1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 UNITED STATES OF Case No.: 3:20-cv-01414-WQH-JLB AMERICA for the Use and 12 Benefit of FACILITIES ORDER 13 MECHANICAL CONTRACTORS, INC., a 14 California corporation, 15 Plaintiff, 16 v. 17 HEFFLER CONTRACTING 18 GROUP, a California corporation;

NATIONWIDE MUTUAL

19 INSURANCE COMPANY, an Ohio corporation; and DOES 1 20 through 10, inclusive, 21 Defendants. 22 HAYES, Judge: 23 The matter pending before the Court is the Motion to Compel Arbitration and Stay 24 Proceedings filed by Defendants Heffler Contracting Group and Nationwide Mutual 25 Insurance Company. (ECF No. 8). 26

27

28 1 I. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 2 On July 23, 2020, Plaintiff United States of America for The Use and Benefit of 3 Facilities Mechanical Contractors, Inc. initiated this action by filing a Complaint against 4 Defendants Heffler Contracting Group (“Heffler”), Alliant Insurance Services, Inc., and 5 DOES 1 through 10, inclusive. (ECF No. 1). 6 On August 11, 2020, Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint against Defendants 7 Heffler, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company (“Nationwide”), and DOES 1 through 10, 8 inclusive. (ECF No. 4). Plaintiff alleges that the federal government named Defendant 9 Heffler as the general contractor for construction of an Emergency Service Center at Fort 10 Hunter Liggett, California. See id. at 2-3. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant “Heffler entered 11 into a written subcontract with [Plaintiff] as the third mechanical subcontractor” on June 12 20, 2019. Id. at 3. Plaintiff alleges that, “in performing its services, [it] was forced to 13 spend a tremendous and unanticipated overtime and incurred extra expenses . . . due to 14 [Defendant] Heffler’s mismanagement of its subcontractors, inability to provide a proper 15 schedule and failure to ensure coordination of the work and subcontractors . . . .” Id. at 3- 16 4. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Heffler “refus[es] to compensate [Plaintiff] for the extra 17 time and expenses” and “continues to withhold at least $8,697.78 owed to” Plaintiff. Id. 18 at 4. Plaintiff brings the following four causes of action: (1) breach of contract, (2) quantum 19 meruit, (3) imposition of statutory penalties, and (4) recovery under Mill Act Payment 20 Bond. See id. at 5-9. Plaintiff seeks damages, statutory penalties, attorneys’ fees, costs, 21 pre and post-judgment interest, and “[s]uch other and further relief as the Court may deem 22 just and proper.” Id. at 9. 23 On October 9, 2020, Defendants Heffler and Nationwide (“Defendants”) filed a 24 Motion to Compel Arbitration and Stay Proceedings. (ECF No. 8). Defendants contend 25 that section 17(B)(1) of the subcontract between Plaintiff and Defendant Heffler requires 26 arbitration of Plaintiff’s claims because Plaintiff’s claims arise under or relate to the terms 27 and conditions of the subcontract and do not involve the acts or omission of the owner of 28 the project, the United States Army Corp of Engineers. On November 2, 2020, Plaintiff 1 filed a Response in opposition. (ECF No. 13). Plaintiff contends that section 17(B)(1) of 2 the subcontract between Plaintiff and Defendant Heffler does not require arbitration of 3 Plaintiff’s claims because Plaintiff’s claims involve the acts or omission of the United 4 States Army Corp of Engineers. On November 9, 2020, Defendants filed a Reply. (ECF 5 No. 14). 6 II. FACTS 7 Defendant “Heffler was the general contractor for construction of the federally 8 funded Emergency Services Center project [ ] located at Fort Hunter Liggett.” Castner 9 Decl. ¶ 2, ECF No. 8-3 at 2. Defendant “Heffler entered into a written subcontract with 10 [Plaintiff] pursuant to which [Plaintiff] agreed to perform mechanical and related work at 11 [Fort Hunter Liggett] in exchange for payment by [Defendant] Heffler . . . .” Id. ¶ 3, ECF 12 No. 8-3 at 2. “As part of the requirements of [Defendant] Heffler’s contract with the owner 13 [of] the [p]roject, [Defendant] Heffler was required to obtain a Miller Act payment bond 14 to provide security for unpaid labor and materials . . . .” Id. ¶ 5, ECF No. 8-3 at 2. 15 Section 17 of the subcontract between Plaintiff and Defendant Heffler addresses 16 dispute resolution procedure. See Ex. B to Amended Complaint, ECF No. 4-3 at 29-30; 17 Ex. 1 to Defendants’ Motion, ECF No. 8-1 at 40-41; Ex. 1 to Castner Decl., ECF No. 8-3 18 at 34-35. Section 17 states that 19 A. Preliminary Dispute Resolution Procedure and Agreement to Arbitrate 20

