the “CEFCU Mark”) on May 3, 2011. (Dkt. No. 139-4, SAC, Ex. B.) 13 The CEFCU Mark consists of standard characters without claim to any particular font, 14 style, size or color. (Id.) CEFCU also uses the common law mark “NOT A BANK. 15 BETTER”. (Dkt. No. 141, Counterclaim ¶¶ 3, 7.) 16 On May 17, 2017, CEFCU filed a petition for cancellation2 of the SDCCU Mark 17 with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office’s (“USPTO”) Trademark Trial and Appeal 18 Board (“TTAB”) claiming the SDCCU Mark is likely to cause confusion or to cause 19 mistake or to deceive consumers when viewing CEFCU’s Mark. (Dkt. No. 139-6, SAC, 20 Ex. D.) On March 23, 2018, CEFCU filed a motion for leave to amend its cancellation 21 petition to add its alleged common law mark of “NOT A BANK. BETTER” (“CEFCU 22 Common Law Mark”) against SDCCU. (Dkt. No. 139, SAC ¶ 14.) On August 28, 2017, 23 SDCCU filed a first amended counterclaim seeking cancellation of the CEFCU Mark. 24 (Dkt. No. 152-4, Dabney Decl., Ex. 1.) After this case was filed on May 16, 2018, 25

26 27 2 Citizens Equity First Credit Union v. San Diego Cnty. Credit Union, Cancellation No. 92066165. 1 SDCCU moved to stay the cancellation proceedings which the USPTO granted on June 8, 2 2018.3 (Dkt. No. 29-3, Dabney Decl., Ex. 23 at 202; Ex. 24 at 208.4) 3 Discussion 4 A. Legal Standard on Motion for Summary Judgment 5 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 56 empowers the Court to enter summary 6 judgment on factually unsupported claims or defenses, and thereby “secure the just, 7 speedy and inexpensive determination of every action.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 8 U.S. 317, 325, 327 (1986). Summary judgment is appropriate if the “pleadings, 9 depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the 10 affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the 11 moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). A fact is 12 material when it affects the outcome of the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 13 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). 14 The moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of any 15 genuine issues of material fact. Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323. The moving party can 16 satisfy its burden in two ways: (1) by presenting evidence that negates an essential 17 element of the nonmoving party's case or (2) by demonstrating that the nonmoving party 18 failed to make a showing sufficient to establish an element essential to that party's case 19 on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. Id. at 322–23. Summary 20 judgment is warranted when a party “fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the 21 existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the 22 burden of proof at trial.” Id. at 322. In such a case, “there can be ‘no genuine issue as to 23 24

25 26 3 After the complaint in this case was filed, CEFCU essentially filed the claim it sought in the cancellation proceeding before the TTAB as a compulsory counterclaim in this case. 27 4 Page numbers are based on the CM/ECF pagination. 1 any material fact,’ since a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of 2 the nonmoving party's case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.” Id. at 323. 3 If the moving party fails to bear the initial burden, summary judgment must be denied 4 and the court need not consider the nonmoving party’s evidence. Adickes v. S.H. Kress & 5 Co., 398 U.S. 144, 159-60 (1970). 6 Once the moving party has satisfied this burden, the nonmoving party cannot rest 7 on the mere allegations or denials of his pleading, but must “go beyond the pleadings and 8 by her own affidavits, or by the ‘depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions 9 on file’ designate ‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Celotex, 10 477 U.S. at 324. If the non-moving party fails to make a sufficient showing of an 11 element of its case, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. at 12 325. “Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for 13 the nonmoving party, there is no ‘genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. 14 Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986). In making this determination, the court 15 must “view[] the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Fontana 16 v. Haskin, 262 F.3d 871, 876 (9th Cir. 2001). The Court does not engage in credibility 17 determinations, weighing of evidence, or drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts; 18 these functions are for the trier of fact. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. 