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FILED & ENTERED

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4 JUL 10 2020

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CLERK U.S. BANKRUPTCY COURT

6 C Be Yn t t ar ta u l m D i s t r i c Dt E o Pf UC Ta Yli f Cor Ln Eia RK 7

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

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UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT

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CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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LOS ANGELES DIVISION

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13 In re: Case No. 2:19-bk-24787-RK

14 Chapter 7 BRADLEY and ALLISON BARNES,

15 MEMORANDUM DECISION ON DEBTORS’ Debtors. MOTION FOR AN ORDER TO SHOW 16

CAUSE WHY WVBAGD, LLC AND ITS

17 ATTORNEYS KEVIN EIKENBERRY, PETER

J. VEIGUELA, AND FIDELITY NATIONAL

18 LAW GROUP SHOULD NOT BE HELD IN

CONTEMPT OF COURT FOR VIOLATION

19

OF THE AUTOMATIC STAY [ECF 53]

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21 22 Pending before the court is the motion of Bradley and Allison Barnes (“Debtors”) 23 for an Order to Show Cause Why WVBAGD, LLC and Its Attorneys Kevin Eikenberry, 24 Peter J. Veiguela, and Fidelity National Law Group (“Respondents”) Should Not Be Held 25 in Contempt of Court for Violation of the Automatic Stay, Electronic Case Filing (“ECF”) 26 No. 53 (the “Motion”), filed on June 4, 2020, pursuant to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy 27 Procedure 9020 and Local Bankruptcy Rule 9020-1. In the Motion, Debtors complained 28 that an email message (the “Email”) was sent on April 30, 2020 by Respondent Kevin 1 Eikenberry on behalf of his client, Respondent WVBAGD, LLC, to the attorney for 2 Debtors in state court litigation, Mark L. Share, with “cc:” copies emailed to Debtors’ 3 bankruptcy attorney, Susan I. Montgomery, the attorney representing Brittany Barnes 4 and Brooke Barnes, Debtor’s adult children, Mitchell B. Ludwig, and the attorney 5 representing LOBAR, or The Lobar Properties, Inc., an entity affiliated with Debtors 6 owned by family members, Hillary Grossberg, in violation of the automatic stay in this 7 case. Debtors contend that the Email to them through counsel “threatens the Debtors 8 and their family unless they pay money to settle pre-prepetition claims.” ECF 53 at 2. 9 In the Motion, Debtors further complained that on May 14, 2020, Respondents Peter J. 10 Veiguela and Fidelity National Law Group served a subpoena (the “Subpoena”) on 11 Debtors in a state court lawsuit in which Debtors are not parties for the purpose of 12 obtaining Debtors’ personal financial information, which information should only be 13 obtained through the bankruptcy court and which service allegedly violated the 14 automatic stay. Id. 15 Although the Email was identified throughout the Motion as “Exhibit 1,” a copy of 16 Exhibit 1 was not attached to the Motion. The Subpoena was identified in the Motion as 17 “Exhibit 2” and was attached to the Motion. The declaration of Debtor Bradley Barnes 18 attached to the Motion was not signed. ECF 53 at 13-15. 19 On June 9, 2020, Debtors filed a stipulation between themselves and 20 Respondents Peter J. Veiguela and Fidelity National Law Group (the “Stipulation”). 21 Stipulation for Dismissal of Peter J. Veiguela and Fidelity National Law Group from 22 Motion for an Order to Show Cause re Contempt, ECF 54. In the Stipulation, Debtors 23 agreed to withdraw the Motion as against Mr. Veiguela and his law firm, Fidelity 24 National Law Group, on condition that Mr. Veiguela withdraw the subpoena he served 25 on Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. in WVBAGD, LLC’s (“WVBAGD”) state court action. Id. at 2. 26 The Stipulation does not affect the Motion as against Respondents Kevin Eikenberry 27 (“Eikenberry”) and WVBAGD. Thus, the court construes the Motion as no longer 28 seeking relief against Mr. Veiguela and Fidelity National Law Group, and only against 1 Mr. Eikenberry and WVBAGD, both of whom are referred to as Respondents below. 