21 1) Disputes Under Prime Contract. Any dispute resolution procedure in the Prime Contract shall be deemed incorporated in 22 this Subcontract, and shall apply to any disputes arising 23 hereunder, except for disputes not involving the acts, omissions or otherwise the responsibility of the Owner under the Prime 24 Contract, and those which have been waived by the making or 25 acceptance of final payment. Subject to compliance with all applicable laws, including but not limited to those relating to 26 false claims, dispute and claim certifications, and cost and 27 pricing data requirements, Contractor’s sole obligation is to present any timely-filed claims by Subcontractor to Owner under 28 1 such procedure and, subject to the other provisions of this Subcontract, to pay to Subcontractor the proportionate part of 2 any sums paid by the Owner to which Subcontractor is entitled. 3 2) Settlement Negotiations. Subject to Prime Contract dispute 4 resolution procedures under Section 17.1.1, and as to disputes 5 not involving the acts, omissions or otherwise the responsibility of the Owner under the Prime Contract, promptly upon 6 notification by the Subcontractor of a dispute, the Contractor and 7 Subcontractor shall meet to informally resolve such dispute. If no resolution is achieved, the parties, prior to the initiation of any 8 action or proceeding under this Section, shall make a good faith 9 effort to resolve the dispute by negotiation between representatives with decision-making power, who, to the extent 10 possible, shall not have had substantive involvement in the 11 matters of the dispute, unless the parties otherwise agree. To facilitate the negotiation, the parties agree either to fashion a 12 procedure themselves or seek the assistance of a person or 13 organization experienced in alternative dispute resolution procedures, such as mediation or other similar procedures. 14

15 B. Arbitration Procedures. In the event the Prime Contract contains an 16 arbitration provision or for disputes not involving the acts, omissions or otherwise the responsibility of the Owner under the Prime Contract, 17 or allocation issues pertaining to Section 15.2(a) which were resolved 18 by the trier of fact in any underlying litigation or binding dispute resolution, the following shall apply: 19

20 1) Notice of Demand. For arbitration under the Prime Contract, notice of the demand for arbitration shall be filed in writing with 21 the other party to this Subcontract and shall conform to the 22 requirements of the arbitration provision set forth in the Prime Contract. For claims not involving the acts or omission or 23 otherwise the responsibility of the Owner under the Prime 24 Contract, the parties hereto shall submit all disputes arising under or relating to the terms and conditions of this Subcontract to 25 arbitration in accordance with the Construction Industry Rules of 26 the American Arbitration Association then in effect. In either case, the demand for arbitration shall be made within a 27 reasonable time after written notice of the claim, dispute or other 28 matter in question has been given, and in no event, shall it be 1 made after the date when institution of legal or equitable proceedings based on such claim dispute or other matter in 2 question would be barred by the applicable statute of limitations. 3 2) Award. The award rendered by the arbitrator(s) shall be final and 4 judgment may be entered upon it in accordance with applicable 5 law in any court having jurisdiction.

6 3) Work Continuation and Payment. Unless otherwise agreed in 7 writing, Subcontractor shall carry on the work and maintain the Contractor’s schedule pending arbitration, and if so, Contractor 8 shall continue to make payments in accordance with this 9 Subcontract.

10 4) Consolidated Arbitration Proceedings. To the extent not 11 prohibited by their contracts with others, the claims and disputes of Owner, Contractor, Subcontractor and other subcontractors, 12 suppliers and/or material suppliers involving a common question 13 of fact or law shall be heard by the same arbitrator(s) in a single proceeding. In this event, it shall be the responsibility of 14 Subcontractor to prepare and present Contractor’s case, to the 15 extent the proceedings are related to this Subcontract. Should Contractor enter arbitration with the Owner or others regarding 16 matters relating to this Subcontract, Subcontractor shall be bound 17 by the result of the arbitration to the same degree as the Contractor. 18

19 5) No Limitation of Rights or Remedies. This Section shall not be deemed a limitation of any rights or remedies which 20 Subcontractor may have under any federal or state mechanic’s 21 lien laws or under any applicable labor and material payment bonds unless such rights or remedies are expressly waived by it. 22

23 Ex. B to Amended Complaint, ECF No. 4-3 at 29-30; Ex. 1 to Defendants’ Motion, ECF 24 No. 8-1 at 40-41; Ex. 1 to Castner Decl., ECF No. 8-3 at 34-35. 25