19 B. First and Second Causes of Action for Declaratory Judgment of Non- 20 Infringement 21 Plaintiff moves for summary judgment on its declaratory judgment claims of non- 22 infringement of CEFCU’s registered mark “CEFCU. NOT A BANK. BETTER” and 23 CEFCU’s tagline “NOT A BANK. BETTER” as unopposed because CEFCU does not 24 dispute that SDCCU’s use of its mark does not infringe CEFCU’s Marks. SDCCU 25 further argues that CEFCU has failed to produce any evidence that SDCCU’s current use 26 27 1 of its mark is likely to cause consumer confusion with the CEFCU Marks. (Dkt. No. 2 161-1 at 14-15.) 3 In response, Defendant does not oppose the motion on the merits but argues that 4 this Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction to consider the declaratory judgment 5 claims as discovery has shown that SDCCU cannot have a real and reasonable fear that it 6 will be subject to an infringement suit. (Dkt. No. 191 at 10-12.) 7 Under Article III’s case and controversy, it is well established that an “actual 8 controversy” must exist not only “at the time the complaint is filed,” but through “all 9 stages” of the litigation. Already, LLC v. Nike, Inc. 568 U.S. 85, 90-91 (2013) (quoting 10 Alvarez v. Smith, 558 U.S. 87, 92 (2009)). For declaratory relief claims concerning 11 trademark invalidity or non-infringement, the question is whether “the plaintiff has a real 12 and reasonable apprehension” that he will be subject to litigation. Rhoades v. Avon 13 Prods., Inc., 504 F.3d 1151, 1157 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. 14 Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 896 F.2d 1542, 1555-56 (9th Cir. 1990)). “A case becomes 15 moot . . . when the issues presented are no longer ‘live’ or the parties lack a legally 16 cognizable interest in the outcome.” Already, 568 U.S. at 91 (internal quotations 17 omitted) (quoting Murphy v. Hunt, 455 U.S. 478, 481 (1982)). “A federal court loses its 18 authority to rule on the legal questions presented in a declaratory action if events 19 following its commencement render it moot.” Expensify, Inc. v. White, Case No. 19-cv- 20 01892-PJH, 2019 WL 5295064, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 18, 2019) (citing Arizonans for 21 Official English v. Arizona, 520 U.S. 43, 67 (1997) (“An actual controversy must be 22 extant at all stages of review, not merely at the time the complaint is filed.”)). “To 23 determine whether an action has been rendered moot, courts in the Ninth Circuit examine 24 whether changes in the circumstances existing when the action was filed have forestalled 25 any meaningful relief.” Id. (citing West v. Secretary of Dept. of Transp., 206 F.3d 920, 26 925 n.4 (9th Cir. 2000)); Gator.com Corp. v. L.L. Bean, Inc., 398 F.3d 1125, 1129 (9th 27 1 Cir. 2005) (en banc) (same). The party asserting an issue is moot bears a heavy burden to 2 show mootness. Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Env’tl Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 3 167, 189 (2000); see also Headwaters, Inc. v. Bureau of Land Mgmt., Medford Dist., 893 4 F.2d 1012, 1015 (9th Cir. 1989). 5 The parties cite to Already, a case involving the voluntary cessation doctrine, to 6 support their positions. A defendant claiming it voluntary ended its unlawful conduct 7 after litigation is initiated does not moot a case because once the litigation ends, a 8 defendant may resume the unlawful conduct. Already, 568 U.S. at 91. Therefore, “a 9 defendant claiming that its voluntary compliance moots a case bears the formidable 10 burden of showing that it is absolutely clear the allegedly wrongful behavior could not 11 reasonably be expected to recur.” Id. (quoting Friends of the Earth, Inc., 528 U.S. at 12 190). In Already, Nike filed a complaint claiming that two of Already's athletic shoes 13 violated Nike’s trademark. Id. at 88. In response, Already denied the allegations and 14 filed a counterclaim challenging the validity of Nike’s trademark. Id. Seven months 15 after the lawsuit was filed, Nike issued a “Covenant Not to Sue” promising not to raise 16 any trademark or unfair competition claims against Already or any affiliated entity based 17 on Already’s existing footwear designs, or any future Already designs that constituted a 18 “colorable imitation” of Already’s current products. Id. at 88-89. The question before 19 the Court was “whether a covenant not to enforce a trademark against a competitor's 20 existing products and any future ‘colorable imitations’ moots the competitor's action to 21 have the trademark declared invalid.” Id. at 88. The Supreme Court found that Nike’s 22 covenant not to sue was unconditional and irrevocable because beyond simply 23 prohibiting Nike from filing suit, it prohibited Nike from making any claim or any 24 demand, reached beyond Already and protected its distributors and customers and 25 covered not just current or previous designs, but any colorable imitations. Id. at 93. The 26 27 1 Court affirmed the lower court’s rulings that there was no longer a case or controversy 2 due to the broad coverage of the covenant not to sue. Id. at 95-96. 