2 On June 10, 2020, Respondent Eikenberry filed an opposition to the Motion (the 3 “Opposition”) on behalf of himself and WVBAGD. Objection to Issuance of OSC Re 4 Contempt and Declaration of Kevin S. Eikenberry Objecting to Issuance of OSC Re 5 Contempt, ECF 55. In the Opposition, Respondents contend that the Motion included 6 an unsigned declaration by Mr. Barnes, which should not be considered by the court. 7 ECF 55 at 2. 8 On June 11, 2020, Debtors filed a duplicate Motion for an Order to Show Cause, 9 ECF 56, which contained a signed copy of Mr. Barnes’s declaration. Id. In all other 10 respects, the duplicate Motion was the same as the original Motion, including the same 11 dates of execution by counsel and Mr. Barnes, and the lack of a copy of Exhibit 1. 12 Accordingly, the court will treat the duplicate Motion as a corrected version of the 13 Motion. 14 On June 12, 2020, Debtors filed their reply to the Opposition (the “Reply”). Reply 15 to Opposition to Motion for OSC re Contempt Filed by Kevin Eikenberry, ECF 57. 16 On June 15, 2020, the court entered an order for Debtors to file and serve the 17 missing Email, Exhibit 1, with an accompanying supplemental declaration to 18 authenticate the exhibit. Order Requiring Debtors to File Missing Exhibit 1 to Their 19 Amended Motion for an Order to Show Cause re Contempt for Violation of the 20 Automatic Stay and Extending Time for Respondent to Object to Issuance of an Order 21 to Show Cause re Contempt, ECF 58. This order also permitted Respondents to raise 22 any objections to the issuance of an order to show cause within seven days from the 23 filing of the missing Exhibit 1. Id. at 2. On June 16, 2020, Debtors filed the missing 24 Exhibit 1 to the Motion (“Exhibit 1”) but did not file a supplemental declaration 25 authenticating the exhibit, apparently relying upon the declarations of Mr. Barnes and 26 counsel in the Motion. Exhibit 1 to Debtors’ Motion for OSC Re Contempt, ECF 59. On 27 June 23, 2020, Respondents filed their second opposition (the “Second Opposition”), 28 which incorporates by reference the June 10, 2020 Opposition. See Objection to 1 Issuance of OSC Re Contempt, ECF 61. 2 Having carefully considered the Motion, Oppositions, Reply and Exhibit 1 to the 3 Motion, the court hereby rules as follows. 4 DISCUSSION 5 I. LEGAL STANDARD 6 Bankruptcy courts have authority over civil contempt proceedings under 11 7 U.S.C. § 105 and Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9020. Caldwell v. Unified 8 Capital Corp. (In re Rainbow Magazine), 77 F.3d 278, 284-285 (9th Cir. 1996). In civil 9 contempt proceedings, “[t]he moving party has the burden of showing by clear and 10 convincing evidence that the contemnors violated a specific and definite order of the 11 court.” Dyer v. Lindblade (In re Dyer), 322 F.3d 1178, 1190-1191 (9th Cir. 2003) 12 (quoting Renwick v. Bennett (In re Bennett), 298 F.3d 1059, 1069 (9th Cir. 2002)). 13 Clear and convincing is a “higher standard than the preponderance of the evidence 14 standard but less stringent than beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Powers, 15 629 F.2d 619, 626 n. 6 (9th Cir. 1980). 16 The automatic stay is a specific and definite order of the court effective at the 17 time a bankruptcy petition is filed that prohibits “any act to collect, assess, or recover a 18 claim against the debtor that arose before the commencement of the case.” 11 U.S.C. 19 § 362(a)(6). The scope of the automatic stay is broad and imposes an affirmative duty 20 of compliance on non-debtor parties. Hillis Motors, Inc. v. Hawaii Automobile Dealers' 21 Association, 997 F.2d 581, 585 (9th Cir. 1993). 22 To be punishable by contempt, a violation of the automatic stay must be “willful.” 