III. CONTENTIONS

26 Defendants contend that the Federal Arbitration Act requires Plaintiff to arbitrate its 27 claims against Defendant Heffler pursuant to the subcontract between Plaintiff and 28 1 Defendant Heffler. Defendants contend that the arbitration agreement is strictly enforced 2 pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act. Defendants contend that all of Plaintiff’s claims 3 against Defendant Heffler are subject to the arbitration agreement because Plaintiff’s 4 claims arise under or relate to the terms and conditions of the subcontract and do not 5 involve the acts or omission of the United States Army Corp of Engineers. Defendants 6 contend that the Federal Arbitration Act requires a stay pending the outcome of arbitration. 7 Defendants contend that Plaintiff’s fourth cause of action pursuant to the Miller Act should 8 be stayed pending the outcome of arbitration. 9 Plaintiff contends that the exclusion language of the dispute resolution section 10 applies and that this matter is excluded from arbitration because Plaintiff’s claims involve 11 the acts or omission of the United States Army Corp of Engineers. Plaintiff contends that 12 the language of the dispute resolution section of the subcontract is ambiguous such that 13 there is no clear agreement of the parties to arbitrate the claims at issue. Plaintiff contends 14 that the terms of the arbitration agreement are procedurally and substantively 15 unconscionable. 16 IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW 17 The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) “was enacted in 1925 in response to 18 widespread judicial hostility to arbitration agreements.” AT&T Mobility LLC v. 19 Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333, 339 (2011). Section 2 of the FAA states that 20 A written provision in any . . . contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising out of such 21 contract or transaction . . . shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save 22 upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract. 23

24 9 U.S.C. § 2. Section 4 of the FAA states that 25 A party aggrieved by the alleged failure, neglect, or refusal of another to arbitrate under a written agreement for arbitration may petition any United 26 States district court which, save for such agreement, would have jurisdiction 27 under title 28, . . . for an order directing that such arbitration proceed in the manner provided for in such agreement. 28 1 9 U.S.C. § 4. Section 3 of the FAA states that 2 If any suit or proceeding be brought in any of the courts of the United States upon any issue referable to arbitration under an agreement in writing for such 3 arbitration, the court in which such suit is pending, upon being satisfied that 4 the issue involved in such suit or proceeding is referable to arbitration under such an agreement, shall on application of one of the parties stay the trial of 5 the action until such arbitration has been had in accordance with the terms of 6 the agreement . . . .

7 9 U.S.C. § 3. 8 “The basic role for courts under the FAA is to determine (1) whether a valid 9 agreement to arbitrate exists and, if it does, (2) whether the agreement encompasses the 10 dispute at issue.” Kilgore v. KeyBank, Nat. Ass’n, 718 F.3d 1052, 1058 (9th Cir. 2013). 11 “If the response is affirmative on both counts, then the [FAA] requires the court to enforce 12 the arbitration agreement in accordance with its terms.” Chiron Corp. v. Ortho Diagnostic 13 Sys., Inc., 207 F.3d 1126, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000). The FAA “leaves no place for the exercise 14 of discretion by a district court, but instead mandates that district courts shall direct the 15 parties to proceed to arbitration on issues as to which an arbitration agreement has been 16 signed.” Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Byrd, 470 U.S. 213, 218 (1985) (citing 9 U.S.C. §§ 17 3, 4). 18 The party moving to compel arbitration has the “burden to provide evidence of the 19 existence of an agreement to arbitrate, it is generally sufficient for that party to present a 20 copy of the contract to the court.” Baker v. Italian Maple Holdings, LLC, 13 Cal. App. 5th 21 1152, 1160 (2017). “Once such a document is presented to the court, the burden shifts to 22 the party opposing the motion to compel, who may present any challenges to the 23 enforcement of the agreement and evidence in support of those challenges.” Id. “In 24 keeping with California’s strong public policy in favor of arbitration, any doubts regarding 25 the validity of an arbitration agreement are resolved in favor of arbitration.” Samaniego v. 26 Empire Today LLC, 205 Cal. App. 4th 1138, 1144 (2012). 27