3 Here, at the time the complaint and FAC were filed, the Court, in addressing 4 CEFCU’s motions to dismiss, concluded that SDCCU had Article III standing to pursue 5 the declaratory relief claims. (See Dkt. Nos. 47, 55.) Now, at summary judgment, 6 CEFCU argues that the Court lacks jurisdiction over the declaratory relief claims because 7 SDCCU, now after discovery has been completed, cannot show that it has a real and 8 reasonable apprehension that it could be subject to an infringement suit. While not 9 presented as a mootness argument, in essence, CEFCU is arguing that the declaratory 10 relief claims have become moot. Therefore, it bears the heavy burden to show that “it is 11 absolutely clear the allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to 12 recur.” See Already, 568 U.S. at 91. 13 First, CEFCU points to its decision not to allege a claim for alleged trademark 14 infringement cause of action in its counterclaim. Because CEFCU alleges a single 15 compulsory counterclaim for cancellation of the SDCCU Mark, it is the “ultimate 16 demonstration” that SDCCU cannot be “in real and reasonable apprehension of suit for 17 infringement” because the only issue involved in cancellation of a mark is whether the 18 SDCCU Mark is registrable and not whether the SDCCU Mark infringed CEFCU’s 19 Mark. (Dkt. No. 191 at 9.) In opposition, SDCCU responds that CEFCU refuses to 20 stipulate to non-infringement despite SDCCU’s request to stipulate. (Dkt. No. 221 at 5- 21 6.) In addition, in its answer, CEFCU expressly denied SDCCU’s allegations concerning 22 non-infringement. (Dkt. No. 141, Ans./Counterclaim ¶¶ 77, 78, 83, 84.) Therefore, 23 CEFCU has not met its “formidable burden” to demonstrate that SDCCU’s claims are 24 moot. 25 26 27 1 The Court agrees with SDCCU that CEFCU has not demonstrated that 2 circumstances have changed since the initiation of the lawsuit to moot the declaratory 3 relief claims. Alleging a single claim for cancellation of SDCCU’s trademark does not 4 remove the “real and reasonable apprehension” that it may be subject to litigation for 5 infringement in the future. Moreover, CEFCU’s failure to stipulate to non-infringement 6 and its Answer denying SDCCU’s declaratory relief claims do not relieve SDCCU’s “real 7 and reasonable apprehension” that it will be subject to litigation. 8 Second, CEFCU argues that through discovery, it has made clear to SDCCU that it 9 does not object to SDCCU’s existing use of its mark. CEFCU points to the deposition of 10 Jennifer Flexer, 11 12 . (Dkt. No. 196-5, Dabney Decl., Ex. 8, Flexer Depo. at 13 64:16-68:14 (UNDER SEAL).) 14 15 16 17 18 (Dkt. No. 196-5, Dabney Decl., Ex. 8, Flexer Depo. at 66:19-23 19 (UNDER SEAL).) In response to the question 20 21 22 23 (Id. at 67:5-12 (UNDER 24 SEAL).) Finally, when asked “[ 25 26 27 1 2 (Id. at 68:6-14 (UNDER 3 SEAL).) Flexer’s deposition testimony does not put to rest the possibility that CEFCU 4 will file a trademark infringement suit as to the SDCCU Mark in the future. Therefore, 5 because the issues are still “live”, CEFCU has not shown that the declaratory relief 6 claims have become moot. See Already, 568 U.S. at 91. 7 The Court concludes CEFCU has not met its burden to demonstrate that 8 circumstances have changed since the initiation of this lawsuit to moot the claims or that 9 it is absolutely clear that the allegedly wrongful conduct could not reasonably be 10 expected to recur in the future. See id. Therefore, Defendant’s argument that the Court 11 lacks jurisdiction over the declaratory judgment claims is without merit. 12 Turning to the merits of the first two causes of action for declaratory relief for non- 13 infringement of CEFCU’s Marks, the burden of proving infringement is on the party 14 claiming an intellectual property right is being infringed. See Medtronic, Inc. v. 15 Mirowski Family Ventures, LLC, 571 U.S. 191, 194 (2014) (“We hold that, when a 16 licensee seeks a declaratory judgment against a patentee to establish that there is no 17 infringement, the burden of proving infringement remains with the patentee.”). To 18 prevail on its Lanham Act trademark claim, a plaintiff “must prove: (1) that it has a 19 protectible ownership interest in the mark; and (2) that the defendant's use of the mark is 20 likely to cause consumer confusion.” Reardon LLC v. Reardon Commerce, Inc., 683 21 F.3d 1190, 1202 (9th Cir. 2012) (citation and quotations omitted). 