23 Johnson Environmental Corp. v. Knight (In re Goodman), 991 F.2d 613, 618 (9th Cir. 24 1993). A violation is “willful” if the respondent knew of the automatic stay and the 25 respondent’s acts were intentional. Pace v. Taxel (In re Pace), 67 F.3d 187, 191 (9th 26 Cir. 1995). A fact-driven inquiry is used to determine whether a respondent’s conduct 27 violated the automatic stay. Zotow v. Johnson (In re Zotow), 432 B.R. 252, 258 (9th Cir. 28 BAP 2010). While not all communications between creditors and debtors are a violation 1 of the automatic stay, evidence of harassing or coercive language in such 2 communications demonstrates a stay violation. Id. As the Ninth Circuit concluded in 3 Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York v. American Savings & Loan 4 Association, 804 F.2d 1487 (9th Cir. 1986), “the language and purpose of section 5 362(a) do not bar mere requests for payment unless some element of coercion or 6 harassment is involved.” Id. at 1491. 7 In the Morgan Guaranty Trust case, the Ninth Circuit held that the respondent 8 bank’s presentment of notes to the debtor, without an element of coercion or 9 harassment, did not violate the automatic stay. Id. While in the Morgan Guaranty Trust 10 case the allegedly contemptuous act was the bank’s request for payment, in this case, 11 the allegedly contemptuous conduct was a settlement communication by a creditor to 12 debtors. Although the court has not identified any authority of the Ninth Circuit binding 13 on this court that directly addresses whether a post-petition settlement communication 14 may violate the automatic stay, there is First and Seventh Circuit authority which has 15 specifically addressed the question of whether a post-petition settlement communication 16 violates the automatic stay by adopting the same “coercive” or “harassing” standard as 17 articulated by the Ninth Circuit in the Morgan Guaranty Trust case. 18 In Jamo v. Katahdin Federal Credit Union (In re Jamo), 283 F.3d 392 (1st Cir. 19 2002), the First Circuit held that “a creditor may engage in post-petition negotiations 20 pertaining to a bankruptcy-related reaffirmation agreement so long as the creditor does 21 not engage in coercive or harassing tactics.” Id. at 399. As set forth in Diamond v. 22 Premier Capital, Inc. (In re Diamond), 346 F.3d 224 (1st Cir. 2003), the First Circuit 23 evaluates coerciveness by the immediateness of the threatened action and the context 24 in which the statement was made. Id. at 227. Similarly, in In re Duke, 79 F.3d 43 (7th 25 Cir. 1996), the Seventh Circuit held that a communication was not coercive or harassing 26 when there was “not a hint of unfavorable action that would be taken against [debtor] if 27 he [did] not [accept]” the offer. Id. at 46. 28 /// 1 II. ANALYSIS 2 Debtors Do Not Demonstrate Coercion or Harassment by Respondents to 3 Prove Civil Contempt by Clear and Convincing Evidence 4 Debtors by their Motion have not demonstrated by clear and convincing evidence 5 that Respondents violated the automatic stay by sending the April 30, 2020 settlement 6 email. There is no dispute that Respondents’ action in the Email was “willful” as they 7 acknowledge that they were aware of the automatic stay when Eikenberry intentionally 8 sent the Email to counsel for Debtors and their adult children. Declaration of Kevin S. 9 Eikenberry Objecting to Issuance of OSC Re Contempt, ECF 55 at 7-8 (¶¶ 24, 27). 10 However, the issue presented here is whether the Email meets the “harassing” or 11 “coercive” standard as set forth by the Ninth Circuit in the Morgan Guaranty Trust case. 12 Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York v. American Savings & Loan 13 Association, 804 F.2d at 1491. 14 In the case of In re Parker, No. 14-44083 CN, 2019 WL 386842 (Bankr. N.D. Cal. 15 Jan. 29, 2019) (“Parker”), the bankruptcy court for the Northern District of California 16 addressed the situation of whether a post-petition settlement communication violated 17 the automatic stay and applied the coercive and harassing standard set forth in the 18 Morgan Guaranty Trust case, noting “[f]ew cases directly address whether a post- 19 petition offer to resolve prepetition debt violates the automatic stay.” Id. at *7-8. The 20 court in Parker held the communication from a creditor to a debtor to have been 21 coercive or harassing when the creditor demanded payment and the sale of property, 22 and threatened to pursue extensive litigation if the debtor did not accept the offer. Id. 23 (citing inter alia, Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. v. American Savings & Loan Association, 24 804 F.2d at 1491). As the court observed, “[w]hat makes settlement negotiations 25 problematic are their tone, context and content, and the inclusion of any threat of 26 continued legal action outside the Bankruptcy Court should the debtor reject the offer.” 