28 1 V. DISCUSSION 2 Section 2 of the FAA is “the primary substantive provision of the Act” and “reflect[s] 3 both a liberal federal policy favoring arbitration and the fundamental principle that 4 arbitration is a matter of contract.” Concepcion, 563 U.S. at 339 (citations omitted). “In 5 line with these principles, courts must place arbitration agreements on an equal footing 6 with other contracts and enforce them according to their terms.” Id. (citations omitted). 7 District courts “apply ordinary state-law principles that govern the formation of contracts 8 to decide whether an agreement to arbitrate exists.” Norcia v. Samsung 9 Telecommunications Am., LLC, 845 F.3d 1279, 1283 (9th Cir. 2017). “Generally, under 10 California law, the essential elements for a contract are (1) [p]arties capable of contracting; 11 (2) [t]heir consent; (3) [a] lawful object; and (4) [s]ufficient cause or consideration.” Id. at 12 1284 (alterations in original) (quoting Cal. Civ. Code § 1550). 13 a. Exclusion Provisions of Arbitration Agreement 14 Defendants contend that all of Plaintiff’s claims against Defendant Heffler are 15 subject to the arbitration agreement because all of Plaintiff’s claims arise under or relate to 16 the terms and conditions of the subcontract. Plaintiff contends that the arbitration 17 agreement is inapplicable to this dispute because all claims involving acts or omissions by 18 the owner of the project are excluded from arbitration and this dispute will involve the acts 19 or omissions by the owner. 20 Section A(1) of the arbitration agreement states that “[a]ny dispute resolution 21 procedure in the Prime Contract shall be deemed incorporated in this Subcontract, and shall 22 apply to any disputes arising hereunder, except for disputes not involving the acts, 23 omissions or otherwise the responsibility of the Owner under the Prime Contract . . . .” Ex. 24 B to Amended Complaint, ECF No. 4-3 at 29; Ex. 1 to Defendants’ Motion, ECF No. 8-1 25 at 40; Ex. 1 to Castner Decl., ECF No. 8-3 at 34. Section B(1) of the arbitration agreement 26 states that “[f]or claims not involving the acts or omission or otherwise the responsibility 27 of the Owner under the Prime Contract, the parties hereto shall submit all disputes arising 28 under or relating to the terms and conditions of this Subcontract to arbitration in accordance 1 with the Construction Industry Rules of the American Arbitration Association then in 2 effect.” Ex. B to Amended Complaint, ECF No. 4-3 at 30; Ex. 1 to Defendants’ Motion, 3 ECF No. 8-1 at 41; Ex. 1 to Castner Decl., ECF No. 8-3 at 35. 4 Plaintiff alleges that Defendant “Heffler entered into a written subcontract with 5 [Plaintiff] as the third mechanical subcontractor” on June 20, 2019. (ECF No. 4 at 3). 6 Plaintiff alleges that, “in performing its services, [it] was forced to spend a tremendous and 7 unanticipated overtime and incurred extra expenses . . . due to [Defendant] Heffler’s 8 mismanagement of its subcontractors, inability to provide a proper schedule and failure to 9 ensure coordination of the work and subcontractors . . . .” Id. at 3-4. The Complaint in 10 this case does not include the United States Army Corp of Engineers as a defendant or any 11 claims against the United States Army Corp of Engineers as the owner of the project. 12 Plaintiff’s sole reference to the owner of the project occurs in the Amended Complaint 13 occurs in the following sentence: “On or about June 14, 2017, United States of America by 14 and through the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers issued a Solicitation for construction of 15 Emergency Service Center Fort Hunter Liggett, CA allocating approximately $28 million 16 to construct a new 46,200 sq. ft. emergency center facility at Fort Hunter Liggett, California 17 . . . .” Id. at 2-3. The Court finds that Plaintiff fails to provide sufficient evidence that this 18 dispute involves the acts or omissions by the owner. The Court concludes that section B 19 of the arbitration agreement applies to Plaintiff’s claims. 20 b. Ambiguity of Arbitration Agreement 21 Defendants contend that the arbitration agreement is valid and enforceable because 22 Plaintiff and Defendant Heffler voluntarily entered into the subcontract and consented to 23 resolve their disputes by arbitration. Plaintiff contends that the dispute resolution section 24 of the subcontract is unenforceable because it is ambiguous. Plaintiff contends that 25 ambiguous agreements cannot provide the necessary contractual basis for compelling 26 arbitration. Plaintiff contends that ambiguity negates any actual agreement to arbitrate 27 because a party cannot consent to something it does not understand. Plaintiff contends that 28 1 the dispute resolution section is confusing and contradictory because it contains preambles 2 and references to other agreements and non-existent sections. 