22 Here, SDCCU argues that there has been an absence of evidence to support a claim 23 of infringement. See Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 32-23 (on summary judgment, the 24 moving party can demonstrate that the nonmoving party failed to make a showing 25 sufficient to establish an element essential to that party's case on which that party will 26 bear the burden of proof at trial). In opposition, CEFCU does not argue or demonstrate 27 1 that SDCCU’s existing use of its mark is likely to cause consumer confusion. In fact, 2 CEFCU affirmatively concedes that the record is devoid of any evidence of actual 3 confusion in the marketplace. (Dkt. No. 191 at 12.) CEFCU further argues that the 4 survey evidence reflects the absence of any actual infringement controversy. (Id. at 13.) 5 Accordingly, because SDCCU’s motion for summary judgment on the declaratory 6 judgment claims on the first two causes of action in the SAC is unopposed and in fact, 7 agreed to, the Court GRANTS SDCCU’s motion for summary judgment as unopposed. 8 C. Counterclaim – Cancellation of Trademark Registration No. 4,560,596 for the 9 SDCCU Mark 10 CEFCU’s counterclaim alleges one cause of action seeking to cancel the SDCCU 11 Mark.5 (Dkt. No. 141, Ans./Counterclaim ¶¶ 29, 30.) SDCCU moves for summary 12 judgment on the counterclaim which is fully briefed. (Dkt. Nos. 161, 191, 221.) In this 13 order, the Court is granting SDCCU’s motion for summary judgment on the two 14 declaratory judgment claims for non-infringement. In a separate order, the Court is 15 granting CEFCU’s motion for summary judgment on the fifth cause of action for false 16 and/or fraudulent registration of trademark under § 1120. Due to the dismissal of these 17 three causes of action that supported jurisdiction over the counterclaim6, the Court, sua 18 sponte, raised the issue of the Court’s continuing subject matter jurisdiction over the 19

20 5 The Court also notes that the cancellation counterclaim invokes 15 U.S.C. § 1052(d). (Dkt. No. 141, 21 Counterclaim ¶¶ 29, 30.) Section 1052(d) does not provide an independent basis for the Court’s 22 jurisdiction. See Pogrebnoy v. Russian Newspaper Dist., Inc., 289 F. Supp. 3d 1061, 1071 (C.D. Cal. 2017) (stating that 15 U.S.C. § 1052(d) and 15 U.S.C § 1064 only apply to cancellation proceedings 23 before the USPTO); Continental Connector Corp. v. Continental Specialties Corp., 413 F. Supp. 1347 (D. Conn. 1976) (“no question that jurisdiction over registration proceedings has been confided by 24 Congress in the Patent and Trademark office, 15 U.S.C. § 1051 et seq.”). 6 The Court does not dispute SDCCU’s argument, (Dkt. No. 255 at 4), that when the case was filed, it 25 had jurisdiction over the cancellation counterclaim by way of at least the first claim for declaratory 26 judgment of non-infringement of the SDCCU Mark. But the issue now is whether the Court continues to have subject matter jurisdiction if the first as well as the second and fifth claims are dismissed on 27 summary judgment. 1 counterclaim at the hearing and the parties filed supplemental briefs on this issue. (Dkt. 2 Nos. 254, 255.) 3 The remaining causes of action are the third and fourth claims. The third cause of 4 action seeks declaratory judgment of invalidity of CEFCU’s registered trademark based 5 on CEFCU’s alleged fraud on the PTO by submitting a false declaration, presumably by 6 Susan Portscheller, that it was using the mark in commerce as early as February 5, 2007 7 and it was not aware of any other then-existing trademarks that would likely cause 8 consumer confusion with the applied for mark. (Dkt. No. 139, SAC ¶ 88.) The third 9 claim seeks declaratory judgment of invalidity as well as an order cancelling the 10 CEFCU’s Mark under 15 U.S.C. § 1064. 11 The fourth cause of action seeks declaratory judgment of invalidity of CEFCU’s 12 common law mark challenging its exclusive use to use its common law mark because 13 multiple other credit unions were using similar or identical taglines, CEFCU has not 14 continuously used its common law mark in commerce as a stand-alone mark separate 15 from CEFCU, CEFCU was not the first credit union to use the tagline in connection with 16 credit union services, and the tagline is descriptive and not protectable. (Dkt. No. 139, 17 SAC ¶¶ 97-104.) Neither of the two remaining causes of action concern any right or 18 interference to use the SDCCU Mark. 19 Under the Lanham Act, district courts have the power to cancel registrations, but 20 only in an “action involving a registered mark.” 15 U.S.C. § 11197; Airs Aromatics, LLC 21 v. Opinion Victoria's Secret Stores Brand Mgmt., Inc., 744 F.3d 595, 599 (9th Cir. 2014) 22 (cancellation is not an independent cause of action and “may only be sought if there is 23 already an ongoing action that involves a registered mark.”). “’Involving’ [as to § 1119] 24

