NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 5 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DRAKE ALDEN SHELTON, No. 23-15965

Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:23-cv-00175-JAD-NJK v.

UR MENDOZA JADDOU, Director of MEMORANDUM* United States Citizenship and Immigration Services,

Defendant-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada Jennifer A. Dorsey, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted July 2, 2024**

Before: OWENS, LEE, and BUMATAY, Circuit Judges.

Pro se plaintiff-appellant Drake Alden Shelton (“Shelton”) appeals from the

district court’s dismissal, for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, of his civil action

against Ur Mendoza Jaddou (“Jaddou”), the Director of United States Citizenship

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). and Immigration Services (“USCIS”). He also appeals from the denials of various

motions he made before the district court, including motions (1) for the district and

magistrate judges to recuse themselves, (2) for a default judgment in his favor, and

(3) to strike the government’s filings. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291, and we affirm.

1. On September 13, 2022, Shelton, a U.S. citizen, filed a Form I-130,

Petition for Alien Relative (“the Petition”), on behalf of his wife, a South African

citizen. While the Petition was pending, he sued Jaddou for “money damages of

$780,000 and return of property” based on the theory that his wife was his property

and Jaddou was “administering [his] property” through “enforcement of Immigrant

Visa policies.” On May 29, 2024, after the district court dismissed his lawsuit and

Shelton filed this appeal, USCIS approved the Petition.

2. We review de novo a dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

McNatt v. Apfel, 201 F.3d 1084, 1087 (9th Cir. 2000). We construe Shelton’s

complaint as one against Jaddou in her official capacity and thus one against the

agency. See Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165 (1985) (“Official-capacity

suits” are suits “against an entity of which an officer is an agent.” (quoting Monell

v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690 n.55 (1978))); cf. Castro v. United

States, 540 U.S. 375, 381–82 (2003) (recognizing that federal courts may

“recharacterize” a pro se litigant’s motion “to create a better correspondence

2 between the substance of a pro se motion’s claim and its underlying legal basis”).

First, the district court correctly dismissed Shelton’s damages claim for lack

of subject matter jurisdiction. The United States is immune from suit “unless it has

expressly waived such immunity and consented to be sued.” McGuire v. United

States, 550 F.3d 903, 910 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Gilbert v. Da Grossa, 756 F.2d

1455, 1458 (9th Cir. 1985)). Under the Tucker Act and the Little Tucker Act, the

United States has waived its immunity from suit for certain contract claims. See

id.; 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1) (the Tucker Act) (“The United States Court of Federal

Claims shall have jurisdiction to render judgment upon any claim against the

United States founded . . . upon any express or implied contract with the United

States . . . .”); § 1346(a)(2) (the Little Tucker Act) (“The district courts shall have

original jurisdiction, concurrent with the United States Court of Federal Claims, of

. . . [a]ny . . . civil action . . . against the United States, not exceeding $10,000 in

amount, founded . . . upon any express or implied contract with the United

States . . . .”).

We have held that “[r]ead together, these statutes provide for jurisdiction

solely in the Court of Federal Claims for Tucker Act claims seeking more than

$10,000 in damages, and concurrent district court jurisdiction over claims seeking

$10,000 or less.” McGuire, 550 F.3d at 910–11. Shelton sought $780,000 in

damages from USCIS, so the district court lacked jurisdiction over his claim.

3 Shelton alleges that the district court erred because it “did not give [him] an

opportunity to amend his claim and accept relief of $10,000,” but ignores that the

district court dismissed his complaint without prejudice.

Second, the district court also lacked jurisdiction over Shelton’s claim

against Jaddou for “return of property,” which we construe as a request that USCIS

approve the Petition. This claim is moot because USCIS has approved the Petition

and sent it to the Department of State. See Zixiang Li v. Kerry, 710 F.3d 995, 1001

(9th Cir. 2013) (“If there is no longer a possibility that an appellant can obtain

relief for his claim, that claim is moot and must be dismissed for lack of

jurisdiction.” (quoting Ruvalcaba v. City of Los Angeles, 167 F.3d 514, 521 (9th

Cir. 1999))). The Department of State is now responsible for processing Shelton’s

wife’s immigrant visa petition.

3. We review for abuse of discretion the denial of a motion to recuse.

United States v. Wilkerson, 208 F.3d 794, 797 (9th Cir. 2000). Shelton’s

arguments that “the woman acting as Judge Jennifer A. Dorsey and the woman

acting as Nancy J. Koppe United States Magistrate Judge” were “biased” are

meritless. He has asserted at various times that the judges “misrepresent[ed] [his]

status . . . [by] labeling [him] with Latin phrases such as Pro se,” “misrepresent[ed]

Ur Jaddou’s status . . . when [he] made very clear . . . that ‘Ur Jaddou is a woman

who sometimes acts as Director of the United States Citizenship and Immigration

4 Services,’” and “want[ed] to control the lives of women so they cannot make

choices that contradict their [f]eminist political agenda.” No “reasonable person

with knowledge of all the facts would,” based on these allegations, “conclude that

the judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” United States v. Studley,

783 F.2d 934, 939 (9th Cir. 1986) (quoting Mayes v. Leipziger, 729 F.2d 605, 607

(9th Cir. 1984)).

4. Finally, “[m]ootness is a question of law, which we review de novo.” Or.

Advoc. Ctr. v. Mink, 322 F.3d 1101, 1116 (9th Cir. 2003). In light of the district

court’s correct conclusion that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over Shelton’s

claims, it properly denied Shelton’s pending motions as moot. See Bd. of Trs. of

the Glazing Health & Welfare Tr. v. Chambers, 941 F.3d 1195, 1200 (9th Cir.

2019) (en banc) (denying all pending motions as moot when dismissing an appeal).

AFFIRMED.

5