3 “When an arbitration provision is ambiguous, [courts] will interpret that provision, 4 if reasonable, in a manner that renders it lawful, both because of our public policy in favor 5 of arbitration as a speedy and relatively inexpensive means of dispute resolution, and 6 because of the general principle that [courts] interpret a contractual provision in a manner 7 that renders it enforceable rather than void.” Pearson Dental Supplies, Inc. v. Superior 8 Court, 48 Cal. 4th 665, 682 (2010); see Roman v. Superior Court, 172 Cal. App. 4th 1462, 9 1473 (2009) (citations omitted) (“Even if the language in the Flo–Kem arbitration 10 provision were somehow ambiguous on this point, given the public policy favoring 11 arbitration and the requirement we interpret the provision in a manner that renders it legal 12 rather than void, we would necessarily construe the arbitration agreement as imposing a 13 valid, mutual obligation to arbitrate.”). “An interpretation which gives effect is preferred 14 to one which makes void.” Cal. Civ. Code § 3541. “A contract must receive such an 15 interpretation as will make it lawful, operative, definite, reasonable, and capable of being 16 carried into effect, if it can be done without violating the intention of the parties.” Cal. 17 Civ. Code § 1643. 18 Plaintiff contends that the following provision of the arbitration agreement is 19 ambiguous: “In the event the Prime Contract contains an arbitration provision or for 20 disputes not involving the acts, omissions or otherwise the responsibility of the Owner 21 under the Prime Contract, or allocation issues pertaining to Section 15.2(a) which were 22 resolved by the trier of fact in any underlying litigation or binding dispute resolution, the 23 following shall apply . . . .” Ex. B to Amended Complaint, ECF No. 4-3 at 29; Ex. 1 to 24 Defendants’ Motion, ECF No. 8-1 at 40; Ex. 1 to Castner Decl., ECF No. 8-3 at 34. 25 Plaintiff contends that the prime contract does not contain an arbitration provision and that 26 section 15.2(a) of the subcontract does not exist. Plaintiff contends that the provision 27 places the filing party in the position of determining whether the owner of the project is 28 involved in this dispute. 1 The subcontract states that “[f]or claims not involving the acts or omission or 2 otherwise the responsibility of the Owner under the Prime Contract,” section B(1) shall 3 apply and “the parties hereto shall submit all disputes arising under or relating to the terms 4 and conditions of this Subcontract to arbitration in accordance with the Construction 5 Industry Rules of the American Arbitration Association then in effect.” Ex. B to Amended 6 Complaint, ECF No. 4-3 at 30; Ex. 1 to Defendants’ Motion, ECF No. 8-1 at 41; Ex. 1 to 7 Castner Decl., ECF No. 8-3 at 35. In other words, any disputes between subcontractors 8 not involving the United States Army Corp of Engineers are subject to arbitration. The 9 Court finds that arbitration applies in this case because the Complaint involves a dispute 10 between subcontractors and does not involve the United States Army Corp of Engineers. 11 The Court concludes that this provision of the arbitration agreement is not ambiguous. 12 Plaintiff contends that the following provision of the arbitration agreement is 13 ambiguous because the prime contract does not contain an arbitration provision: “For 14 arbitration under the Prime Contract, notice of the demand for arbitration shall be filed in 15 writing with the other party to this Subcontract and shall conform to the requirements of 16 the arbitration provision set forth in the Prime Contract.” Ex. B to Amended Complaint, 17 ECF No. 4-3 at 30; Ex. 1 to Defendants’ Motion, ECF No. 8-1 at 41; Ex. 1 to Castner Decl., 18 ECF No. 8-3 at 35. However, the following sentence states that “For claims not involving 19 the acts or omission or otherwise the responsibility of the Owner under the Prime Contract, 20 the parties hereto shall submit all disputes arising under or relating to the terms and 21 conditions of this Subcontract to arbitration in accordance with the Construction Industry 22 Rules of the American Arbitration Association then in effect.” Ex. B to Amended 23 Complaint, ECF No. 4-3 at 30; Ex. 1 to Defendants’ Motion, ECF No. 8-1 at 41; Ex. 1 to 24 Castner Decl., ECF No. 8-3 at 35. The Court concludes that the arbitration procedures of 25 the sentence regarding “claims not involving the acts or omission or otherwise the 26 responsibility of the Owner under the Prime Contract” are not ambiguous and apply to this 27 dispute. Ex. B to Amended Complaint, ECF No. 4-3 at 30; Ex. 1 to Defendants’ Motion, 28 ECF No. 8-1 at 41; Ex. 1 to Castner Decl., ECF No. 8-3 at 35. 1 Plaintiff contends that the following provision of the arbitration agreement is 2 ambiguous because it nullifies all preceding limitations on the subcontractor: “This Section 3 shall not be deemed a limitation of any rights or remedies which Subcontractor may have 4 under any federal or state mechanic’s lien laws or under any applicable labor and material 5 payment bonds unless such rights or remedies are expressly waived by it.” Ex. B to 6 Amended Complaint, ECF No. 4-3 at 30; Ex. 1 to Defendants’ Motion, ECF No. 8-1 at 41; 7 Ex. 1 to Castner Decl., ECF No. 8-3 at 35. The Court concludes that this provision of the 8 arbitration agreement is not ambiguous. 