25 26 7 “In any action involving a registered mark the court may determine the right to registration, order the cancelation of registrations, in whole or in part, restore canceled registrations, and otherwise rectify the 27 register with respect to the registrations of any party to the action.” 15 U.S.C. § 1119. 1 cannot mean the mere presence of a registered trademark, but must be read as involving 2 the right to use the mark and thus the right to maintain the registration.” Windsurfing 3 Intern. Inc. v. AMF Inc., 828 F.2d 755, 758 (Fed. Cir. 1987) (district court was without 4 jurisdiction to cancel trademark where declaratory judgment claim was dismissed for 5 failure to present a case or controversy). “There must, therefore, be something beyond 6 the mere competitor status of the parties to serve as a basis for the court's jurisdiction.” 7 Id. at 758-59 (citing 2 J. McCarthy, supra, § 30:32). 8 In line with this reasoning, the Ninth Circuit has held that there is no independent 9 basis for federal jurisdiction over a claim for cancellation of a trademark registration; 10 instead, it is a remedy for trademark infringement. Airs Aromatics LLC, 744 F.3d at 599 11 (dismissing appeal of cancellation of trademark registration claim as it did not provide an 12 independent basis for subject-matter jurisdiction on remand); Nike, Inc. v. Already, LLC, 13 663 F.3d 89, 98 (2d Cir. 2011) (“Section 1119 therefore creates a remedy for trademark 14 infringement rather than an independent basis for federal jurisdiction.”). Other circuits 15 have also held that section 1119 “creates a remedy for trademark infringement rather than 16 an independent basis for federal jurisdiction.” Airs Aromatics, 744 F.3d at 599 (citing 17 Nike, 663 F.3d at 98; Ditri v. Coldwell Banker Residential Affiliates, Inc., 954 F.2d 869, 18 873 (3d Cir. 1992) (holding a petition to the USPTO is the “primary means of securing a 19 cancellation” and that § 1119 provides no independent basis for jurisdiction); and 20 Windsurfing Int'l Inc. v. AMF Inc., 828 F.2d 755, 758–59 (Fed. Cir. 1987) (district court 21 was without jurisdiction to cancel trademark where declaratory judgment claim was 22 dismissed for failure to present a case or controversy”)); see e.g., E. Iowa Plastics, Inc. v. 23 PI, Inc., 832 F.3d 899, 904 (8th Cir. 2016) (“Once the district court had determined that 24 [the plaintiff] did not suffer any damages from [the defendant’s] violation of [15 U.S.C. § 25 1120], there was no further basis for [the plaintiff] to have standing to seek cancellation 26 of the [trademark] registrations.”). Because the plain language of § 1119 states that 27 1 cancellation is available in “any action involving a registered mark”, cancellation is not 2 available as an independent cause of action and “may only be sought if there is already an 3 ongoing action that involves a registered mark.” Airs Aromatics LLC, 744 F.3d at 599; 4 see also Thomas & Belts Corp. v. Panduit Corp., 48 F. Supp. 2d 1088, 1093 (N.D. Ill. 5 1999) (stating that 15 U.S.C. § 1119 is not an independent source of jurisdiction, but 6 rather defines available remedies for actions involving a registered mark); Copperhead 7 Agricultural Prods., LLC v. KB Ag Corp., LLC, 2019 WL 4673197, at *29 (D.S.D. Sept. 8 25, 2019) (same). “This interpretation also helps preserve the use of actions before the 9 USPTO Trademark Board as the primary vehicle for cancellation.” Airs Aromatics, LLC, 10 744 F.3d at 599 (citing McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition § 30:110). 11 In its supplemental brief, SDCCU argues that even if claims 1, 2, and 5 are 12 dismissed on summary judgment, the Court retains jurisdiction over CEFCU’s 13 cancellation counterclaim because courts have retained jurisdiction over a claim even 14 after dismissing infringement related claims. Second, because the third and fourth causes 15 of action for a declaration of invalidity of CEFCU’s Marks will remain pending in the 16 case, these claims provide the Court with jurisdiction over the cancellation claim. 17 Finally, SDCCU argues the Court should decide the counterclaim in the interests of 18 judicial efficiency. (Dkt. No. 255.) CEFCU contends the Court should decline to 19 exercise supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(4)8 and dismiss its 20 counterclaim for cancellation relief without prejudice.9 (Dkt. No. 254.) 21 22