27 Id. at 7. The court further observed that “[w]hether a communication is permissible or 28 prohibited under Bankruptcy Code § 362(a) is a fact-driven inquiry, and it is not 1 susceptible to any bright line test.” Id. (citing In re Zotow, 432 B.R. at 258). The court in 2 Parker held that the particular settlement communications demanding payment of 3 prepetition debts and threatening continued litigation to collect these debts were 4 coercive and harassing and a clear effort to collect on a prepetition debt in violation of 5 the automatic stay. Id. at *7-8. The coercive or harassing analysis turned on whether 6 the creditor made a direct and specific threat of further action against the debtor, if the 7 debtor did not accept the settlement offer. Id.; cf. In re Duke, 79 F.3d at 46 (holding no 8 coercion or harassment when there was no direct or specific threat of further action if 9 the debtor did not accept the settlement offer). 10 Unlike the communications in Parker, which included clear threats and explicit 11 demands to collect on a prepetition debt, in this case, the Email did not contain any 12 immediate threat or improper attempt to collect. As stated in the Email, Respondents 13 “request that the Barnes group discuss entering into and performing a global settlement 14 of all disputes . . . .” Exhibit 1, ECF 59 at 18. Later in the Email, Respondents stated 15 that they “request that both sides devote some time towards discussing a global 16 settlement that will, upon the performance of same, resolve all disputes and allow each 17 side to move forward to other more productive endeavors.” Exhibit 1, ECF 59 at 21. 18 While the Debtors argue the broad reach of the automatic stay, it would be 19 unreasonable for the court to find that a communication containing no attempt to collect 20 on a debt or threats to pursue further action was coercive or harassing to constitute a 21 violation of the automatic stay based on the legal standard set forth in the Morgan 22 Guaranty Trust case. In the Email, Respondents did not make demands on Debtors for 23 payment or threaten to pursue further actions against Debtors if they did not settle. 24 Thus, the court determines that the statements made by Respondents to Debtors 25 through their counsel in the Email were not harassing or coercive. 26 Debtors contend that when Respondents stated in the Email that Respondents 27 “are continuing to pursue their remedies to collect the monies owed under the Dove 28 Street judgment and the Dove Street loan,” this was a violation of the automatic stay. 1 Motion, ECF 53 at 9. However, the court determines that this statement also does not 2 meet the “harassing” or “coercive” standard of the Morgan Guaranty Trust case, 3 especially in the context of when the statement was made on April 30, 2020. First, the 4 statement was made while Respondent WVBAGD and its co-creditor, WVJP 2017-2, 5 LP, continued to make efforts to pursue the litigation relating to the Dove Street 6 judgment and Dove Street loan by first obtaining stay relief, and not acting in violation of 7 the stay. On February 7, 2020, WVJP 2017-2, LP, filed a motion for relief from the 8 automatic stay to proceed with its pending appeal of an order of the state trial court 9 setting aside default judgments against Debtors in the Dove Street loan litigation. 