9 c. Unconscionability 10 “Unconscionability is ultimately a question of law” for the courts to decide. Net 11 Glob. Mktg., Inc. v. Dialtone, Inc., 217 F. App’x 598, 600 (9th Cir. 2007). “Courts may 12 find a contract as a whole ‘or any clause of the contract’ to be unconscionable.” Sanchez v. 13 Valencia Holding Co., LLC, 61 Cal. 4th 899, 910 (2015) (quoting Cal. Civ. Code, § 14 1670.5(a)). “Under California law, a contract provision is unenforceable due to 15 unconscionability only if it is both procedurally and substantively unconscionable.” 16 Shroyer v. New Cingular Wireless Servs., Inc., 498 F.3d 976, 981 (9th Cir. 2007). The 17 procedural element focuses on “oppression or surprise due to unequal bargaining power,” 18 while the substantive element focuses on “overly harsh or one-sided results.” Armendariz 19 v. Found. Health Psychcare Servs., Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 83, 114 (2000). “[A] sliding scale” is 20 applied: “the more substantively oppressive the contract term, the less evidence of 21 procedural unconscionability is required is required to come to the conclusion that the term 22 is unenforceable, and vice versa.” Id. Still, “both [must] be present in order for a court to 23 exercise its discretion to refuse to enforce a contract or clause under the doctrine of 24 unconscionability.” Id. “Because unconscionability is a contract defense, the party 25 asserting the defense bears the burden of proof.” Sanchez, 61 Cal. 4th at 911. 26 i. Procedural Unconscionability 27 Plaintiff contends that the arbitration agreement is procedurally unconscionable. 28 Plaintiff contends that the dispute resolution section of the subcontract requires Plaintiff to 1 abide by the terms of the prime contract between the owner of the project and Defendant 2 Heffler. Plaintiff asserts that it was not a party to the prime contract and did not participate 3 in its negotiation. Plaintiff contends that Defendant Heffler forced the terms of the prime 4 contract on Plaintiff on a take-it-or-leave-it basis. Defendants contend that the arbitration 5 agreement is not procedurally unconscionable. Defendants contend that the parties had 6 equal bargaining power regarding the subcontract. Defendants contend that Plaintiff was 7 able to negotiate and had the opportunity to propose revisions to the subcontract. 8 Defendants assert that Plaintiff engaged in negotiations and three rounds of revisions with 9 Defendant Heffler regarding the subcontract. Defendants contend that the portion of the 10 subcontract that references the prime contract is irrelevant to the arbitration agreement. 11 “Procedural unconscionability analysis focuses on oppression or surprise.” 12 Nagrampa v. MailCoups, Inc., 469 F.3d 1257, 1280 (9th Cir. 2006). “Oppression arises 13 from an inequality of bargaining power that results in no real negotiation and an absence of 14 meaningful choice, while [s]urprise involves the extent to which the supposedly agreed- 15 upon terms are hidden in a prolix printed form drafted by the party seeking to enforce them.” 16 Id. (alteration in original). 17 Plaintiff’s co-owner states in a sworn declaration that “[i]n reviewing the complicated 18 language and various conditions precedent and cross-references of Section 17 of the 19 Subcontract between [Plaintiff] and [Defendant] Heffler . . . , I . . . did not feel that this 20 could be changed or negotiated because it was based on and incorporated the terms of the 21 Prime Contract signed between the United States Army Corp of Engineers as the owner of 22 the [p]roject and [Defendant] Heffler . . . , long before [Plaintiff]’s involvement.” Ladda 23 Decl. ¶ 2, ECF No. 13-1 at 2. Plaintiff’s project manager states in a sworn declaration that 24 he “signed the Subcontract between [Plaintiff] and [Defendant] Heffler . . . on behalf of 25 [Plaintiff].” Kaliszewski Decl. ¶ 2, ECF No. 13-9 at 2. Plaintiff’s project manager further 26 states that “[i]n reviewing the convoluted language and various prerequisites and cross- 27 references of Section 17 of the Subcontract between [Plaintiff] and [Defendant] Heffler . . . 28 , I . . . did not feel that this could be changed or negotiated because it was based on and 1 incorporated the terms of the Prime Contract signed between the United States Army Corp 2 of Engineers as the owner of the [p]roject and [Defendant] Heffler . . . , long before 3 [Plaintiff]’s involvement.” Id. ¶ 3, ECF No. 13-9 at 2. 4 The subcontract submitted by Plaintiff and Defendants shows that Plaintiff’s project 5 manager initialed or signed every page of the 52-page subcontract. See Ex. B to Amended 6 Complaint, ECF No. 4-3 at 3-53; Ex. 1 to Defendants’ Motion, ECF No. 8-1 at 14-64; Ex. 7 1 to Castner Decl., ECF No. 8-3 at 8-58. The subcontract shows Plaintiff’s project 8 manager’s initials on the bottom right-hand corner of page three which states in bolded text 9 “This Subcontract has important legal and insurance consequences. Consultation with an 10 attorney and insurance consultant is encouraged with respect to its completion or 11 modification.” Ex. B to Amended Complaint, ECF No. 4-3 at 5 (emphasis omitted); Ex. 12 1 to Defendants’ Motion, ECF No. 8-1 at 16 (emphasis omitted); Ex. 1 to Castner Decl., 13 ECF No. 8-3 at 10 (emphasis omitted). The subcontract shows Plaintiff’s project 14 manager’s