23 24 8 (c) The district courts may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a claim under subsection (a) if-- . . . (4) in exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling reasons for declining 25 jurisdiction.” 26 9 The Court questions whether § 1367 applies to this case as supplemental jurisdiction is usually invoked to obtain jurisdiction over state law claims and CEFCU has not provided any legal authority that § 1367 27 supports supplemental jurisdiction over 15 U.S.C. § 1119 or any other federal statutory provision. 1 On SDCCU’s first argument, precedent does not support its assertion that the Court 2 may continue to consider a cancellation claim even after the independent cause of action 3 that supported the cancellation relief is dismissed. “15 U.S.C.[ ] § 1119, alone does not 4 create grounds for federal jurisdiction.” McCarthy § 30:110, McCarthy on Trademarks 5 and Unfair Competition, Fifth Edition (“courts hold that a plaintiff cannot obtain 6 jurisdiction in the federal courts by relying on [§ 1119] alone.”). A “proper construction 7 of Airs Aromatics and the cases on which it relies indicates that cancellation is an 8 available remedy for actions in which there is an independent cause of action involving 9 harm caused by the trademark registration which the party seeks to cancel.” 10 SmileDirectClub, LLC v. Berkely, Case No. SACV 18-1236 JVS (KESx), 2018 WL 11 8131096, at *9 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 26, 2018) (§ 1119 remedy is not limited to only trademark 12 infringement claim but applies to cause of action for fraudulent procurement of trademark 13 registration under § 1120). In SmileDirectClub, LLC, the plaintiff alleged causes of 14 action for (1) violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1120; (2) cancellation of the SMILECLUB mark 15 under 15 U.S.C. § 1119; (3) cancellation of the SMILE_CLUB mark under 15 U.S.C. § 16 1119; (4) extortion; (5) attempted extortion; and (6) violation of California's Unfair 17 Competition Law (“UCL”), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17000, et seq. Id. at *3. The § 18 1120 claim was based on the SMILECLUB mark, not SMILE_CLUB mark. On a motion 19 to dismiss, the court denied dismissal of the § 1120 claim for the SMILECLUB mark and 20 concluded there was an independent cause of action that provided standing for the § 1119 21 cancellation claim for the SMILECLUB mark. Id. at *9. However, the court granted 22 dismissal of the cancellation claim with prejudice for the SMILE_CLUB mark because 23 the plaintiff did not state an independent cause of action implicating the SMILE_CLUB 24 mark's registration or the PTO's prosecution of that mark. Id.; see Sanchez v. Ghost 25 Mgmt. Grp., LLC, Case No. SACV 19-00442 AG (KESx), 2019 WL 6736918, at *3 26 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 1, 2019) (dismissing cancellation claim when trademark infringement 27 1 claims were dismissed because cancellation is not available as an independent cause of 2 action, and may only be brought if there is already an ongoing action that involves a 3 registered mark). 4 In another case, a district court held that the cancellation of a trademark 5 registration must relate to a challenged trademark in the case. See Pinnacle Adver. and 6 Mktg. Grp., Inc. v. Pinnacle Adver. and Mktg. Grp., LLC, CASE NO. 18-CV-81606- 7 MIDDLEBROOKS, 2019 WL 7376778, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Sep. 20, 2019). In ruling on the 8 motion to dismiss the claim for cancellation of registration of U.S. Trademark 9 Registration No. 5,269,641, the Court held there was no independent jurisdiction over the 10 cancellation claim because the trademarks at issue were concerning different 11 registrations, U.S. Trademark Registration No. 5,284,206 and 5,284,223. Id. Because 12 the defendant sought to cancel a mark different from the ones at issue in the case, the 13 court lacked independent jurisdiction over the counterclaim. Id. “Before a claim for 14 cancellation of mark is permitted, courts have required there to be an ongoing dispute 15 related to the mark which a party seeks to cancel.” Id. (citing E. Iowa Plastics, Inc., 832 16 F.3d at 903; Airs Aromatics, 744 F.3d at 599 (“[C]ancellation may only be sought if there 17 is already an ongoing action that involves a registered mark; it does not indicate that a 18 cancellation claim is available as an independent cause of action. Furthermore, each 19 circuit to directly address this statutory language has held that it creates a remedy for 20 trademark infringement rather than an independent basis for federal jurisdiction.” 21 (internal quotations and citation omitted)). In Ditri, the Third Circuit held that a 22 “controversy as to the validity of or interference with a registered mark must exist before 23 a district court has jurisdiction to grant the cancellation remedy.” Ditri, 954 F.2d at 873- 24 74. 