10 Motion for Relief from Automatic Stay, ECF 20 at 4. On February 25, 2020, Debtors 11 filed an opposition to this stay relief motion. ECF 24. On March 10, 2020, the court 12 denied this stay relief motion. ECF 28. On April 28, 2020, WVJP 2017-2, LP, filed a 13 renewed motion for stay relief to allow its appeal to proceed in the Dove Street loan 14 litigation. ECF 41. On May 5, 2020, Debtors again opposed WVJP 2017-2, LP’s stay 15 relief motion. ECF 44. On May 22, 2020, the court reconsidered its prior position on 16 such relief and granted the renewed stay relief motion in part to allow WVJP 2017-2, 17 LP, to proceed with its appeal in the Dove Street loan litigation, but on condition that 18 there would be no enforcement of any judgment against Debtors or the bankruptcy 19 estate without further stay relief. ECF 50. In light of this context, Respondents’ 20 recitation in the Email that they continue to pursue remedies in the state court matter is 21 not harassing or coercive as all parties, including Debtors, were aware of the continued 22 litigation in state courts, for which the court had granted stay relief, and Respondents 23 made no threats of additional action against Debtors in the Email. 24 Debtors further cited to an excerpt of the Email wherein Respondents stated “[a] 25 $5,000.00 bench warrant has been issued directed at Brad Barnes. . .as a result of his 26 failure to appear for his [Order of Examination] on 3-13-2020.” Motion, ECF 53 at 10. 27 The Email stated that it “sets forth a summary” of Respondents’ “understanding of the 28 current status of all the various pending legal actions” for the purpose of requesting that 1 the “Barnes group discuss entering into and performing a global settlement.” Exhibit 1, 2 ECF 59 at 18. The text cited by Debtors is not a direct and specific threat of further 3 action by Respondents against Debtors if Debtors do not accept the settlement offer but 4 is a neutrally stated summary of the pending state court litigation. Respondents have 5 previously sent similar summaries of pending litigation in settlement communications to 6 Debtors’ state court counsel. See Exhibit “A” to Declaration of Kevin S. Eikenberry 7 Objecting to Issuance of OSC Re Contempt, ECF 55 at 1-2 (“The Judgment provides for 8 an award of $2,102,150.56 against all ten judgment debtors listed in the Judgment,” 9 including Debtors.). Here, Respondents’ summary of pending litigation in the Email is 10 not harassing or coercive because it did not make demands on Debtors for payment or 11 threaten further actions against Debtors. 12 Not only do the excerpts of the Email identified in Debtors’ Motion not meet the 13 “harassing” or “coercive” standard, none of the language in the Email meets that 14 standard. The Email states that “[a]bsent a settlement WVBAGD. . . will fully litigate” 15 the validity and enforceability of the lien on Debtors’ residence and “[a] judgment in 16 favor of WVBAGD. . .will increase the likelihood that [Debtors’ residence] will be sold.” 17 Exhibit 1, ECF 59 at 19. However, unlike in Parker, where the settlement 18 communication contained an immediate threat and improper effort to collect a 19 prepetition debt if debtors did not accept the settlement offer, this statement in the Email 20 is a nonthreatening description of continuing litigation in the state court case. The court 21 determines that these statements do not meet the harassing or coercive standard. 22 The context of the Email further shows that contempt through harassing or 23 coercive conduct has not been demonstrated by clear and convincing evidence. See In 24 re Parker, 2019 WL 386842, at *7 (finding that language used in settlement negotiations 25 may violate the automatic stay if the tone, context and content, and inclusion of any 26 threat of continued legal action should the debtor reject the offer is deemed coercive). 27 As stated in the Email, it is an apparent “continuation of [Debtors’ state court counsel 28 and Respondents’] previous discussions about settlement.” Exhibit 1, ECF 59 at 17. 