initials on the bottom right-hand corners of pages 27 and 28 on which the dispute 15 resolution procedure section appears. See Ex. B to Amended Complaint, ECF No. 4-3 at 16 29-30; Ex. 1 to Defendants’ Motion, ECF No. 8-1 at 40-41; Ex. 1 to Castner Decl., ECF 17 No. 8-3 at 34-35. The signature page of the subcontract states that “This Subcontract has 18 important legal and insurance consequences. Consultation with an attorney and insurance 19 consultant is encouraged with respect to its completion or modification.” Ex. B to 20 Amended Complaint, ECF No. 4-3 at 33 (emphasis omitted); Ex. 1 to Defendants’ Motion, 21 ECF No. 8-1 at 44 (emphasis omitted); Ex. 1 to Castner Decl., ECF No. 8-3 at 38 (emphasis 22 omitted). On the signature page of the subcontract, Plaintiff’s project manager’s signature, 23 printed name, and title appear as well as the date June 20, 2019. See Ex. B to Amended 24 Complaint, ECF No. 4-3 at 33; Ex. 1 to Defendants’ Motion, ECF No. 8-1 at 44; Ex. 1 to 25 Castner Decl., ECF No. 8-3 at 38. 26 Defendant Heffler’s Senior Design Build Program Manager states in a sworn 27 declaration that he “participated in negotiation of the Subcontract . . . .” Castner Decl. ¶ 3, 28 ECF No. 8-3 at 2. Plaintiff’s project manager wrote his initials on the pages of the 1 arbitration agreement, affirming that he reviewed it. See, e.g., Dominguez v. Stone Brewing 2 Co., LLC, No. 20-cv-251-WQH-BLM, 2020 WL 3606396, at *6 (S.D. Cal. July 2, 2020) 3 (“Dominguez wrote his initials next to the arbitration agreement, affirming that he 4 reviewed it.”). The arbitration agreement is not hidden in the subcontract; the section 5 heading is in all capital letters, bolded, and enlarged font. See Ex. B to Amended 6 Complaint, ECF No. 4-3 at 29; Ex. 1 to Defendants’ Motion, ECF No. 8-1 at 40; Ex. 1 to 7 Castner Decl., ECF No. 8-3 at 34. The provisions of the arbitration agreement are in the 8 same font and size as the rest of the subcontract. See Ex. B to Amended Complaint, ECF 9 No. 4-3 at 29-30; Ex. 1 to Defendants’ Motion, ECF No. 8-1 at 40-41; Ex. 1 to Castner 10 Decl., ECF No. 8-3 at 34-35. The Court concludes that Plaintiff has failed to make an 11 adequate showing of procedural unconscionability necessary to render the arbitration 12 agreement in the subcontract unenforceable. See, e.g., Kilgore, 718 F.3d at 1059 (“Nor is 13 the arbitration provision procedurally unconscionable. . . . Nor was the arbitration clause 14 buried in fine print in the Note, but was instead in its own section, clearly labeled, in 15 boldface.”); Sherman v. RMH, LLC, No. 13cv1986–WQH–WMc, 2014 WL 30318, at *8 16 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 2, 2014) (“As discussed above, the arbitration provision is not hidden in the 17 Contract; it is referenced in boldface type close to Plaintiff’s signature line, and the clause 18 itself is set out in a prominent fashion on the reverse side of the one-page contract. The 19 Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to make an adequate showing of unconscionability 20 necessary to render the arbitration clause in the Contract unenforceable.”); Velazquez, 2013 21 WL 4525581, at *6 (alterations in original) (citations omitted) (“The Court finds that 22 Plaintiff had a ‘meaningful opportunity to opt out of the arbitration provision when signing 23 the agreement and still preserve . . . her job.’ The Court finds that the option to opt-out 24 was not ‘buried in fine print . . . , but was instead . . . , clearly labeled, in boldface.’ The 25 Court finds that the Agreement is not procedurally unconscionable.”). 26 ii. Substantive Unconscionability 27 Plaintiff contends that the arbitration agreement is substantively unconscionable. 28 Plaintiff contends that Defendant Heffler unlawfully included certain provisions in the 1 dispute resolution section of the subcontract. Plaintiff contends that Defendant Heffler 2 imposed a harsh and oppressive condition on Plaintiff by subjecting Plaintiff to the terms 3 of the prime contract. Plaintiff contends that it was forced to accept the unlawfully included 4 provisions and the terms of the prime contract. Defendants contend that the arbitration 5 agreement is not substantively unconscionable. Defendants contend that the arbitration 6 agreement is bilateral and applies equally to Plaintiff and Defendant Heffler. Defendants 7 assert that Plaintiff fails to establish the relationship between the allegedly unlawful 8 provisions of the dispute resolution section of the subcontract and the arbitration agreement. 9 Substantive unconscionability focuses “on overly harsh or one-sided results.” 10 Sanchez, 61 Cal. 4th at 910. The California Supreme Court has identified the following 11 formulations of substantive unconscionability: “overly harsh”, “unduly oppressive”, “so 12 one-sided as to shock the conscience”, and “unfairly one-sided”. Id. at 910-11. The 13 California Supreme Court has stated that there is no “conceptual difference among these 14 formulations” because “[a]ll of these formulations point to the central idea that 15 unconscionability doctrine is concerned not with a simple old-fashioned bad bargain, but 16 with terms that are unreasonably favorable to the more powerful party.” Id. at 911 (citations 17 omitted). “[T]he paramount consideration in assessing conscionability is mutuality.” 