25 Caselaw demonstrates that this Court cannot maintain jurisdiction over a single 26 claim for cancellation of trademark registration under § 1119. Instead, cancellation under 27 1 15 U.S.C. § 1119 may be invoked as a remedy only where there is otherwise proper 2 Article III subject matter jurisdiction, or independent cause of action, over some injury 3 claimed concerning the validity or interference of a registered trademark. See Airs 4 Aromatics, 744 F.3d at 599; Universal Sewing Machine Co. v. Standard Sewing 5 Equipment Corp., 185 F. Supp. 257, 260 (S.D.N.Y. 1960) (“[Section] 37 [§ 1119] 6 assumes a properly instituted and otherwise jurisdictionally supportable action involving 7 a registered mark.”). 8 SDCCU cites to an unpublished district court case of Adidas America v. Calmese, 9 No. 08cv91-BR, 2010 WL 4861444 (D. Or. Nov. 19, 2010) for support that the court can 10 solely consider a claim for cancellation; however, the district court in Adidas America 11 was not confronted with the issue of whether it had jurisdiction over the remaining 12 cancellation claims. In that case, while the district court granted summary judgment on 13 all trademark related claims, it subsequently held a bench trial on the remaining claims 14 for cancellation of the defendant’s trademark. Id. at *1. However, court’s decision to 15 rule on the cancellation claim in Adidas America is in stark contrast to the numerous 16 precedential and non-precedential cases that have held otherwise. The Court does not 17 find the case persuasive. 18 SDCCU offers a second argument that the remaining third and fourth causes of 19 action provide the Court with jurisdiction over the cancellation claim because these 20 claims “involve a registered mark that has a sufficient nexus to the dispute from which 21 CEFCU’s cancellation claim arises—namely, CEFCU’s and SDCCU’s registered marks.” 22 (Dkt. No. 255 at 5 (emphasis added).) This argument fares no better than the first. While 23 the independent action involving § 1119 need not concern an infringement action 24 regarding a registered mark, in this case, there is no nexus, overlap or relationship 25 between the remaining two claims and the cancellation counterclaim. 26 27 1 SDCCU cites to two cases to support its argument about the nexus between an 2 independent cause of action and the trademark sought to be cancelled necessary to 3 support jurisdiction under § 111910 In Somera Capital Mgmt., LLC v. Somera Road, Inc., 4 19 Civ. 8291 (GHW)(GWG), 2020 WL 2506352 (S.D.N.Y. May 15, 2020), the issue was 5 to what extent the court may exercise jurisdiction over a counterclaim that sought to 6 cancel pending trademark applications as abandoned. Id. at *5. On a report and 7 recommendation, the Magistrate Judge concluded that it had jurisdiction over the 8 counterclaim because the plaintiff’s application that was being challenged in the 9 counterclaim was related to the underlying registered mark of the plaintiff. Id. at *5. 10 Where an application relates to a registration that is already properly before the Court 11 under § 1119, the court has jurisdiction to consider it. Id. The court concluded that a 12 district court can order cancellation of an application for a mark as long as it there was a 13 close nexus or it was “directly related” with the underlying issue involving a registered 14 mark. Id. at *6 (collecting cases). Similarly, Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Texas Sys. v. 15 Reynolds, Cause No. 1:18-CV-182-RP-ML, 2019 WL 4980445, at *4 (W.D. Tex. July 16 31, 2019), in a report and recommendation, the court held that in “order for the Court to 17 exercise jurisdiction over pending applications, one of the parties must have a registered 18 trademark which has a sufficient nexus with the dispute over the pending applications.” 19 Id. (quoting Amy's Ice Creams, Inc. v. Amy's Kitchen, Inc., 60 F. Supp. 3d 738, 744-45 20 (W.D. Tex. 2014) (citing 5 McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition § 21 30:113.50 (4th ed.); Johnny Blastoff, Inc. v. L.A. Rams Football Co., No. 97–C–155–C, 22 1998 WL 766703, at *1 (W.D. Wis. June 24, 1998), aff'd, 188 F.3d 427 (7th Cir. 1999)). 23 Moreover, in Continental Connector, the court denied dismissal of the 24 counterclaim under § 1119 noting that “plaintiff’s infringement claim raises issues 25