1 The Email was not sent to Debtors, but to Debtors’ counsel, including their bankruptcy 2 counsel who was also copied on the Email. Id.; see also, Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. v. 3 American Savings and Loan Association, 804 F.2d at 1491 (suggesting that a stay 4 violation is more likely to be indicated when the creditor communicates directly with the 5 debtor as opposed to counsel, citing Brown v. Pennsylvania State Employees Credit 6 Union (In re Brown), 49 B.R. 558, 561 (Bankr. M.D. Pa. 1985)). The tone and content of 7 the Email between counsel indicated the view of Eikenberry, the writer, on behalf of 8 Respondents that both sides were open to settlement communications. The Email 9 merely described the multiple ongoing settlement discussions between the parties, 10 including a purported settlement offer from Debtors’ state court attorney on June 21, 11 2019, which was rejected by Respondents. Id. As described in the Email, these 12 settlement discussions continued into the beginning of 2020, where Debtors’ state court 13 attorney purportedly made another settlement offer to Respondents, which was also 14 rejected. Exhibit 1, ECF 59. at 18. As further described in the Email, the parties spoke 15 again about settlement, when Debtors’ state court counsel purportedly suggested a 16 settlement in the “low six figure range.” Id. The description in the Email of the multiple 17 prior settlement discussions between the parties supports Respondents’ claim that the 18 Email was not intended to collect on any debt. Accordingly, the context of the Email 19 supports Respondents’ assertions that the Email did not violate the stay as a 20 communication to coerce or harass Debtors. 21 Even considering the statements in the Email identified by Debtors as 22 contemptuous in the aggregate, the Email did not violate the automatic stay under 11 23 U.S.C. § 362 because Respondents made clear in the Email that the communication 24 was only a request to begin settlement discussions rather than an attempt to collect on 25 a prepetition debt. In the Email, Respondents requested that Debtors “continue 26 previous discussions about settlement” and “discuss entering into and performing a 27 global settlement.” Exhibit 1, ECF 59 at 17-18. Later in the Email, Respondents 28 “request that both sides devote some time towards discussing a global settlement” that 1 would “allow each side to move forward to other more productive endeavors.” Exhibit 1, 2 ECF 59 at 21. Respondents’ request in the Email to continue a settlement discussion 3 that would benefit both the Debtors and Respondents was not threatening, coercive, 4 harassing, or otherwise, an attempt to collect on a debt. 5 In this court’s view, preventing creditors from engaging in settlement negotiations 6 undermines the public policy objective of encouraging settlement instead of litigation. 7 See In re Briggs, 143 B.R. 438, 451 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 1992). If creditors are not 8 allowed to engage in preliminary settlement discussions, parties in interest would 9 otherwise have no alternatives to undertaking costly and time-consuming litigation. Id. 10 at 452. This would be contrary to the spirit of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy 11 Procedure governing this litigation to construe, administer and employ the rules of 12 bankruptcy procedure “to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of 13 each and case and proceeding.” Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 1001. Thus, a 14 non-coercive, non-harassing settlement communication on behalf of a creditor such as 15 we have here in the Email is not prohibited as being in violation of the automatic stay, 16 but is permitted if carefully done as here where the communication went to counsel 17 rather than directly to the debtors, contained no demands on the debtors for payment of 18 prepetition claims or threats of further actions against them and whatever actions that 19 had been taken and were being taken against the debtors were pursued only after stay 20 relief was obtained. 21 /// 22 /// 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 Accordingly, based on the foregoing, the court will deny the Motion for lack of 2 || good cause shown as required by Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9020 and 3 ||Local Bankruptcy Rule 9020-1. A separate final order denying the Motion is being filed 4 || and entered concurrently herewith. 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 Hit 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

25 Date: July 10, 2020 26 United States Bankruptcy Judge 27 28