18 Nagrampa, 469 F.3d at 1281 (alteration in original). “California law requires an arbitration 19 agreement to have a ‘modicum of bilaterality.’” Id. (quoting Armendariz, 24 Cal. 4th at 20 117). “[A]rbitration provisions that are unfairly one-sided are substantively 21 unconscionable.” Id. Furthermore, “a claim of unconscionability often cannot be 22 determined merely by examining the face of the contract, but will require inquiry into its 23 setting, purpose, and effect.” Perdue v. Crocker Nat’l Bank, 38 Cal. 3d 913, 926 (1985). 24 Plaintiff’s co-owner states in a sworn declaration that “[i]n reviewing the complicated 25 language and various conditions precedent and cross-references of Section 17 of the 26 Subcontract between [Plaintiff] and [Defendant] Heffler . . . , I did not fully understand the 27 Dispute Resolution Procedure of the Subcontract . . . .” Ladda Decl. ¶ 2, ECF No. 13-1 at 28 2. Plaintiff co-owner further states that “[i]n approving this Subcontract on behalf of 1 [Plaintiff], I did not understand the Dispute Resolution Procedure to mean that any and all 2 claims between [Plaintiff] and [Defendant] Heffler must be arbitrated, because the 3 Subcontract provided various exclusions to the obligation to arbitrate.” Id. ¶ 3, ECF No. 4 13-1 at 2. 5 Plaintiff’s project manager states in a sworn declaration that he “signed the 6 Subcontract between [Plaintiff] and [Defendant] Heffler . . . on behalf of [Plaintiff].” 7 Kaliszewski Decl. ¶ 2, ECF No. 13-9 at 2. Plaintiff’s project manager further states that 8 “[i]n reviewing the convoluted language and various prerequisites and cross-references of 9 Section 17 of the Subcontract between [Plaintiff] and [Defendant] Heffler . . . , I did not 10 fully understand the Dispute Resolution Procedure of the Subcontract . . . .” Id. ¶ 3, ECF 11 No. 13-9 at 2. Plaintiff’s project manager further states that “[i]n signing on behalf of 12 [Plaintiff], it was not my understanding that the Dispute Resolution Procedure meant that 13 all claims between [Plaintiff] and [Defendant] Heffler must be arbitrated, because the 14 Subcontract provided lots of different exclusions to arbitration and called for arbitration 15 only if the Prime Contract had an arbitration requirement.” Id. ¶ 4, ECF No. 13-9 at 2. 16 “Plaintiff[] appear[s] to suggest that Defendants were required to present evidence 17 with respect to their motion to compel to the effect that [Plaintiff] understood the [provisions 18 of the arbitration agreement].” Baker v. Italian Maple Holdings, LLC, 13 Cal. App. 5th 19 1152, 1162 n.6 (2017). “However, it is well established that a party who signs a document 20 is presumed to have read it and to understand its contents.” Id. “It would be Plaintiff[’]s[] 21 burden to overcome this presumption; Defendants bore no burden to present affirmative 22 evidence that the [provisions] were explained to [Plaintiff] or that [Plaintiff] understood 23 them, or to otherwise preemptively negate any affirmative defense that Plaintiff[] might 24 have to the enforcement of the agreement[].” Id. 25 The Court finds that the arbitration agreement is not “overly harsh”, “unduly 26 oppressive”, “so one-sided as to shock the conscience”, or “unfairly one-sided”. Sanchez, 27 61 Cal. 4th at 910-11. The Court finds that the arbitration agreement is not substantively 28 unconscionable because it applies mutually to Plaintiff and Defendants and has the requisite 1 “modicum of bilaterality.”” Nagrampa, 469 F.3d at 1281 (quoting Armendariz, 24 Cal. 4tl 2 117). The Court concludes that Plaintiff has failed to make an adequate showing o 3 ||substantive unconscionability necessary to render the arbitration agreement in th 4 ||subcontract unenforceable. See, e.g., Toma v. Bankers Life & Cas. Co., No. 18-cv-2046 5 || WQH-MSB, 2019 WL 4229754, at *9-10 (S.D. Cal. Feb. 25, 2019) (citations omitted 6 || (“Plaintiff's assertions regarding lack of opportunity to negotiate, ask questions, or consul 7 attorney do not demonstrate substantive unconscionability. Plaintiff's assertion: 8 ||regarding lack of meaningful choice to sign the Agreement do not demonstrate □□□□□□□□□□□ 9 || unconscionability. ... Plaintiff's assertions that the Agreement was a standardized fill-in 10 |/the-blank form drafted only by Defendants do not demonstrate substantiv 11 |/unconscionability. Plaintiff fails to demonstrate that the Agreement is substantivel: 12 || unconscionable.”). 13 CONCLUSION 14 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Motion to Compel Arbitration and Stay 15 ||Proceedings filed by Defendants Heffler Contracting Group and Nationwide Mutual 16 || Insurance Company (ECF No. 8) is GRANTED. Pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 4, the parties are 17 || directed to proceed to arbitration in accordance with the terms of the arbitration agreement. 18 || Pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 3, this action is STAYED pending arbitration. 19 |} Dated: January 4, 2021 Nitta Ze. A a 20 Hon, William Q. Hayes 71 United States District Court 22 23 24 25 26 27 28