26 27 10 These two cases relate to cancelling a pending application, and not cancelling a registered mark. 1 concerning the use of various marks by the parties and the likelihood of confusion, issues 2 also central to the defendants’ counterclaim and opposition.” 413 F. Supp. at 1351. 3 Because of the overlap of issues between the cancellation counterclaim and the 4 infringement claims, the court held it had jurisdiction over the cancellation claim. Id. 5 Unlike the facts in Continental, Somera, and Reynolds, in this case, the issues 6 involving cancellation of SDCCU’s trademark and the third and fourth claims do not 7 overlap and will not involve the same facts or legal issues. The facts underlying the third 8 cause of action for invalidity of CEFU’s registered mark concerns a claim for false or 9 fraudulent trademark application11 and the fourth cause of action seeking the invalidity of 10 CEFCU’s common law trademark12 is based on whether CEFCU continuously used its 11 tagline in commerce. In contrast, the cancellation counterclaim alleges that the SDCCU 12 Mark “so resembles [CEFCU’s Mark and common law mark] as to be likely, when used 13 in connection with one or more of the services listed in the ‘596 Registration, to cause 14 confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive within the meaning of 15 U.S.C. §1052(d).” 15 (Dkt. No. 141, Ans/Counterclaim ¶¶ 29, 30.) SDCCU does not explain how there is a 16 “sufficient nexus” between the third and fourth claims and the cancellation cause of 17 action. Claims involving a false or fraudulent trademark application and the continuous 18 use of a common law mark are factually and legally distinct from whether SDDCU’s 19 Mark should be cancelled due to a likelihood of confusion. Therefore, the Court 20 concludes there is no nexus with the third and fourth claims to support jurisdiction over 21 the cancellation counterclaim. Not only does the cancellation claim not relate to an 22 independent challenge to SDCCU’s mark, but the cancellation claim does not overlap 23

24 11 The Court questions the viability of this claim in light of the Court’s ruling granting CEFCU’s 25 summary judgment on the fifth cause of action for false and/or fraudulent registration under § 1120. 26 12 It does not appear that the fourth cause of action provides independent jurisdiction for the cancellation counterclaim since it challenges a common law mark and not a registered mark as required under § 27 1119. 1 with the two remaining claims concerning CEFCU’s Marks.13 Accordingly, because 2 there is no independent cause of action supported by Article III standing to support the 3 cancellation claim, the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the cancellation claim. 4 As to SDCCU’s argument concerning judicial efficiency, while the Court 5 recognizes the time, effort and expense in litigating this case, it has not provided any 6 legal authority that the Court can consider a claim that is not supported by Article III case 7 or controversy due to judicial efficiency or conservation of resources. 8 Therefore, the Court sua sponte dismisses the counterclaim for lack of subject 9 matter jurisdiction. See Airs Aromatics, 744 F.3d 598 (standing alone, trademark 10 cancellation claim does not provide an independent basis for subject-matter jurisdiction); 11 Marshall Tucker Band, Inc. v. M T Indus., Inc., 238 F. Supp. 3d 759, 766 (D.S.C. 2017) 12 (“Given the Court has already dismissed Plaintiffs’ federal trademark infringement and 13 trademark dilution claims, which were the only claims providing independent jurisdiction 14 over the action, the Court will dismiss Plaintiffs’ federal trademark cancellation claim as 15 well for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.”). For this reason, the Court DENIES 16 Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment of the counterclaim as MOOT. 17 Conclusion 18 Based on the reasoning above, the Court GRANTS SDCCU’s motion for summary 19 judgment declaring that SDCCU’s use of the SDCCU Mark does not infringe the CEFCU 20 Registered Mark and SDCCU’s use of the SDCCU Mark does not infringe CEFCU’s 21 common law mark for the CEFCU Tagline as unopposed. The Court, sua sponte, 22 DISMISSES the cancellation counterclaim for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. As 23 such, the Court DENIES SDCCU’s motion for summary judgment on the counterclaim as 24

25 26 13 SDCCU’s citation to Denver Urban Homesteading, LLC v. Dervaes Inst., No. 14cv9216, 2015 WL 12552043, at *3 n.4 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 5, 2015) is not persuasive as the Court decided to consider the 27 cancellation claim under the doctrine of primary jurisdiction, not based on subject matter jurisdiction. 1 |} MOOT. Relatedly, the Court DENIES CEFCU’s motion to exclude the expert testimony 2 ||of Dr. Stephen M. Nowlis, DENIES SDCCU’s motion to exclude expert testimony of Dr. 3 Amir and OVERRULES SDCCU’s objection to Magistrate Judge’s order denying its 4 || motion to strike rebuttal expert report of Theodore H. Davis, Jr. and Supplemental Expert 5 Report of Dr. On Amir as MOOT. 6 IT IS SO ORDRED. 7 Dated: September 29, 2020 2 8 Hon. athe Cae 9 United States District Judge 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 22 28 18cv967-GPC(MSB)